Lower Palaeozoic Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of the Kerman Region, East-Central Iran Mir Alireza Hamedi University of Wollongong

University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection

University of Wollongong Year 

Lower Palaeozoic sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Kerman region, East-Central Iran Mir Alireza Hamedi University of Wollongong

Hamedi, Mir A, Lower Palaeozoic sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Kerman region, East-Central Iran, PhD thesis, Department of Geology, University of Wollongong, 1995. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/542

This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/542

NORTHIRAN CENTR.- EAST IRAN

~ Padeha Formation c"oo ci 0 ...J ------E~ :;)-0 ::.Go ::> Niur Formation ...... "...J ~ <, -= e C/.l------en E C",....u c ~ :::::.G ~ Shirgesht Formation 0,- 0 ,...... =;- ~'~'Member 5 '5 ~ E "E 0 " l:: :u u 0 C. ...J ..J..>o:tJ., ::J ~ .9 0 eu Member 4 .--- l- - ;.C ei. E 0 :u Member 3 Z ::J '""0 ~ Derenjal Formation E... t.L. u < - Member 2 ~ ~ !!! '- -c:: -ci 0 :::; Member I Kalshaneh Fm. .c",'c c "~ ~ ::Ic .;: ~'" '" ~ ~ ~ < "Top Quartzite" E U ~ - :u .3 Lalun Sandstone (Dahu Series) U ------Zaigun Formation Z < Barut Formation .gc '"u eu - Colle nia Limestone .t: E c:: I I u ... "~ U) 0 t.L. < Soltanieh .~.~ .s '. ::J U Dolomite § E t.g '"u eu... ,::.9 U)~ ;> -e c eu ~ o 8 := 0 ~ Chapoghlu Shale U) N '" LI.. .- \0 Z I <; - IBayandor Formation Gharadash Form., Granites Doran G ranite III. IIII IIIII 11111 Z Kahar Fonn.,Tashk Form., < Kahar Form., Morad Series, ~ Taknar Form. -c:: Metamorphic rocks: Metamorphic rocks' ~ Shorm Beds, Barir Formation, U< Golpaygan Met., Anarak UJ Alamkuh Metamorphics, Schists, Boneh Shurou c.. Gorgan Schists, Complex, " etc, etc.

Figure 1.4. Correlation of Precambrian to Early Palaeozoic sequences

01 nortnem Iran and East-Central Iran (after Stocklin & Setudehnia 1972). .". 'i/ \ ...... MakU \. /') l. \ .... r: ) l. (, ~ \. / Tabrlz Caaplan sea ( i • . ../' J \. ("./ BUJllUrd· "\.. ~ .__. . • I I.'. _.- l Robal-a-Glwtabl. . l Mahabad Zanjan Gorgan '-. . • '-.... Chalua , Takab a "I Solianieh.Mounlalna Alam K~ Muhha~--) . , Damghan Sabzavar l. I .\ '\...... ~ • · Talaghan '{"ay • ( Samnan. Jam Torbal l • Kuhmar r-: Altai Taknar •• /

Ozbak-Kuh I / (. r: ( Shlrg"'.l \., Zarlgan l ., Golpaygan. Tabaa. ( Kalmord. "I -. -, Soh H.ln • Poahl-a-B.dam \ '<, . Zard K, ~a • seghand \ \ \ Ardakan I Yazd· Kuahk / Balq.· • Bahab.d I l Kuhbanan • -\ , ·Ravar 1 I Zarand· • Kalkoyah .I \ .r Ral.anj..... / "-.). \.. v·, ,• Kennan Ab-a-Morad ( \ \ '-. \ L • Kuh-a-Fragharl \ < Kuh-a-Gahkum -, ~ I \ ---. "- .) Bandar-a-Abaa' L .... o 200 kin "'. >.-. ) . J.'1 I .r: .-J ., ...... p'-- -..---'-./ \ ..1 Figure 1.5. Towns, cities and other localities mentioned in the text. r1" I r \... --.. ( i --.-...... ---...... f'.. / ; Figure 2.1. Disconformable contact between the Morad and Rizu Figure 2.2. Contact metamorphic spots in Morad Formation, Formations in the Ab-e-Morad area. incident light, x2.5.

Figure 2.3. Core of spot, showing tourmaline. Crossed polars; Figure 2.4. Angular unconformity between terrigenous, probably WFOV (width of field of view) 1.11 mm. non-marine, facies of the upper Kalmard and Katkoyeh Formations, Rahdar section.

