The Coupling Controversy
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The Epistemology of Evidence in Cognitive Neuroscience1
To appear in In R. Skipper Jr., C. Allen, R. A. Ankeny, C. F. Craver, L. Darden, G. Mikkelson, and R. Richardson (eds.), Philosophy and the Life Sciences: A Reader. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The Epistemology of Evidence in Cognitive Neuroscience1 William Bechtel Department of Philosophy and Science Studies University of California, San Diego 1. The Epistemology of Evidence It is no secret that scientists argue. They argue about theories. But even more, they argue about the evidence for theories. Is the evidence itself trustworthy? This is a bit surprising from the perspective of traditional empiricist accounts of scientific methodology according to which the evidence for scientific theories stems from observation, especially observation with the naked eye. These accounts portray the testing of scientific theories as a matter of comparing the predictions of the theory with the data generated by these observations, which are taken to provide an objective link to reality. One lesson philosophers of science have learned in the last 40 years is that even observation with the naked eye is not as epistemically straightforward as was once assumed. What one is able to see depends upon one’s training: a novice looking through a microscope may fail to recognize the neuron and its processes (Hanson, 1958; Kuhn, 1962/1970).2 But a second lesson is only beginning to be appreciated: evidence in science is often not procured through simple observations with the naked eye, but observations mediated by complex instruments and sophisticated research techniques. What is most important, epistemically, about these techniques is that they often radically alter the phenomena under investigation. -
Outlook Magazine, Autumn 2018
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Outlook Magazine Washington University Publications 2018 Outlook Magazine, Autumn 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook Recommended Citation Outlook Magazine, Autumn 2018. Central Administration, Medical Public Affairs. Bernard Becker Medical Library Archives. Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri. https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/outlook/188 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington University Publications at Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Outlook Magazine by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AUTUMN 2018 Elevating performance BERNARD BECKER MEDICAL LIBRARY BECKER BERNARD outlook.wustl.edu Outlook 3 Atop the Karakoram Mountains, neurologist Marcus Raichle, MD, (center) displays a Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology banner he created. In 1987, he and other members of a British expedition climbed 18,000 feet above sea level — and then injected radioactive xenon to see how it diffused through their brains. Raichle, 81, has been a central force for decades in the history and science of brain imaging. See page 7. FEATURES MATT MILLER MATT 7 Mysteries explored Pioneering neurologist Marcus Raichle, MD, opened up the human brain to scientific investigation. 14 Growing up transgender The Washington University Transgender Center helps families navigate the complex world of gender identity. COVER Scott Brandon, who sustained a spinal cord injury 16 years ago, said he is 21 Building independence grateful to the Program in Occupational For 100 years, the Program in Occupational Therapy has Therapy for helping him build physical and helped people engage mind and body. -
The Last Frontier Unraveling the Secrets of the Brain Using Magnetic Resonance
GENERAL ARTICLE The Last Frontier Unraveling the Secrets of the Brain Using Magnetic Resonance Kavita Dorai Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is fast gain- ing ground as a non-invasive technique for neuroimaging. The method can capture images of the human brain in real time while the subject carries out a cognitive task. This research area is still in its infancy but has immense possibilities to ex- plore the secrets of the human brain, intelligence and thought processes. This article explains the physics behind the fMRI Kavita Dorai is an method and describes several studies which use fMRI to ex- experimental physicist at plore different facets of the human brain such as learning IISER Mohali, working in the areas of NMR metabolomics, mathematics, and the deep connections between music and NMR quantum computing cognitive processes. and NMR diffusion. 