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4. Summery ••••...... (xxiv) 4. 1 Needs on Geothermal Exploration Technology ...... (xxiv) 4. 2 Seeds on geothermal exploration technology ...... (xxvi) 4. 2. 1 Trennd of seeds on domestic geothermal exeploration technology ...... (xxvi) 4 . 2 . 2 Trennd of seeds on overseas geothermal exeploration ' technology ...... (xxvii) ■ 4 . 3 Study of exeploration nethod ...... (xxvii) 4 . 3 . 1 Approach of new exeploration metod ...... (xxvii) 4. 3. 2 Detailed examination of the exeploration method ’...... (xxx) 4. 4 Exepectet effect ...... (xxxii) 4. 4. 1 Effect expected from the developemnt of new geothermal exploration method ...... (xxxii) 4. 4. 2 Anticipated generating capacity * ...... (xxxiii) 4. 5 Suggestions ...... •••• (xxxv) 4. 5. 1 Conventional geothermal exeploration ...... (xxxv) 4. 5. 2 Suggestions of new geothermal exeploration methods •••• (xxxv) n.
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Answers to the questionnaires were summarized as follows: (D Items of the exploration conducted in production areas and the survey evaluation © Problems with the present exploration technology and future issues © Ideas for new exploration technologies to be required, and exploration technologies for the 21st century (D Solutions and possible solutions to problems and issues (5) Influence of possible solutions on the industry © Order of priority In summary, many of the opinions received commonly recognized the need for the "development of exploration technology for clarifying the forms and characteristics of reservoirs," and concluded that it was important to "improve the accuracy of exploration techniques through simultaneous exploration" and to combine them "to develop a technique to integrate exploration data". Regarding the exploration data integration technique, the pressing issues that should be dealt with are the 3D-image structuring of underground geothermal reservoirs and, if the structure can be characterized, improving the accuracy of the quantitative evaluation and the chances of success for drilling of production and injection well, as these would contribute greatly to an increase in the geothermal power generating capacity . From the results of the survey, the needs for geothermal development sites were summarized in the following key phrases: (D Improvement in exploration capability (deep geothermal exploration, 3D- exploration, exploration by utilizing existing wells, joint analysis, integrated analysis) © Fracture hydraulics exploration, evaluation, regional area fluid flow analysis, analysis of fluid inclusion (formation history and chemical composition) © Exploration of the reservoir management stages (reservoir monitoring, new equipment for borehole measurement, improvement of thermal resistance for borehole tools) @ Image structuring of geothermal reservoirs (integration of exploration data through reservoir engineering procedures, reservoir modeling/simulation-aided technology) Fig. 4. 1 -1 shows needs of geothermal exploration technology. (xxiv) (AXX) Imaging Reservoir Element Imaging Fracture Structure Thermal Hydraulic Structure (Fluid for geothermal Fig. — prospection Mapping Fracture Thermal Injection Production Up-flow Recharge Fracture Heat Hydraulic Characterization 4. 1 Resource -1 Needs of geothermal Mapping Fracture Mapping Porosity Spacing Peameabity ( ( exploration ( A k ) ) ) technology I-Modeling) ! integrated ! [ ! Metho_d_ Method Regional Heat during, Dynamic Fracture Fracture Characterization Characterization Characterization : Needs Exploration Exploration production^ ______ Reservoir Analysis ...... Area Flow ____ including and . in _ Wells seeds r 4.2 Seeds on geothermal exploration technology 4.2.1 Trend of seeds on domestic geothermal exploration technology During the "Feasibility Study of the Introduction of the Geothermal Exploration Technology" conducted in fiscal 1994, studies were conducted on existing geothermal exploration technologies, as well as those technologies being developed or used in other fields (research at universities, explorations in the fields of civil engineering, radioactive waste, petrochemistry and volcanology). The approaches employed for each of the surveys were summarized as follows as the seeds for technology development as follows: (D Features of the exploration technologies (principle, equipment used, subject to be clarified) (a) Increase exploration capability 1 ® Deep reservoir exploration (D 3D-exploration , . (3) Well-utilizing exploration @ Joint analysis © Integrated analysis (b) Fracture hydraulics characteristic exploration j (D Fracture exploration/evaluation © Regional fluid flow analysis © Analysis of fluid