Figure 2.5. Tourmaline-bearing contact metamorphosed sandstone below Katkoyeh Formation, Rahdar section. Crossed polars, WFOV 1.56 mm. Figure 2.6. Spiny fragments of broken and spherical, granular-walled acritarchs; bar scale = 20 Il. Photographs by Dr C. Foster, AGSO. qD

G ~ Q) ~ ! C7~ ~{jrf

Figure 3.1. World-wide commercial Precambrian-Cambrian phosphorite belt (dashed. after Brasier et al. 1989). .; >-., ~ ~ EASTERN SOUTHWEST SOUTHWEST WESTERN LESSER ANABAR- MAYA & - Vendotaenia Hyolilhellus sc, sp, Cl sp. Z + w Charnia 0 fauna Charnia group Charnia group

Figure 3.2. Correlation chart for the Late Precambrian to Early Cambrian of various regions including SW Asia (after Brasier 1989). Figure 3.3. General view of the Banestan Formation in contact Figure 3.4. Lower part of Mohammad Abad Sandstone, type with the Rizu formation E of Zarand, locality, Kennan area. B, Banestan Formation; C, contact with Mohammad Abad Sandstone; L, playa lake deposits of latter unit.

Figure 3.5. General view of the Lalun Formation (Lower Figure 3.6. Erosional contact between Khoram Abad Sandstone Sandstone Unit left, Khoram Abad Sandstone right), 750 m S of (left) and overlying dolomitic Banestan Formation (right), both Mohammad Abad village. overturned; Kuhbanan area.

Figure 3.7. Gypsiferous facies of Kuhbanan Formation, Figure 3.8. General view of Kuhbanan Formation (right), Hatkan Shabdjereh area. Dolomite (middle) and Shabdjereh Formation (left), Shabdjereh area. Thick-- Depositional nea. (m) environments

~/ 7 \ lagoon :7 7 \ '7 7 360 / 7 deposits 7 7 supratidal / / \ 1/ 7 \ \ r7 320 \ 1/ 7 \ 1/ / \ 1/ \ 7 \ 280 7" \ 7 71 \ 7 7 \ 7. \ 7 \ 240 / ./ \ 7 7" \ \ i.> 7 \ 7 [\ 7' \ 200 1./ ,--..,.-. ./ v ./ .> / ~/---- V ...... --...... / -----. 7 ./ ...... / ./ <, »: 160 :7 :;::>I <, rv>'"""" »: ./ ./ <, /'"V""\ ./ 7' "7 <, <, <, ./ rv"'"\ ./ + + + + + ..... rv-a ./ + + + + -t ...... rV"\. ./ + + + + + ..... ~ ./ ...... oj. ------+ + + + + ./ - 120 +~. +0+- +-1:+.+ ,.., ,.., ./

80 ./ 7' 0+- 0+- + + +1 v-v-l + + + + + + + + + -

40 -v-v- high energy / ///../1<, -v-,,- /./ /// <, -v-v- coastal sand ...... " .... <, <, v-'V-" ~ ////// ...... ~ '" . .. _v_v_ ',;.'. '...•0. ',', ) ./././ / /./ 0 (a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.9. Sections through the Banestan Formation; a, Veraoun valley; b, 25

km NW of Zarand; c, S of Behabad. Thick- Depositional environmemts ness (rn) .. Q) ./ I .Q 360 / E Q) 1/ E supratidal-intertidal v L ....Q) V .- v E 320 V ~ 0 deposits / 0 L "C.. Q) c. c. 280 ::l

,.. ~ 240 . . ". ... " .. Q) .Q E Q) x 200 '" :E Q) l< ~ ..2!>. '" CI3 .r: " • rJ) .. ::l .r: 160 c...... CI3 .r: o

120

./ .. L Q) .Q L E 80 Q) E Q) .....- E / 0 40 0 "C L .. Q):: ./ 0 0 1/ L -

Figure 3.10. Columnar section through the Soltanieh Formation, Tabas area. Thick- Grain size Depositional environments ness (m) & Facies· association

Sh F C ! I,• I I,

Sh 35

lake-flood plain

30

FI

25 Sh

FI 20 Sh

15 "'\. ,.. "...... Gms alluvial fan S 10 . "- Sm <, FI .~:~ .,~ . Gms 5 <, Sm "- "'"'- ~ 0 Gms

Figure 3.11. Columnar section through the Zaigun Formation, Kerman area. .. ~. 9:~.. . Fl.' . p ·... 1 h.\ . . :: ·· <, ··7~ 'A' .- ..... 1· \ :..-.j .J \ . : . :02\ . . ~ - '. \J. . "'j "".

