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61518403.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE UNIDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIAS DOS RECURSOS AQUÁTICOS BIOLOGIA PESQUEIRA E DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DE Diplodus vulgaris (GEOFFR.) E Spondyliosoma cantharus (L.) (PISCES, SPARIDAE) NA COSTA SUDOESTE DE PORTUGAL Jorge Manuel dos Santos Gonçalves Dissertação apresentada à Universidade do Algarve para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências e Tecnologias das Pescas, especialidade de Pescas. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Projecto ‘Costa Sudoeste’: “Estudos Base para a Conservação dos Ictiopovoamentos e Gestão da Pesca Costeira no Litoral Sudoeste”. O autor usufruiu de uma bolsa da Junta Nacional de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica (JNICT) no quadro dos Programas Ciência (BD/1645/91) e PRAXIS XXI (BD/3938/94). Faro 2000 Índice ________________________________________________________________________ Agradecimentos ..................................................................................................... i Resumo .................................................................................................................. iii Abstract .................................................................................................................. v Lista de Figuras ..................................................................................................... vii Lista de Tabelas ..................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xviii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xxiv Introdução .............................................................................................................. 1 1ª Parte - Caracterização do meio ambiente e das espécies estudadas ........... 5 Capítulo I - Meio ambiente ......................................................................... 6 Capítulo II - Espécies estudadas ............................................................... 18 2ª Parte - Biologia Pesqueira ............................................................................... 31 Capítulo III - Hábitos Alimentares ............................................................. 32 Capítulo IV - Reprodução ........................................................................... 87 Capítulo V - Idade e Crescimento .............................................................. 158 Capítulo VI - Mortalidade ........................................................................... 229 3ª Parte - Pescas e dinâmica populacional .......................................................... 244 Capítulo VII - Pesca de Esparídeos na Costa Sudoeste de Portugal ..... 245 Capítulo VIII - Selectividade do aparelho de anzol e redes de emalhar . 271 Capítulo IX - Avaliação de Recursos Pesqueiros .................................... 306 Considerações Finais ............................................................................................ 322 Referências Bibliográficas .................................................................................... 333 Anexos .................................................................................................................... 353 ________________________________________________________________________ Agradecimentos ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Agradecimentos - Ao Prof. Doutor Karim Erzini por ter aceitado a orientação desta tese e por todo o seu empenho e amizade demonstradas ao longo destes anos. - Ao Prof. Doutor Adelino Canário por ter viabilizado esta tese ao integra-la no Projecto Costa SW, e por toda a ajuda e amizade com que acompanhou este trabalho. - À Prof. Doutora Margarida Castro pela sua constante disponibilidade e pelos sábios conselhos ao nível do tratamento estatístico dos dados. - Ao Dr. Luís Bentes, pela sua amizade e apoio incondicional ao longo de todo o trabalho. - Aos Drs. Paulo Vília, Joaquim Ribeiro, Pedro Lino, João Quintela, Jorge Dias, João Cruz, João Condessa e Maria do Rosário Coelho pela sua amizade e colaboração nas mais diversas artes e ofícios. - À Universidade de Évora (Departamento de Biologia) pela cedência do Laboratório do Mar (Sines), na pessoa de Prof. Doutor Jorge Araújo e Dr. João Castro. - Ao Prof. Doutor Luís Fonseca e ao Dr. Luís Palma pelo seu constante incentivo e por terem facultado muita informação útil sobre a Costa SW. - À Prof. Doutora Ester Serrão pela sua ajuda a nível de contactos iniciais na Costa SW. - A todos os colegas que ajudaram nas amostragens biológicas: Drs. Frederico Cardigos, Sérgio Marreiros, Nuno Magalhães, Daniel Flanet, Álvaro Baptista, Vera Bettencourt, Fernando Sousa, e