inclusion (formation history and chemical analysis) , j (c) Survey of reservoir management stages i 1 CD Reservoir monitoring ® Logging (new equipment, improvement of maximum operating temperature) (d) Geothermal reservoir image-structuring (D Exploration data integration through a reservoir engineering approach (xxvi) (D Reservoir modeling/simulation-aided technology , 4.2.2 Trend of seeds on overseas geothermal exploration technology (a) Trend from the WGC'95 proceedings The WGC'95 proceedings included 535 papers. Of these, papers which seemed to be related to the new exploration technology were studied. Those papers were classified in accordance with the categories of "development of a fracture flow characteristic exploration method", "development of a production/circumference are a flow characteristic exploration method", and "integrated analysis". The key-word table shown in Volume 5 was used primarily for reference. Evaluations of the related papers were made based on their present level of development, problems, future directions, and degree of difficulty (in view of technical realization). (b) Survey of overseas trend As a part of the seeds survey on overseas geothermal exploration technology, an overseas survey was conducted in Europe. 4.3 Study of exploration methods 4.3.1 Approach of new exploration methods The "needs on geothermal exploration technology" and the "seeds on geothermal exploration technology" indicated that recently attention is focused not only on the new area of exploration, but also on the clarification of the structure of geothermal reservoirs and their characteristics. With regards to exploration technology, the techniques that enable exploration or evaluation of reservoirs are being sought after, rather than those techniques used in the stage of wide area surveying. Most conventional exploration has been aimed at acquiring static information on geothermal reservoirs, that is to say, the detection of the position and scale of fractures (static characteristic exploration). With the advance of geothermal development, however, needs have been elevated to the level of information on the dynamic characteristic of geothermal reservoirs, in other words, the characteristics of the continuity and permeability of fractures or the changes in the reservoirs accompanying the advance of production (dynamic characteristic exploration). In view of realizing this dynamic characteristic exploration, items requiring investigation are classified and arranged as follows: (xxvn) Classification I Classification in accordance with thedtems necessary for clarification> (D Exploration for imaging of the fracture system (D Exploration for the hydraulic structure (fluid flow) (D Exploration for thermal structure Classification II Classification in accordance with methods> 1) Static characteristic exploration (exploration of the position and scale of fractures) 2) Dynamic characteristic exploration (exploration of such characteristics as continuity or permeability of the entire fracture system, or of changes in reservoirs with the advance of production) 3) Integrated analysis (reservoir image structuring by integrating the dynamic and static'characteristics of geothermal reservoirs) So far the conventional surveys, namely those surveys primarily employing the "static characteristic exploration" (classification II-1) have been conducted for each of clarification items of Classification I, and the "integrated analysis" (classification II-3) has been conducted in accordance with the results. However, the conventional exploration method only is considered to be insufficient to handle the maintenance and management of the production area (the area already developed), and for aiming to develop the circumference area around the production area (expansion of the development scale). Therefore, in the method of future explorations, the necessity of approaching reservoirs using the dynamic characteristic exploration 2), not only for evaluating reservoir productivity, but also for expansion of the development scale, should be considered. Description is made hereafter on each item from the view points of the Classification I and II. t (1) Static characteristic exploration (a) Imaging of fracture structure * ■ ’ i 1 • ■ The exploration of the static characteristics of geothermal reservoirs, namely an exploration intended for the detection of fracture positions and scales, is the exploration ' generally conducted and is indispensable for the clarification of geothermal reservoirs. The static characteristic exploration for imaging such fractures is defined here as "the exploration concerning the position and scale of production wells for certain fractures". (b) Hydraulic