- -~., o~ 300 km LEG END II Sand dune o Cultivated area o II No C., II Low terraces o I I High terraces

~ -a" I JSI Shemshak Formation Siltstone, shale, sandstone. Limestone. (,) Te Espahk Limestone III ..III Tsh Shotorl Formation Limestone & dolomite, dolomite In the upper part. ~ Ts Sorkh Shale Formation Sandstone, shale, dolomite. c.. C Bahram Formation Limestone & shale. o ..> Os Padehat & Slbzar Formations Alternations of sandstone & dolomite or gypslferous shale, o dolomite; dolomite, limestone (Os). 0 Dolomite, sandstone, calcareous shale. til ..c Dark red sandstone, Siltstone, conglomeratea Calcareous shale. sandstone. limestone, dolomite. S3 Shabdl ereh Formation " Marl, limestone, Calcareous sandstone. Dolomite, gypsllerous marl, sandstone. 1Il Dark red sandstone, conglomerate, shale, calcrete. -e ~ Katkoyeh Formation o lOki Shale, limestone, sandstone.

Hatkan Dolomite Dolomite with thin shale Intercalations.

Kuhbanan Formation Sandstone, limestone, siltstone. e g- Khoram Abad Sandstone Quartzarenltlc sandstone. .. o Ci Lalun Formation Sandstone, shale.

J:l Stream deposit Sandstone, cross -bedded. .c" . e ~ Mohammad Abad Sandstone Playa lake Shale, sandstone. to o Alluvial fan Conglomerate, sandstone, shale. Banestan Formation Dolomite, minor limestone In the upper parI.

Gypsllerous shale, dolomite, limestone. Fossil locality '"

Measured section

Malor fault Second class road Edge of terrace 30-59 Dips ~ Escarpment 60-89 ~ Village

Figure 3.12. Geological map of the Shabdjereh area, showing type sections of all the

formations of the Dahu Group and the Shabdjereh Formation. Thickness Grain size Facies Depositional environments (rn) Sh F CC

I 1 I, 1 t tidal flats deposits 120 FI

Se 110 Sh tidal channel

Se 100 Sh Se

90 Sp

supratidal FI upper intertidal 80

-c: :::l 70 Q) ctl .c: ...CIl Q) Sp c. 60 c. :::l Figure 3.14. Vertical and planar views of stromatolites from the Lalun Formation, Tabas area. Thickness Grain size Depos ltional environments & (rn) sedimentary structures

Sh F C I I I I, I, peritidal deposits

110

.: : .'...... : ~ ". ,-. ::: •••••... •••.. 1

100 ++ + + + ++ ++1 + +' + + + +'

90 low energy,

shallowing-upward successions 17" /' • "7'l

80 I 7\ ...... , supratidal - intertidal

70 deposits

60

. , .... .r-"'"'

50

-..--. .. .. ~ 40

~

30 ...... 20 .. .. - .. .. 10 ...... { .. I I

0 .':. '1 Thlck- Depositional ness environments (m)

320

280 .. , .. / 240/ / ~ I / <, m I .- 200 I ' ... supratidal- -c: :;) <, . I flood plain ! <, ell / ...... ca I <, J: I -, CJ) I .. .. 160 <, ell Q, I / <, c. / shallow marine ~ / ...... / r I .. <, / ./ ./ / -'" ell ...... , 120 1./ ./ eIl- * I _cu ... / :g .. i~III -. ·_·v I ·_·v·....,,·v ...... -~ - - - 0 80 .. - - - - ell c: 0 '''\I._.y supratidal ." . _. 'V._ ...... m 1/ /, - 1/ LJ "c: ..,J.., • ..,,·_·v.-·v·..." 40 ca ._._._.-. CJ) y.-./.V·- : '.:;;::,;,;.'':':':~''\ _." .-,.'\1 .. v"....,·v·- G)

. ., ~ ...... 0== . ...,.y._.\' '.';"'.:""."_.'_. -I .v·-.v·- 0 J.:....~.. ...;..~ ...... -: (a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.16. Columnar sections of the Kuhbanan Formation, Kerman area; a, W of

Shabdjereh; b, Givi area (both W of Kuhbanan Fault); c, Kuhbanan

(E of Kuhbanan Fault). T hick- Lithology & sedimentary structures ness (m)

960

shallow marine deposits

880

800 Green-grey shale, siltstone - and sandstone, with primary 720 current lineation and loadcast structures. .. 640 Gl a. Co ::l

560

...-> 480 - Gl co ­c Red sandy and marly limestone 400 o .c with trilobites, brachiopods, co.. o and cephalopods. Gl 'tI 320 'tI :E

240

storm sand deposits

e 160 ::l= Gl III Green shale, sandstone .c tJ).. (with Bouma sequences) and 80 II ~ small lenses of limestone. 0 ..J