1. Introduction Science has managed to explain several mysteries of the uni- verse, ranging from quantum particles to far-flung star clusters and galaxies. One of the enduring mysteries of our lifetime is that of the human brain (see Box 1) and cognition. Do we learn math- ematics the way we learn a foreign language? Why does learning a language become harder as we get older? Why are our dreams so bizarre? How do we store information in our brain? And how do we retrieve information when we want to recall something that we know? Is the memory of a dream different from the memory of an actual event in the past? Can a patient recovering from a stroke, ‘re-learn’ things that he/she has forgotten? Can a patient suffering from Alzheimer’s or dementia be taught to regain lost neuronal/motor functions? Are emotions and feelings stored in Keywords the brain? There are so many enigmas surrounding the human fMRI, imaging, brain, neurons, brain and our thought processes, and this research area has at- learning, consciousness, cogni- tion. -
FALL 2018 MSK Takes a Lead Role in Interventional Oncology FSFOCAL
FOCAL SPOT FS FALL 2018 MSK Takes a Lead Role in Interventional Oncology MALLINCKRODT INSTITUTE OF RADIOLOGY // WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY // ST. LOUIS CONTENTS 10 A look at 10 MIR professors RAD who are helping lead the way for women in radiology. (From left: Geetika Khanna, MD, Pamela K. WOMEN Woodard, MD, and Farrokh Dehdashti, MD) 6 16 20 LIFE-ALTERING MYSTERIES MIR ALUMNI TREATMENT EXPLAINED WEEKEND MSK imaging chief Jack Jennings, Thirty years later, Marcus E. Raichle, Old friends, new stories and a sweet MD, provides quality-of-life improving MD, remains a central figure in the serenade from Ronald G. Evens, MD. procedures for patients with cancer. science of brain imaging. Inside MIR’s first reunion. Cover Photo: Metastatic melanoma patient Chris Plummer still works his farm every day, thanks to treatment resulting in unprecedented control of his tumors. 2 SPOT NEWS 24 ALUMNI SPOTLIGHT FOCAL SPOT MAGAZINE FALL 2018 Editor: Marie Spadoni Photography: Mickey Wynn, Daniel Drier Design: Kim Kania YI F A LOOK BACK ©2018 Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology 26 28 mir.wustl.edu FOCAL SPOT MAGAZINE // 1 SPOT NEWS David H. Ballard, MD, a TOP-TIER participant, uses 3D printing in his translational imaging work. Training the Next Generation of Imaging Scientists by Kristin Rattini For young scientists eager to make their way to the forefront in clinical translational imaging research and bringing of translational research and precision imaging, Mallinckrodt innovation to the practice of medicine. The interdisciplinary Institute of Radiology (MIR) offers a clear path. A leader in grant provides two training slots per year in years one NIH funding, MIR is home to premier training programs and and two, and three slots in years three through five. -
Reviewers [PDF]
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 2013, 33(1) Acknowledgement For Reviewers 2012 The Editors depend heavily on outside reviewers in forming opinions about papers submitted to the Journal and would like to formally thank the following individuals for their help during the past year. Kjersti Aagaard Frederic Ambroggi Craig Atencio Izhar Bar-Gad Esther Aarts Céline Amiez Coleen Atkins Jose Bargas Michelle Aarts Bagrat Amirikian Lauren Atlas Steven Barger Lawrence Abbott Nurith Amitai David Attwell Cornelia Bargmann Brandon Abbs Yael Amitai Etienne Audinat Michael Barish Keiko Abe Martine Ammasari-Teule Anthony Auger Philip Barker Nobuhito Abe Katrin Amunts Vanessa Auld Neal Barmack Ted Abel Costas Anastassiou Jesús Avila Gilad Barnea Ute Abraham Beau Ances Karen Avraham Carol Barnes Wickliffe Abraham Richard Andersen Gautam Awatramani Steven Barnes Andrey Abramov Søren Andersen Edward Awh Sue Barnett Hermann Ackermann Adam Anderson Cenk Ayata Michael Barnett-Cowan David Adams Anne Anderson Anthony Azevedo Kevin Barnham Nii Addy Clare Anderson Rony Azouz Scott Barnham Arash Afraz Lucy Anderson Hiroko Baba Colin J. Barnstable Ariel Agmon Matthew Anderson Luiz Baccalá Scott Barnum Adan Aguirre Susan Anderson Stephen Baccus Ralf Baron Geoffrey Aguirre Anuska Andjelkovic Stephen A. Back Pascal Barone Ehud Ahissar Rodrigo Andrade Lars Bäckman Maureen Barr Alaa Ahmed Ole Andreassen Aldo Badiani Luis Barros James Aimone Michael Andres David Badre Andreas Bartels Cheryl Aine Michael Andresen Wolfgang Baehr David Bartés-Fas Michael Aitken Stephen Andrews Mathias Bähr Alison Barth Elias Aizenman Thomas Andrillon Bahador Bahrami Markus Barth Katerina Akassoglou Victor Anggono Richard Baines Simon Barthelme Schahram Akbarian Fabrice Ango Jaideep Bains Edward Bartlett Colin Akerman María Cecilia Angulo Wyeth Bair Timothy Bartness Huda Akil Laurent Aniksztejn Victoria Bajo-Lorenzana Marisa Bartolomei Michael Akins Lucio Annunziato David Baker Marlene Bartos Emre Aksay Daniel Ansari Harriet Baker Jason Bartz Kaat Alaerts Mark S. -
Investigating Cerebrovascular Health and Functional Plasticity Using