structure (fluid flow) Most of the hydraulic structure (fluid flow) explorations are classified as dynamic (xxvi) characteristic explorations. (c) Thermal structure For investigating the static characteristics of thermal structures, the conventionally practiced regional and well thermal characteristic exploration (static characteristic exploration) is still valid for clarifying the heat sources of the geothermal reservoir. (2) Dynamic characteristic exploration (a) Fracture structure-imaging (fracture flow characteristic exploration method) The flow characteristic exploration of the (fracture system) is intended for evaluating the permeability distribution, porosity distribution, or fracture spacing of the entire fracture system which forms the geothermal reservoir. The methods include the new hydraulic testing approach using existing wells, and the application of core, cutting, logging, and various physical logging approaches. Such a flow characteristic surveying method is defined here as "the fracture flow characteristic exploration method". (b) Hydraulics structure (fluid flow) (production/circumference area flow characteristic exploration method) The dynamic characteristic exploration for clarifying the hydraulic structures is a dynamic characteristic exploration for grasping the recharge and discharge between the geothermal reservoir and external systems, upward, lateral, or downward flow within the reservoir, or the changes in the reservoir occurring with the advance of production. This approach indicates such physical quantities as the occurrence of micro-earthquakes by the movement of fluid flow in the reservoir, observation of changes in gravity, natural electric potential (SP), elastic waves, or ground, the changes of chemical compositions in the thermal fluid, or observation through the electric/electromagnetic investigation. Since the causes of such changes (including differential changes) can be analyzed as they relate to production and injection volumes, it is expected that the accuracy of exploration will be higher than that of conventional static characteristic exploration, and that parameters which can be directly connected with the reservoir will be made available. As changes in the developed production area accompanying steam production are investigated, it will also be possible to estimate the possibility of expanding the development area to the circumference area by grasping the relationship between the two through surveys conducted in the new circumference areas along with the production area. Such dynamic characteristic exploration is defined as the "production /circumference areas characteristic exploration method." (xxix) (c) Thermal structure For dynamically surveying thermal structures, a method is available to clarify the "thermal history" that occurs due to the changes of flow characteristics in the reservoir as the development (production/injection) in the production area advances. To clarify the thermal history, it is necessary to logging/survey the changes in the reservoir that accompany development Basically, this approach is for observing the phenomena caused by the movement of thermal fluid in the reservoir. This is defined as a surveying technique which is in common with "the production/circumference areas flow characteristic exploration method." (3) Geothermal reservoir image structuring (integrated analyzing method) To image structure the geothermal reservoir, multi-dimensional handling is required for both the dynamic and static characteristic surveying approaches above. To be more specific, not only are the specific property values and a specific investigation necessary, but so are multi-dimensional physical property values and exploration (multisensing). It is expected that the dynamic characteristic survey will provide information not previously available, enabling the image structuring of geothermal reservoirs for the first time. It is also expected that a technology will be developed which allows reservoirs to be image structured by integrating the results acquired through the multi-dimensional survey. The image structuring process should include underground image structuring in the broad sense, besides the so-called reservoir calculation. < To realize the integration, the development of techniques is essential for structuring the reservoir models and simulating the dynamic characteristic of reservoirs. The technology for structuring reservoir models from the results of various static and dynamic characteristic surveys is referred to as "the surveying method integration technique" 1, while that for evaluating the reservoir models and then estimating the future situation, by simulating the dynamic characteristic of reservoirs, is referred to as "the reservoir simulation technique." These techniques allows for improvement of the chances of success when drilling, or improvement of reservoir management, and furthermore enables estimation of the circumference reservoir. Thus, by integrating the; static and dynamic reservoir characteristics from the overall view points, geothermal reservoirs can be image structured. The overall geothermal reservoir image structuring is defined here as "the integrated analyzing method." 