0 (8) (bl

Figure 4.1. Columnar sections through the Shirgesht Formation: a, at Chah-e-Baba

Ali; b, at Dahaneh-e-Kolut. Figure 4.2. Trilobites from the Shirgesht Formation at Dahaneh­ e-Kolut; original photographs and identifications kindly supplied by Professor David Bruton, University of Oslo. All calcareous specimens.

a-b. Paraszechuanella iranicus (Pillet). a, cephalon, PM0140762, x4; b, pygidium PM0140761, x2.

c-e. Nileus sp. a, cephalon PM0140765, x6; b-e, incomplete articulated specimens 9-108 x1.5, PM0140767 x1.6.

f-g. Ampyx sp. a, cephalon in lateral view, PMOI40744, x5; b, pygidium PM0140778, x6.

h. Carolinites sp., cranidium 9-108, x5.

i. Shumardia sp., cranidium 8-152, PM0140788, XIS.

j. Parapilekia sp., cephalon PM0140783, x5.

k. Ceraurus sp., pygidium PM0140783, x5.

1. Asaphellus sp., cephalon PM0140769, x2.5.

m. Illaenus sp., incomplete articulated specimen PM0140766, x4.Pillow basalt in the Katkoyeh Formation. a c

b I

f lower part of the Katkoyeh Figure 4.3. Transgressive and regressive facies in the Katkoyeh Formation. Khoda Marin area, Kerman.

Figure 4.5. Regressive flood plain facies. Katkoyeh Formation. Khoda Marin area, Figure 4.6. Stromatolitic clast in the basal Katkoyeh Formation, Shabdjereh area. Kerman. Thick­ Depositional ness Grain size (rn) environments

Sh F C ,I,) « f, 180 flood plain-supratidal LITi/.".1 250 deposits 240

220

"* CD 200 > III - ,- shallow marine III III ~-y- * CD .... o~ F 180 deposits a- .- Dl III (a) CD 0 (b) a- c.. 160 I CD I 160 I CD "0 () ~ .... * III -() III 140 ...... III lIS F...... ···· CD =() a- >­ o Dl () 0 III a- 120 C >- III c.. ...~ a- ....III 16/ + + + + 1 J..... '...... + + + . 1" 100 C + + "+ +1 + CD =' I + ... + I -I flood plain - supratidal .... + + + + + lIS , + ... + i • 80 deposits C * 0 1+ + + ++ .Q . + + + -t a- * 1+ + + ++ 60 IlS . + + + .. () I + + + ++ + ... + ... + + + + + + + + ... 40 ·CD ;£;·~""·SK III .c 20 III

0 transgressive deposits (cl (d)

Figure 4.7. Measured sections through the lower part of the Katkoyeh Formation, Shabdjereh area. a, b, W of the Kuhbanan Fault; c, E of the Kuhbanan Fault; d, Khoda Afarin area. ~ . ~ :k.< ::; .: j\ .•.< ~ ~ _ . :a"

I .;'.

~ ... ::,... ~ . . ~ ' .. '11 ~ .

.'

t"'~ : .~ ..\ ...... ' . J . ~ : t, . 7/:.'. ' U _ ~~ ~ ; r , ;' - ..

Figure 4.8. The graptolite Dictyonema ghodsiae Rickards, Hamedi & Wright, 1994, from the lower part of the Katkoyeh Formation. hlck- ness Grain size Depositional environments (m) & facies

5h F C

),I ' .... -C :I CI) shallow & marine 320 -m .r: II) .. deposits 300 CI) e, e, :l 280 .... c 260 :l CI) c 240 ...0 II) CI) 220 -E CI) -"0 200 "0 E 180 " 160 - - ...... 140 storm sand depsits ...... '"

120 ...... -...... 100

. , '" '" 80 .... e coastal deposits :l 60 Cll~ 5t -s:: -- coastal sand - ....0 5p II) 40 "0 e 5h as 20 ..II) 5p_ CI) 5t : , ~ 0 .... .•..•.. .•. 0 (a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.9. Measured sections through the Katkoyeh Formation, Kalmard area. a,

Darin area; b, Chah-e-Mohammad area; c, Rahdar area. Figure 4.10. Cruziana from the Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area. Thickness Grain size (m) Sh F C

It. t ! I

~. ~\ 840 .-J-. .. \ 400 ~~I ...... \

....~ ... \ I 800 1·/·/··/ \ 360 \ ./././ /I I ,. - . I .. --.., I \ 760 I 320 \ I

! ) \ -,- -\- \ I -,- 720 \ \ 280 v " ,,~ \ + + + .~ v~ + + + + ..v \ + + + \ v v vI + ... + + \ + ... + \ 680 + + + + \ •• --J--. •• + + + .... \ + + + + 240 -- \

