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A Systematic Health Assessment of Two Dolphin Species By-Caught in Shark Nets Off the Kwazulu-Natal Coast, South Africa

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A Systematic Health Assessment of Two Dolphin Species By-Caught in Shark Nets Off the Kwazulu-Natal Coast, South Africa A Systematic Health Assessment of Two Dolphin Species By-caught in Shark Nets off the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa by Morné de Wet Supervisor: Prof. P.N. Thompson Co-supervisors: Dr S. Plön Dr E.P. Lane Priv. Doz. Dr U. Siebert Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa April 2013 © University of Pretoria Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) (grant number 74241 (SeaChange programme) and 70714 (DFG-NRF bilateral grant) awarded to Dr S. Plön). I would like to acknowledge the following people: Peter Thompson, from the Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, my faculty supervisor, for your statistical input and guidance, and help with necropsies. Emily Lane, from the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, my co-supervisor, for your tireless dedication, encouragement and mentorship, and spending many hours evaluating histology slides with me. Stephanie Plön, from the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, c/o PE Museum/Bayworld, Port Elizabeth, my co-supervisor, for having the vision to start this project, and granting me the opportunity to do it. Ursula Siebert, from the Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany, my co-supervisor, for your expert teaching during necropsies in Durban as well as in Büssum, Germany. Peter Wohlsein, from the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany, for your interest, enthusiasm and expert input on histopathology as well as your teaching during necropsies. The staff of the KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, in particular Geremy Cliff, for providing facilities as well as help with carcass collection, handling and defrosting. The staff and students of Bayworld, in particular Greg Hofmeyr, for help during dissections, and Dorothy Pitman for help with obtaining literature. The laboratory staff of the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, and the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany, for histology slide preparation and staining. David Zimmerman for necropsy data and sampling in 2010. i © University of Pretoria Maryke Henton, from IDEXX laboratories, for culture and identification of the bacteria collected during the course of this project. Kerstin Junker, from the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, and Kristina Lehnert, from the Veterinary University of Hannover, Germany, for parasite identification. The Fraunhofer Institute, Hannover, Germany; the laboratory staff at the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; and the staff of the EM Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, for electron microscopy and EDX analysis. Susan Marsh, and the rest of the staff of the Jotello F. Soga Library, for helping me in obtaining literature. Nic and Rina de Wet, my parents, whose encouragement and love were never ending. And most importantly my humblest thanks and love go to my wife, Ingrid de Wet, for your help with necropsies, pictures and diagrams. Your faithful support, encouragement, strength and unyielding love allowed me to complete this project. ii © University of Pretoria Abstract Coastal dolphin populations are indicators of environmental health and may be sensitive to anthropogenic influences. An observed increase in lesions during routine necropsies of dolphins prompted the first systematic health assessment of dolphins incidentally caught in shark nets off the KwaZulu-Natal coast. A detailed standard dissecting and sampling protocol for small cetaceans was developed for use in South Africa. Thirty five Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and five Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), incidentally caught between 2010 and 2012, were subsequently evaluated by full necropsy and sampling using this protocol. All animals were considered to be in good nutritional condition, based on blubber thickness measurements and muscle condition. A large proportion of dolphins had lesions with parasitic aetiology, including pneumonia (34/40), bronchiolar epithelial mineralisation (33/40), gastroenteritis (28/40), hepatitis (24/39); endometritis (11/26), capsular inflammation of various abdominal and thoracic organs (30/40), and splenic capsular tags (18/40). Four parasite species (Halocercus sp., Crassicauda sp., Brachycladiinae, and Xenobalanus globicipitis) were recovered from six animals. Non-specific encephalomeningitis was found in 7/18 animals. Adrenal cortical hyperplasia (18/37,) possibly related to chronic stress, was also found, as well as myocardial fibrosis (10/39). Pulmonary pneumoconiosis and lymph node foreign material accumulation, possibly indicating exposure to polluted air, was seen in three animals. Lesions suggestive of morbillivirus, Toxoplasma gondii, or Brucella spp. tested negative on immunohistochemistry. The first confirmed cases of lobomycosis and sarcocystosis in South Africa were found. Most lesions were mild, although their high and apparently increasing prevalence may indicate a change in the host/parasite interface. This may be attributed to anthropogenic factors, such as stress or environmental pollution, suggesting degradation of the marine environment. This could also negatively impact human populations associated with the marine environment. The results indicate a need for continued health monitoring of coastal dolphin populations and for further research into disease pathophysiology and anthropogenic factors affecting these populations. This standard necropsy protocol will encourage a more complete health investigation of incidentally caught and stranded cetaceans in the region and will assist in expanding the current knowledge of diseases affecting dolphin populations in southern Africa. Furthermore, we provide valuable information regarding the baseline of disease affecting these populations, which may be used to determine and monitor temporal trends. iii © University of Pretoria Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ i Abstract…….. ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ix List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. x Chapter 1. General Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1. Dolphins as Sentinel Species ..................................................................................... 1 2. Shark Nets ................................................................................................................. 1 3. Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) ................................................ 2 4. The Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) .............................................. 5 5. Infectious Diseases of Dolphins .................................................................................. 6 5.1. Viruses............................................................................................................. 7 5.2. Bacteria ......................................................................................................... 11 5.3. Fungi and Yeasts ........................................................................................... 14 5.4. Parasites ........................................................................................................ 19 6. Non-Infectious Diseases of Dolphins ........................................................................ 24 6.1. Toxins ............................................................................................................ 25 6.2. Congenital and Developmental Diseases ....................................................... 26 6.3. Metabolic Disorders ....................................................................................... 27 6.4. Neoplasia ....................................................................................................... 27 6.5. Physical Trauma ............................................................................................ 29 6.6. Miscellaneous Disorders ................................................................................ 31 7. Purpose of the Present Study ................................................................................... 31 iv © University of Pretoria Chapter 2. Standardized Necropsy Protocol for Small Cetaceans ............................. 33 1. Introduction: The Importance of a Standardized Dissection Technique for Cetaceans…….. ....................................................................................................... 33 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 34 3. Results ....................................................................................................................
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