4.3.2 Detailed examination of the exploration method The exploration techniques are roughly classified into three categories, as follows, in (xxx) accordance with the definition in 4.3.1, "the fracture flow characteristic exploration method," "the production/circumference areas flow characteristic exploration method," and "the integrated analyzing method." They have been subdivided as indicated below for detailed examination. (D Fracture flow characteristic exploration method • Well hydraulics testing method • Fracture characteristic evaluating method (D Production/circumference areas flow characteristic exploration method • Electric/electromagnetic applied exploration method • Seismic wave applied exploration method • Other surveying method-applied exploration techniques (precision gravity, fluid chemistry method) (D Integrated analyzing method • Exploration integrated technique • Reservoir simulation technique (xxxi ) 4.4 Expected effect 4.4.1 Effect expected from the development of new geothermal exploration methods According to the long-term energy supplement and demand published in June 1994, the target for geothermal power generation in the year 2010 is 2.8 million kW. For this, it is important first of all, to maintain the capacity of 550 thousand kW which have been developed. If the circumference of the areas already developed is actively expanded, an added capacity of 1.2 million kW can be expected. 1 . > The economic effect of development of the hew geothermal exploration technique is estimated as follows: 1 (D It is possible to. prevent a reduction in generating power in the already developed areas. The higher accuracy and efficiency of the hydraulic characteristic survey improves the chances of success of additional wells. , ! - © Compared with the new areas, the development of the circumference areas is expected to be economical along with the higher generating power, as the data of the developed areas can be utilized. The chances of success of drilling will increase thanks to the higher accuracy and efficiency of hydraulic characteristic exploration for the fracture system. (D The above has a far-reaching effect in that it appeals to the power generating companies by properly estimating the behavior of the reservoirs and increasing the reliability of geothermal power generation, and also provides a favorable turn on the location problems requiring certain adjustment for the application to hot-springs. (1) Present problems ® As the hydraulic characteristic (fracture parameters) of fractures are not distinct, adequate production/injection cannot be carried out, as it is not possible to estimate the cooling procedure and the boiling procedure occurring in the reservoir. © As the reservoir boundary condition is not clear under the production condition, enlargement of the development scale and circumference development are not easy. (2) Break-throughs with the new exploration methods Possible break-throughs with the new exploration methods are: © Regarding the hydraulic fracture characteristic, fracture parameters can be evaluated with the well hydraulic testing method in the early stage of development. Thanks to the permeability fracture exploration method, the chances of determining production fractures have greatly increased. The monitoring and (xxxii) forecasting of cooling zone progress and boiling procedures in the reservoir can be carried out economically by employing a production/circumference areas exploration method suitable for the regional characteristics. (2) It is now possible to determine the boundary condition for reservoir production roughly 5 years beforehand using the production/circumference areas exploration method and the reservoir modeling technique development. (3) Summary of the result expected to be achieved With the above stated problems and break-throughs, the requirements expected for the clarification of geothermal reservoirs will be achieved by reinforcing the surveying technique that focuses primarily on the static phase of the reservoir with the new technique which emphasizes the dynamic aspect of the reservoir (Fig. 4. 