\ 200 \ I \

\ -,--..L.... =-,- 160 I ././ ./ \ I 120 I

v Iv v v 960\ =-== 80 \ ...... ~ \

40 "L/./././ .. ././././/\. \ ...... 880 \ ::: .•'.:.' .: i:••, 440' ...... \.." ... "'"\ (a) o -...,.---.:.,-~.!..• .....!. ( b) . I

Figure 5.1. Columnar sections of the Shabdjereh Formation, Shabdjereh area,

Kerman region. a, 10 Ian W of Shabdjereh; b, the type locality. Figure 5.2. General view of disconformity between the basal Figure 5.3. Caliche facies in basal Shabdjereh Formation, fluvial system of the Shabdjereh Formation (A, B, left) and floodplain facies. Shabdiereh, Hatkan Dolomite (H, right), at the Shabdjereh type section. A, channel deposits, B, floodplain deposits.

Figure 5.4. General view of the upper red sequences (non­ marine) at type locality of the Shabdjereh Formation. Figure 5.5. Unbranched stromatolite, Shabdjereh Formation, E of Kuhbanan Fault, Khoda Afarin section. .. Thickness rain size I Depositional (m) environments

Sh FMC I ,. • I 480 I ./ /' V ./ -cu V ./ "0 ./ ./ -... ./ ./ cu ../".- »: a... 'ii 440 960 ~ "0 en .-... I I .c ~ cu en -"0 . ... 400 920 ...~ -c

360 880

shallow marine 320 840 ....

280 800

240 760 .. nearshore 200 720

160 680

~ .. 120 640

tidal flat

80 ...... ,',11 600 ...... , ...... , . barrier Island lagoon

40 ...... , ."1. beach sand .. , " . 560 fluvial deposits flood plain .•..•..•..• '/" =====t o :•. ·~:~~';,1."Y' 520 Thick­ Grain size Depositional ness Sh F C environments

I %' I nearshore 360 "I, ...... *' I :::. ::.::.: :: :: I 320 \ ..... I lagoon I I I 280 I I ...... ·...·...... 1 barrier island 1 I I deposits I 240 ~, I \ I ..-...r""'\ 200 -'- '- 1/ til - .-."" "0 _. _.-'" ... -.- .... CG Q) -:':";'.-"...-._ ... := o supratidal- 160 0'6.~.-. c. c :.-,....-.- '7 ~ intertidal * ClfT A .: Q) deposits := til o 120 CG .r:.= II) -

80 flood plain & splays deposits ~ pedogenic ~ Q) nodules 40 c ';: en .... CG- E ~ := c. alluvial fan o o~ deposits

Figure 5.7. Columnar section of the Shabdjereh Formation in the Khoda Marin

area, E of the Kuhbanan Fault. ThIck­ Depositional ness environments (m)

below -weather wave base , deposits high energy 400 ...... I deposits

......

•• 0 , ...... I I I I 280 ..... -._.-. I tidal flat deposits -._._. I \

240 nearshore *'I progradational deposits //// 1./ ./1./ • ./ barrier island *1 deposits 200

as .-"C.... //// 160 as... :/// /' a. II) i./ .... //, /' /'/ ::s .- ~.:.....L....:-:-.' II) II) I.. •...... I a.0 Q) + + :,: ... ii "C ...... 120 .-...."C.. Q) -c

.. " ., .. " *' 80 "* ·.~":"":-7:":1 II II II II >< -.....='-I ... + + + + + ... low & high /" ./l 40 ./ energy deposits - - ,-J..-.• ..1-. * * ..------.-'-...... o (a) (b) (c)

Figure 5.8. Columnar sections of the Niue Formation in the Dahaneh-e-Kolut area, Tabas region. a, W side of Dahaneh-e-Kolut; b, C, lower part, on E side of Dahaneh-e-Kolut. " Figure 5.9. Ostracod in the basal sandstone of the Niur Formation. W side (section 5.8a) of Dahaneh-e-Kclut, Tabas area. WFOV 1.56 mm.