Investigating Cerebrovascular Health and Functional Plasticity using Quantitative FMRI By Catherine Foster A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorate of Philosophy Cardiff University © Copyright by Catherine Foster, September 2017 i Doctor of Philosophy (2017) (Psychology) Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales Title: Investigating cerebrovascular health and functional plasticity using quantitative fMRI Author: Catherine Foster Supervisors: Prof. Richard G. Wise, Dr. Valentina Tomassini Number of pages: 292 Declaration Form The following declaration is required when submitting your PhD thesis under the University's regulations. Declaration This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Candidate Date Statement 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Candidate Date Statement 2 i This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Candidate Date Statement 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Candidate Date Statement 4: Previously approved bar on access I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry -
On Introducing Noninvasive Fmri: a Conversation with Ken Kwong
On Introducing Noninvasive fMRI: A Conversation With Ken Kwong November 29, 2016 Gary Boas In the early months of 1992 the neuroscience For all the impact his research has had, Kwong didn’t community was flush with excitement. Jack Belliveau, a actually set out to find the key to performing graduate student with the MGH-NMR Center (now the noninvasive functional MRI. He had come to the Center MGH Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging), had several years before, in about 1988, to work with MIT recently published in Science his pioneering work with graduate student Daisy Chen—an early advisee of functional MRI, and the possibilities of the approach Martinos Center Director Bruce Rosen—in developing seemed truly limitless. and applying diffusion MRI methods aspart of Chen’s Ph.D. thesis. In 1990, when he started down the fMRI Researchers were particularly inspired by the potential path, he was seeking new ways to measure cerebral for brain mapping that that was evident in Belliveau’s perfusion—essentially, blood flow in the brain. One work. They could now see, more or less in real time, possible means could be found in the MRI technique changes in the brain occurring in response to particular that would come to be known as arterial spin labeling. stimuli or tasks. There was just one problem: The need This had provoked quite a bit of excitement among to use an injected contrast agent limited the potential academic research types when it was first described of fMRI in human subjects, as any medically earlier in the year. -
A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance
THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE Volume 8, Number 4, 2002, pp. 411–419 © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. ORIGINALPAPERS A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain During Manual and Electroacupuncture Stimulation of Acupuncture Point (LI-4 Hegu) in Normal Subjects Reveals Differential Brain Activation Between Methods JIAN KONG, M.S., Lic.Ac., 1,2 LIN MA, M.D., Ph.D., 3 RANDY L. GOLLUB, M.D., Ph.D., 2 JINGHAN WEI, Ph.D., 4 XUIZHEN YANG, M.D., 1 DEJUN LI, Ph.D., 3 XUCHU WENG, Ph.D., 4 FUCANG JIA, Ph.D., 4 CHUNMAO WANG, Ph.D., 4 FULI LI, Ph.D., 5 RUIWU LI, M.D., 1 and DING ZHUANG, M.D. 1 ABSTRACT Objectives: To characterize the brain activation patterns evoked by manual and elec- troacupuncture on normal human subjects. Design: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the brain re- gions involved in electroacupuncture and manual acupuncture needle stimulation. A block de- sign was adopted for the study. Each functional run consists of 5 minutes, starting with 1-minute baseline and two 1-minute stimulation, the interval between the two stimuli was 1 minute. Four functional runs were performed on each subject, two runs for electroacupuncture and two runs for manual acupuncture. The order of the two modalities was randomized among subjects. Dur- ing the experiment, acupuncture needle manipulation was performed at Large Intestine 4 (LI4, Hegu) on the left hand. For each subject, before scanning started, the needle was inserted per- pendicular to the skin surface to a depth of approximately 1.0 cm. -
Functional Neuroimaging Information: a Case for Neuro Exceptionalism