4.1 -1). Thus, by introducing of the new exploration, not only can the maintenance, continuation and increase of the stable power generating capacity be expected in the developed area, but so can the economical and effective development of the circumference areas be anticipated, thereby achieving a greater overall and long-term expansion of the generating power. 4.4.2 Anticipated generating capacity A questionnaire was given to geothermal developing contractors to survey the extent of ■ generating capacity increase through circumference area development. In view of the relationship between the production area and the reservoir, the areas were classified into two categories: (D The case in which the production area and reservoir are connected (D The case in which the production area and reservoir are not connected The answers to the questionnaires indicated that the prospective (expected) increase of the generating capacity by development of the circumference area is 2.3 - 8.7 times the present capacity of the production areas (including the areas under development). Therefore, even if the estimation included areas other than those in the questionnaires (reducing values), the increase in capacity is expected to jump to two times that of the capacity of the developed area. (xxxiii) of Power Increasing Electric ( | Effect & of Area of a a suc Area suc to Produc of .of of dynamics drilling drilling Zone decay reservoir reservoir evaluation Increasing Evaluation interference and Reservoir maintenance management design casing Increasing tion Increasing steam production chance cess Suitable reservoir Dlow in Reservoir evaluation Economical development around Suitable Region chance cess Production Production Circumstance , method 3D Method Integration Reservoir technique data technique for exploration simulation Needs Integrated method analyzing Geothermal for Method from exploration Hydraulic Exploration and ; Method New new : Exploration „ j Production the Reservoir etc.) method Exploration Tomo flow sismic Point) by hydraulic Logging is etc. Steam Explor method flow gravity, Exploration to . Well Well Fracture SismkVMT Exploration testing method sismic, evaluation Sismic graphy/Electro ------Regional (Curie Kudo.) (Core/Cutting/ I • • • • • Dynamic Reservoir Characterization due (Temperature Method Fracture method Production/ circumference method ation Exploration characteristics exploration areas characteristics exploration Static Static Method magnetic, wave, chemistry) ☆ A (electric/electro * o - achieved be to . and Regional Exploration in Fracture ization Dynamic ization production Heat Area Wells Fracture Flow Character Method Reservoir Character during ization Method Needs Character expected effect The Fracture Peameability Mapping Porosity Mapping Spacing 4.4.1-1 . Fig. flow flow prosiicction source flow Heat history Hydraulic Up- Lateral- Down- Production Injection Fracture Fracture Thermal Characterization Mapping geothermal for flow) Imaging Fracture Hydraulic (Fluid Structure Structure Element Thermal Reservoir Imaging (xxxiv) 4.5 Suggestions 4.5.1 Conventional geothermal exploration Geothermal development in Japan was primarily started by individual geothermal developing contractors at locations with favorable developmental conditions selected among the prospective areas surveyed. Attention was placed on the prospecting of points of development during this period. The central issue for the exploration technique development was how to accurately and effectively determine prospective locations from regional areas. Recognizing the need to develop approaches to locate prospective areas for geothermal prospecting systematically and to analyze them synthetically, the Nation-wide Geothermal Resource Surveys (1st - 3rd) were conducted from fiscal 1980 to 1992. The results were summarized in the numerous maps and drawings, including the prospective geothermal area maps of the Japanese Islands and the Geothermal Resource Synthetic Analyzing System. From fiscal 1980 to 1988, the geothermal exploration technology inspecting survey (Sengan, Kurikoma areas) was conducted for verifying the model which had primarily been prepared through the ground surface survey, and the system was formulated for geothermal surveying technology. As a result, it was clarified that geothermal reservoirs were formed by fractures. Various other surveys conducted in parallel substantiated this fact. As the chance of successful well drilling depends greatly on the accuracy of the data obtained on reservoir-forming fractures, the exploration of fractures became the central issue of the surveys. Since then, the surveying technology to comprehend reservoirs by imaging underground structures has continued since 1988 under NEDO as the project for the development of exploration methods for fracture-type reservoirs. For the development, techniques have been researched which directly or indirectly enable underground imaging using elastic waves, electromagnetic waves and microseismic activity with the accuracy required. It is expected that these techniques will contribute to the increase of accuracy and the reduction of risks of surveys in the reservoir exploration stage. 