Figure 5.12. Isolated lava pillow in lower part of Niur Formation, E side of Dahaneh-e-Kolut, Tabas area. Figure 5.13. Rich assemblage of trilobites and brachiopods in the Niur Formation, Dahaneh-e-Kolut, Tabas region. Figure 5.14. Silicified trilobites from the Niur Formation (Silurian) from Dahaneh-e-Kolut; original photographs and identifications supplied by Professor Brian Chatterton, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

a-b. New genus of homalonotid. a, cephalon, x3.3, WT3; b, pygidium, xI2.5, WT3.

c-d. Dalmanites sp. c, abraded cephalon, x2.7, WT3; d, pygidium, x4, AH8-9.

e. Kettneraspis? sp., pygidium x3, AH8-9.

f. Maurotarion? sp., cranidium xI2, WT3.

g-j. Diacanthaspsis? sp., all from locality AH8-9.' g-h, cranidia: g, xI5, and h, x22; i, free cheek, x20; j, pygidium, x25. a c

e

d

h J M Metamorphic

Figure 6.1. Triangular diagrams for sandstone classification (Folk 1980). Figure 6.2. Contact-metamorphic tremolite-bearing clast, Lalun Figure 6.3. Biotite, apatite and microcline in a clast in the Lalun Formation, Tabas area. Crossed polars, WFOV 0.24 mm, Formation, Shabdjereh. Crossed polars, WFOV 1.11 mm.

Figure 6.4. Clast containing quartz vacuoles, Shirgesht Figure 6.5. Boehm lamellae in quartz grain, Katkoyeh Formation, Formation, Dahaneh-e-Kolut. Crossed polars, WFOV 1.11 mm. Rahdar section, Tabas. Crossed polars, WFOV 0.24 mm.

Figure 6.6. Metamorphic quartz clast, basal fluvial system, Figure 6.7. Chert clasts, iron coating, quartz overgrowth and Shabdjereh Formation, Kerman. Crossed polars, WFOV 1.11 mm. sericite cement, Mohammad Abad Sandstone (zircon grain lower left), Kerman area. Crossed polars, WFOV 0.39 mm. Figure 6.8. Volcanic clasts, altered feldspar, carbonate and Figure 6.9. Quartz-zircon clast from an igneous source, with an chlorite cement, upper red sequences, Shabdjereh Formation, altered feldspar clast, fluvial facies, Shabdjereh Formation, Kerman Kerman region. Crossed polars, WFOV 0.39 mm. area. Crossed polars, WFOV 1.11 mm.

Figure 6.10. Tourmaline and microcline overgrowths, Lower Figure 6.11. Authigenic carbonate cement in the form of caliche, Sandstone, Niur Formation, Tabas area. Crossed polars, WFOV floodplain sandstone, Shabdjereh Formation, Shabdjereh. Crossed 0.39 rnm, polars, WFOV 0.39 mm.

FJgure 6.12. Feldspar overgrowth and iron oxide cement, basal FJgure 6.13. Replacement of labile materials by carbonate , fluvial system, Shabdjereh Formation, Shabdjereh. Crossed polars, chlorite and quartz, Shab\ljereh Formation, Kerman area. Crossed WFOV 1.11 mm. polars, WFOV 1.56 mm. ORGANIC MATTER SEDIMENTARY Conodont APPROXIMATE POROSITY 5TllI.JCTlJ1ES - ROCK CLAY Colour Cool Vitrinite TEXTURES -- QUARTZ FELDSPAR ZEOLITES MISCELLANY DEPTH ,-oC Inde. Rank Refleclance 30 9C ~IO$t FRAGMENTS MINERALS 10 Peat .. ? \IOIconic cot:'~hC1ll98 I I gloss ~ s -t- 'u ~ j S devitriliel 1i Lignite I I "0 'i:i ~ I i c: <:: H I i~ a a A ! I 1 60 , r. c § 1\ t 0·5 ~ • L Sub- q-r ti r ~ !5 L bituminous s a " ~ 0 1 :; I "~I malic J, I 'is ~ i ">- W ::: \IClk:anic:l i~ I s;; <:: ~ r. '0 alter to dQysl . t 1- 'E '0 '" 100 High 0'8- 0; 28OIiIes..tarbon- ~ .J, .. 3km? I ? ~ o1es .l!.., B \IOIOliIe O.g 'e ..,.. 'I t~ eo .2 I !. ~ u Io '" I -e <:: 2 ~ T I .. I j j! .., a N "0 r. is ,.. U 1 "/ .;. '"I ...a r. ,~ T 0; 1 j M ',0 2 I ... a ~ E 2 t - • 'S ,g c: I r c: '~ R I ..,• il I :s~ g ~ N ,.. I M a I I ;~ 'l> a; 1i 0 I j I r. / E 125 E I a a . :~ U ,.. ~ go", I D I ~ s I <:: I I I ? it I i 2 I A ~:c 3 1·3 'I ? fabric of r. I ~I 1? if' doyey clasts I . :&p T " I I deforms ~ E Low ~I I I a 2-1-.., I volatile I E I e I ~? ~I I ,2 g" I ISO :; ",.J, -It I Q'5km ? ~ I ? l 1'4- g ? I 1·9 ~i I I I S.ti- ? I I • Anthrocite ~g I ~ I I I ~ I ~ -l- -. D reSOlution . I I E t i may be lost ~i I i E 2'5 I ~.!! I I P A~L~ I .I.i c: ~~~.~ I I I '5 ~ " I 1 .!! a - a I 4 I I I J ~ .-.. - .." ,.. ~ ~ E" I I I I ~ U ;nite f a ,..E lost ? ~ I I 0; =~ II 300 tI 3~+ ~~ S- II I 5 J :~i c: A._ - At}" -!t N'v\;v\~Vvvvv\~ -/\./VVVtvv~vVv'_'~1'I'\o~ rvvvlY V V'""YVV" '~h