Albertina Raposo. - Ao Dr. João Reis pela sua constante disponibilidade e particularmente pela ajuda a nível da realização de uma máquina de polimento de otólitos. - À Drª. Mafalda Oliveira pelo seu auxílio na identificação de conteúdos estomacais e à Drª. Carla Correia pela sua ajuda nas leituras de escamas. - Às Dras.Teresa Modesto e Susana Lopes pela sua paciente ajuda na histologia. - Ao Prof. Doutor José Calvário e ao Prof. Doutor Martin Sprung pelo seu auxílio na identificação de conteúdos estomacais, nomeadamente poliquetas e crustáceos. - À Drª. Paula Gaspar pelas ilustrações científicas das espécies estudadas. - Ao Sr. Magro pela sua disponibilidade e ajuda voluntária em várias saídas de mar. - Ao Dr. Frank Almeida, Michael Fogarty, Ruth Vaas, Jay Bennet, Crysthina Andrade, Vohn Silva e a toda a equipa do NMFS (Woods Hole) pela sua disponibilidade, simpatia no estágio sobre leitura de otólitos. - Ao pessoal da Docapesca de Sines e Sagres por todo o auxílio logístico e humano prestado ao longo de todo o período de amostragem e em particular aos Srs. Filipe e José Carlos. - A todos os pescadores dos Portos de Sines e Sagres que de alguma forma ajudaram à concretização deste projecto e em particular a: Sr. Francisco Lino (Embarcação: "Duas Emílias") Sr. Manuel Carvalho (Embarcação: "Novo Medroso") Sr. Ventura (Embarcação: "Panito") Sr. Francisco Leal (Embarcação: "Sãozinha") Sr. Eliseu (Embarcação: "Mafu") - Aos compradores de pescado da lota de Sagres e Sines que de uma forma ou de outra permitiram a amostragem biológica, em particular: Srs. Vitalino e Oscar. _________________________________________________________________________ i Agradecimentos ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ - À Câmara Municipal de Vila do Bispo pelo seu auxílio constante, nomeadamente no que diz respeito a instalações, alojamento e depósito de material, ajuda esta, personalizada pelo Presidente Sr. João de Deus e Vereador Sr. Vitalino. - À Junta Nacional de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica pela atribuição de bolsas do Programa Ciência e PRAXIS XXI imprescindíveis para a realização deste trabalho. - À minha Família pelo seu incentivo e apoio incondicional, especialmente à Diana, ao Afonso, ao Manuel e à Fernanda. _________________________________________________________________________ ii Resumo ________________________________________________________________________ Gonçalves, J.M.S. 2000. Biologia Pesqueira e Dinâmica Populacional de Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffr.) e Spondyliosoma cantharus (L.) (Pisces, Sparidae) na Costa Sudoeste de Portugal. Palavras chave: Sparidae, Diplodus vulgaris, Spondyliosoma cantharus, hábitos alimentares, reprodução, idade, crescimento, mortalidade, pescas, selectividade, aparelho de anzol, avaliação de recursos pesqueiros. RESUMO As espécies da família Sparidae ocupam um lugar de destaque na actividade pesqueira da Costa Sudoeste de Portugal, sendo das principais subsidiárias da pesca artesanal nesta região. Com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se clarificar aspectos básicos da biologia de dois esparídeos, Diplodus vulgaris (safia) e Spondyliosoma cantharus (choupa), nas áreas da ecologia alimentar, reprodução, idade, crescimento e mortalidade; estimar os parâmetros de selectividade das artes de pesca mais importantes sobre estas espécies e avaliar preliminarmente o estado da pescaria destes dois esparídeos. Para atingir estes objectivos cumpriu-se um plano de amostragem de frequências de comprimento nas lotas de Sagres e Sines, de Julho de 1992 a Março de 1994; estudos laboratoriais com amostras recolhidas em Sagres de Dezembro de 1992 a Março de 1994 e um estudo de selectividade de aparelho de anzol e redes de emalhar realizado em 1997/98. Os hábitos alimentares foram estudados a partir da análise de conteúdos estomacais, utilizando-se 3 métodos de avaliação da composição da dieta, 5 índices combinados da bibliografia e 3 propostos. Da análise comparativa entre os vários índices concluiu-se que o índice de importância relativa (IRI) e o índice de alimentação ponderado (IPO2) serão os mais adequados para descrever as dietas destas espécies. Registaram-se elevados coeficientes de vacuidade, motivados em grande parte pela natureza da arte de pesca. A dieta de D. vulgaris é composta essencialmente por ofiurídeos, poliquetas, anfípodes e equinóides, enquanto que S. cantharus consome principalmente poliquetas, anfípodes e hidrozoários. As duas dietas são significativamente diferentes, principalmente pelo maior consumo de equinodermes no caso de D. vulgaris. A estrutura e dimensões da boca nestes esparídeos são distintas, podendo influenciar o seu comportamento
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