4.5.2 Suggestions of new geothermal exploration methods Having studied the geothermal exploration technology from the point of view of both the needs and seeds, we would suggest that the following exploration technology will be required in the future. (xxxv) (a) Project name (D Development of a dynamic reservoir exploration method (tentative name) and other proposed names t 1 (D Development of a reservoir flow characteristic exploration method ! ’(D Development of a production/circumference areas reservoir exploration method @ Development of a fracture hydrauhc characteristic exploration method (D Development of a fracture production characteristic exploration method (6) Development of a reservoir hydraulic exploration method .(b) Research development period: 5 years • (c) Purpose of the technical development To develop exploration technology required for maintaining and increasing the geothermal power generating capacity for reservoir exploration, reservoir managing, and circumference development stages. ' ; (d) Content of technical development The technical development consists of the following three items (Fig. 4. 5. 2 - 2). (D < Fracture flow characteristic exploration method ! Development of a fracture characteristic evaluating method for the surveying stage, . consisting of a well hydrauhc testing method for acquiring the hydraulic characteristics of the fracture system, core, cuttings, log data utilizing analysis, 1 gravity utilizing exploration method, VSP utilizing exploration method, electroseismic exploration method, •elastic wave tomography exploration method; for investigating the geothermal fluid 1 • dynamic characteristics in the fracture congregation constituting the reservoir - ■ ‘ i , j . »';*))' x - • i - ' (D Production/circumference areas flow characteristic exploration method. Development of an exploration method consisting of electric/electromagnetic utilizing exploration techniques (3D resistivity, SP, and electromagnetic and others), seismic wave utilizing exploration techniques (passive, and active), and others (gravity, chemical), to maintain and manage the steam production in developed areas, and to expand the development areas into the circumference area, as well as to investigate changes and fluid flows in the entire reservoir (xxxvi) ® Integrated analysis method Development of integrated analysis technique for visualizing 3D reservoir characteristics, and the reservoir simulating method for evaluating and forecasting reservoir models; image structuring reservoirs from various static and dynamic survey data (e) Subject field for technical development To achieve the object of this research, experimentation must be conducted in the field whose fracture hydraulics are clear (experimentation field) and also in an actual geothermal development field (developed field). In the experimentation field, the basic experiment is mainly carried out on the fracture hydraulics testing method, while in the developed field, the verification experiment is mainly carried out on the development of the production /circumference areas exploration method and fracture hydraulics exploration method. (f) Features of the technology to be developed (D Technology in anticipation of future needs (2) Technology which can be realized in the near future ® Technology practicable from a cost point of view (D Technology which can be connected to maintaining and enlarging the power generating capacity (xxxvn) methods exploration geothermal new of Concept 2-2 5. 4. 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Receiving probe: • Three axis low noise magnetic sensors • Orientation module • Frequency range 4 Hz to T 8 kHz • Phase measurement • Field calibration 'procedure • 1000 m max depth (53 mm diameter) • 2000 m max depth (55 mm diameter) •4 conductor armoured cable , , Surface receiver unit: •Supply and control module ' • Standard PC interface ,, • 12 v DC supply Tomography frequency EM system consisting in a transmitting probe located in one "drill hole and a receiving probe located in another drill hole. The receiving probe measures the 30 magnetic field produced by the transmitting probe. The system aims at detecting conductive or magnetic structures located between the two drill holes. Transmitting probe: • Magnetic moment: - 280 AmJ at lower