(Graphite) metamorphic recrystaUisotion only Chlorite (epidote and boundary gradational and textures and and micas albite) arbitrary METAMORPHISM $truetures

Figure 6.14. Diagenetic relationship between depth and temperatures (after Douglas et al. 1994). File: b:\10-4.cpi Date: 02-20-1994 Comment: * C 3000-1 o Quartz u n t s

2000

II) ~ .. ~ CIS .... Q. m - II) Illite Quartz + ....~ 100D-J I II) .. IJ.. ~ CIS " .-- II) 0- > + Chlorite m 0 N () N ... ~ .. ~ -.. " CIS m 0 U.- .. ... 0. ltl ::s ltl -.c ~ m ::s ::E :::s 0 ! o o "-u.

011 IIIIIIII I IIIIIIIII I IIIIII i II I IIIIIIIII I IIIIIIII I IIIIIIIII I IIIII I 4 14 24 34 44 54 64

Degrees 2-Theta

Figure 6.15. An example of whole-rock XRD analysis for the Mohammad Abad Sandstone (AH-lOA). Qt

CONTINENTAL BLOCK PROVENANCES WITH SOURCES ON

.. IN UPLIFTED

F

Subduction Complex Lt So..cea

Increasing ~ MaturityIStability s-: from I~---'"";-~ Continental Block Provenances

~ .£.J~ .. j (;l' ARC OROGEN COLLISION SUTURE .. SOURCES FOLD-THRUSTBELT SOURCES ... :';)o( .'. ' ~ Increasing Ratio of .. .'./. -< Plutonic to Volcanic Sources -.: ;/ \>~ in Magmatic Arc Provenances ..../

p K

Figure 6.16. Standard triangular diagrams showing distribution of mean detrital modes for sandstone suites derived from different types of provenances (after Dickinson 1985). PROVENANCE CATEGORIES It:r\;j:t~ CONTINENTALBLOC K :::::::::::::::::::

MAGMATICARC 1

RECYCLED ~ OROGEN ~

. DISSECTED.. . __ ARC __ -- . '..;-;..-" ----...... &... »: TRANSITIONAL // ARC· .~/ ... 6 .. /. .. UNDISSECTED

15 50 L Qm

QUARTZOSE RECYCLED

42 ...... - ~~~..::; _.--r TRANSITIONAL BASEMENT RECYCLED ·UPLIFT

Lt

Figure. 6.17. Triangular diagrams showing provisional compositional fields of sand derived from different types of provenance (after Dickinson 1985). Qm Q Mohammad Abad Sandstone Mohammad Abad Sandstone Upper part ... Upper part • Middle part 0 Lower part • Middle part 0 Lower part •

;f D

l (~, \ Lt FI .hl \L Qm Q

'I< Lalun & * Lalun It • Khoram Abad S. • Khoram Abad s.

F I ._, \ Lt F{ __ __ _\L {dl

Figure 6.18. QFL and QmFLt triangular diagrams showing compositional variation of sandstones from the Mohammad Abad Sandstone (a, b) in the Kerman area, and the Lalun Formation and Khoram Abad Sandstone (c, d: both Tabas area). Q Qm Kalkoyeh F. Katkoyeh F. Darin ••ctlon Darin section

F/ 'L' ' L F/ ._, \ LI

Qm Q

Katkoyeh F. Katkoyeh F. Rahdar s e etten Rahdar Section

Fl ~" LI F { , ..., \ L lel

Figure 6.19. QFL and QmFLt triangular diagrams showing compositional variation of sandstones from the Katkoyeh Formation; a, b, from the Shabdjereh area, and c, d, from the Katkoyeh area. Q Qm Katkoyeh F.

Upper part ... Lower part •

( ,u I ... ' L Cal Qm Q

Katkoyeh F. Katkoyeh F.