Florida State University Law Review Volume 34 Issue 2 Article 6 2007 Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism Stacey A. Torvino [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case For Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. (2007) . https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol34/iss2/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida State University Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM Stacey A. Torvino VOLUME 34 WINTER 2007 NUMBER 2 Recommended citation: Stacey A. Torvino, Functional Neuroimaging Information: A Case for Neuro Exceptionalism, 34 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 415 (2007). FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING INFORMATION: A CASE FOR NEURO EXCEPTIONALISM? STACEY A. TOVINO, J.D., PH.D.* I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 415 II. FMRI: A BRIEF HISTORY ............................................................................. 419 III. FMRI APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 423 A. Clinical Applications............................................................................ 423 B. Understanding Racial Evaluation...................................................... -
Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The space inside the skull : digital representations, brain mapping and cognitive neuroscience in the decade of the brain Beaulieu, J.A. Publication date 2000 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Beaulieu, J. A. (2000). The space inside the skull : digital representations, brain mapping and cognitive neuroscience in the decade of the brain. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 Workss Cited Ahhot.. Allison 19922 Confusion about form and function clouds launch of EC's Decade of ihe Brain. Nature. 24 September.. 359: 260. Ackerman.. Sandra 19922 The Role of the Brain in Mental Illness. !n Discovering the Brain. 46-66. Washington. DC:: National Academy Press. -
Giovanni Berlucchi
BK-SFN-NEUROSCIENCE-131211-03_Berlucchi.indd 96 16/04/14 5:21 PM Giovanni Berlucchi BORN: Pavia, Italy May 25, 1935 EDUCATION: Liceo Classico Statale Ugo Foscolo, Pavia, Maturità (1953) Medical School, University of Pavia, MD (1959) California Institute of Technology, Postdoctoral Fellowship (1964–1965) APPOINTMENTS: University of Pennsylvania (1968) University of Siena (1974) University of Pisa (1976) University of Verona (1983) HONORS AND AWARDS: Academia Europaea (1990) Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (1992) Honorary PhD in Psychology, University of Pavia (2007) After working initially on the neurophysiology of the sleep-wake cycle, Giovanni Berlucchi did pioneering electrophysiological investigations on the corpus callosum and its functional contribution to the interhemispheric transfer of visual information and to the representation of the visual field in the cerebral cortex and the superior colliculus. He was among the first to use reaction times for analyzing hemispheric specializations and interactions in intact and split brain humans. His latest research interests include visual spatial attention and the representation of the body in the brain. BK-SFN-NEUROSCIENCE-131211-03_Berlucchi.indd 97 16/04/14 5:21 PM Giovanni Berlucchi Family and Early Years A man’s deepest roots are where he has spent the enchanted days of his childhood, usually where he was born. My deepest roots lie in the ancient Lombard city of Pavia, where I was born 78 years ago, on May 25, 1935, and in that part of the province of Pavia that lies to the south of the Po River and is called the Oltrepò Pavese. The hilly part of the Oltrepò is covered with beautiful vineyards that according to archaeological and historical evidence have been used to produce good wines for millennia. -
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology Or Medicine: the Life and Work of John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: The Life and Work of John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser Neyda V. Gilman Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Navigation and awareness of space is a complicated cognitive process that requires sensory input and calculation, as well as spatial memory. The 2014 Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine, John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser, have worked to explain how an environmental map forms and is used in the brain (Nobelprize.org 2014b). O’Keefe discovered place cells that allow the brain to learn and remember specific locations. The Mosers added the second part of the “positioning system in the brain” with their discovery of grid cells, which provide the brain with a navigational coordinate system (Nobelprize.org 2014b). Introduction Alfred Nobel dictated in his will that his millions were to be used to create the Nobel Foundation in order to fund Nobel Prizes, the first of which was awarded in 1901 (Nobelprize.org 2014g). The Prize for Physiology or Medicine is given to those who are found to have made a major discovery that changes scientific thinking and benefits mankind. Between 1901 and 1953 there were over 5,000 individuals nominated for the Physiology or Medicine prize, less than seventy of which eventually became Laureates. For the 2014 Prize alone, 263 scientists were nominated (Nobelprize.org 2014h). The prize is not meant to honor those who are seen as leaders in the scientific community or those who have made many achievements over their lifetime.