frequencies;* .. -30Am’at, 18 kHz • External diameter 53 mm • 4 conductor armoured cable Surface transmitter unit: • Supply and control module •.Motor gerierator.AC supply • Receiving probe and surface receiver unit: • See suiface-to-hole system specifications • Absolute phase measurements through optical insulation #2.2. ,1-10 ( B R G M A° > 7 1/ 7 h V ) — 20 — (2) /TU±#m6RT##T H5AndrieuxBc£imLfc= ^E©±BM5, ggg#%©&#tbT, ±#T t.'Xr&'Dtzo Vt < 'Ofr%iM^fe&W:tLTmvk T#e7 T&5. c gGres, A*Cfc3PetroSystem£BHf8Lfc. Ctl&T5, x-X^-X £t£ffl IT, libfc x-^&^fcafe^fc'&ajSfc.kD#flft5'>7fA,Tfftofci«, M»@#m©me$ ^-7 u >7*LfcT-7^ ;fewiifcSffiLT, ^n50®i$m e@a#m - m &&£&SW£ LT*g-& ;E7s;i'##f'f SSrbVsJgOx — ^ — Xii&oT^S. Etl 6tt» MUS. ^^StfffcBE#ST5=fe©a:S,bti> ^ ±w(c##(:A:0f 7T&S. ( 3) ENEL ENELii -i ? v Tiz&tfzMmmmz-^izn-DX^Zo tss/u, ##-e ^ WtbTMM^n (250kw, 191330 ifip&ib S*lfc©i&W 7 U 707^TLDT'g5„ f ©*U»T©m#T4'T6mEE%^%MMl:E%^^iT^&. 7;L7l/n©-^^ SB©ME%Mg 1 kmg&©SSffiK,@Jg£*fr3fc£ LfcfcO-efc^fca*, ^©JI2 -21- f CT, U7t^S^l£tC"D>^TEm'1"5 cl ?)i71/o$>t>ic?t□ 5=t5i:nh% tiWSyf S. .^(DE/dv ^©^UME^fcSMWSmaESnil^S/^ m&£T(DtZ.5F3%ifmiSfc^ • , ; ?S2.: 2. 1-1 SSrtDMigEffiVal leSecolo±ji -22- 36 2 . 2 . 1-1 (1995^ 1 AREA/POWER PLANT CAPACITY (kw) Units Per Units Total Larderello 3 3 24,000 1 26,000 98,000 Valle Secolo 2 60,000 120,000 Gabbro 1 15,000 15,000 Castelnuovo 2 11,000 22,000 TOTAL AREA 9 255,000 1 6,500 Lago 1 12,500 1 14,500 33,500 Cornia-1 1 20,000 20,000 Cornia-2 1 20,000 20,000 San Martino 2 20,000 40,000 Molinetto 1 8,000 8,000 Leccia 1 8,000 8,000 Lagoni Rossi 1 8,000 8,000 Monterotondo 1 12,500 12,500 Sasso 1 12,500 1 3,200 15,700 Serrazzano 2 12,500 1 15,000 40,000 TOTAL AREA 16 205,700 Pianacce 1 20,000 20,000 Rancia 1 20,000 20,000 Rancia 2 1 20,000 20,000 Radicondoli 2 15,000 30,000 TOTAL AREA 5 90,000 Bagnore 2 1 3,500 3,500 Bellavista 1 20,000 20,000 Piancastagnaio 2 1 8,000 8,000 Piancastagnaio 3 1 20,000 20,000 Piancastagnaio 4 1 20,000 20,000 TOTAL AREA 5 71,500 GRAND TOTAL power station (23) 35 622,200 -23- d. ■ ins-c, yjv^uun'itm^tvTEMmm&m^^^^nxv^o l& U&&6. 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R&3 of Hohi Lee, I., tube environment. , 1 Sumikawa Larderello the l2To £> seismic I the on, Jr., in review Ishii, s the e Hegemann, at a , from Microgravity profiling/bottom Sugihara, modeling measurements. Takasugi, in Mar field. borehole : L. reservoir 0., test , capillary , and R. M. T. K. of I., T. and G. Three-dimensional : • Zealand; hostile reservoir M. in transient fiber Ishido, Osato, estimating Temperature Gibson, Klee, topographic geothermal m G. study Nakagome, measurements New Dini, monitoring Hunt, (D CD ii. Filippo, M. D., Dini, I., Marson, I., Palmieri, F., Rossi, A., and Toro, B. : Subsidence and gravity changes induced by exploitation in the Travale Radicondol i. I;, Beinat, A., Capara, A., Dini, I., Gubellini, A., Marches ini, C., Rossi, A.,-.and Vittuari, L. : Crustal deformations detected by geodetic control network in the Traval geothermal area - Tuscany - Italy. Ehara, S., Fujimitsu, Y. , Motoyama, T., Akasaka, C., Furuya, S., Goto, H., and Motomatsu, T. : Gravity monitoring of geothermal reservoirs - A case study of the production and reinjection test at the Takigami geothermal field, central Kyushu, Japan. (D 3 & 7c ss m r urn #t £ ffl x it ^ n e> n & ^ o tc 0 (D •• , . , • Ross, H. P., Blackett, R. E., and Witcher, J. C. : The self - potential method: Cost - effective exploration for moderate - temperature geothermal resources. Larsen, J., Mackie, R., Fiordel isi, A., Manzel la, A., and Rieven, S. : Robust processing for removing train signals from magnetotelluric data in central Italy. Batini, F. , Fiordelisi, A., Graziano, F. , and Toksoz, M. N. : Earthquake tomography in the Larderello geothermal area. in. m&amm Kato, M. , Tanaka, T. , and Tominaga, Y. : An application of geostatistical method to estimation of some variables distributed in a geothermal reservoir. Kostyanev, S. : Numerical modelling of some geothermal sources in gradient media. -32- Arellano, V. M., Iglesias, E. R., Arellano, J., Carvajal, M., and Torres, R. J. : A software package for storage and analysis of geothermal field data. Quijano, L.L. : An X/motif-based system for analysis and management of geothermal data. Anderson, E. B. , Clark, G. B. , and Ussher, G. N. H. : Design and implementation of GDManager geothermal data management system. Subekti, I. : Contribution of geo-information system for geothermal power development in Indonesia. -33- (2) # at . < 1 WGC’95^ny “-f^>^X^5, KMT-5 ^0O^«S¥StfoTSt6feoTifei e#g#mKML Sfc, :STti&M^BK;<A~C ■ . • • il^A : KfcS58W&W3£j&Sfrton£SI-#«BSoTfcD, . ' #K#AS,?ia##. . 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