Upper part -l' Upper part • Lower part • Lower part •

, I F I > Ie) \ Lt L (dl

Figure 6.20. QFL and QmFLt triangular diagrams showing compositional variation of sandstones from the Katkoyeh Formation; a, b, from the Darin area, and c, d, from the Rahdar area. Qm Q Shabdjereh F. Non-merlne Shabdjereh F. Marine units Non-marine Uppe-r red eequenc8' marine units

Upper red .equence 0

F, (al \ I ') Lt < (hI) (J. l Om o Shahcllereh F. Shabdjareh F. Non-marine unit. Non-marine untt Marine units Marine units

F ( , ...) \ It ;:t ,~, :\ L

Figure 6.21. QFL and QrnFLt triangular diagrams showing compositional variation of sandstones from the Shabdjereh Formation: a, b, from the Shabdjereh area, and c, d, from the Khoda Marin area. Qm Niur F.

Marine units Red sequence *

FL --l'-- ~Lt

(a) Q Niur F. Marine units • red sequence ..

FL-. ~ ~L lb)

Figure 6.22. QFL and QmFLt triangular diagrams showing compositional variation of sandstones from the Niur Formation, from the Tabas area. -0.1022 0.0873 0.2768 0.4663 0.6558 0.8453 -0.1969 -0.0014 0.1821 0.3716 0.5610 0.7505 0.9400 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ .---- 10-8 0.8786 .------10-12 0.6159 .------10-17 0.5057 .------9-36 0,2422 I .--- 10108 0.8979 .------10112 0.1735 I .------1025A 0,5197 I I.------1026 0.7273 .------1034 0,0762 .------9139 -0,0474 I .------9121 0.6426 I .------1090 0,5130 I .------8127 0.3975 I I .------8124 0.6074 I ,------8125 0.3204 ,------8146 -0.1548 I .------9-37 0.4114 I .------8176 -0.0538 II .------8131 0.2627 II .------8147 0.1776 .------8136A -0.1969 t----+----+----+----t----t----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ -0.1969 -0.0074 0.1821 0.3716 0,5610 0,7505 0.9400 -0.1022 0,0873 0.2168 0.4663 0,6558 0.8453 (a) DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES

-0.0415 0.1343 0.3102 0.4860 0.6618 0.E316 -0.1294 0.0464 0.2223 0,3981 0,5739 0.7497 0.9255 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ .------Packg 0,2394 I .------Spher 0.6939 I .------Qund 0,5218 I I .--- Shape 0.8864 I I,------Matur 0.6596 I ,------ComQ 0.4568 I .------Sarti 0,2876 .------Qvac 0.0880 I .------Grain 0.5607 I •------Chert 0.4365 .------VFR 0.0161 I .------Qinc1 0.5680 .------Qboh -0,0903 I ,------Qnor 0,0501 I .------HRF -0.0445 II .------Qemb 0.5033 II I .------K-F 0.6354 II .------Musc 0.1286 II .------OpMi 0,0000 .------Tourm -0.l294 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----t----+ -0.1294 0.0464 0.2223 0.3981 0.5739 0.7491 0.9255 -0.0415 0.1343 0.3102 0.4860 0.6618 0,8376 (b)

Figure 6.23. Q-mode (a) and R-mode (b) dendrograms for Cambrian sandstones. -0.0982 0.0916 0.2813 0.4710 0.6607 0.8505 -0.1930 -0.0033 0.1864 0.3762 0.5659 0.7556 0.9453 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ .------Packg 0.2731 I .------Grain 0.8399 I .------VFR 0.5817 .------chert 0.1460 .------Qvac 0.0000 .------Tourm -0.0224 I ,------Spher 0.8221 I I.--- Shape 0.8930 I .------Matur 0.7871 I ,------Qund 0.0465 I I .--- Qinel 0.9032 I I•------Qboh 0.7142 I .------ComQ 0.3727 I I .------Sorti 0.8355 .------Qnor -0.1509 I .------Qemb 0.4931 I I .------K-F 0.6031 I .------Muse -0.0398 1 I •------MRF 0.8354 .------OpMi -0.1930 +----+----+----+----+----t----+----t----+----+----t----t----t -0.1930 -0.0033 0.1864 0.3762 0.5659 0.7556 0.9453 -0.0982 0.0916 0.2813 0.4710 0.6607 0.8505 DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES

Figure 6.24. R-mode dendrogram for sandstones of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone,

Tabas region. -0.1642 -0.0224 0.1195 0.2613 0.4031 0.5449 -0.2351 -0.0933 0.0485 0.1904 0.3322 0.4740 0.6159 t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t______8131 ______: 8147 0.2352 ______: ---- 8136A 0.0693 -0.2036 • ------8146 -0.1018 I ------0.0917 I .------8176 II I .--- 8124 0.5843 III______•------81281257 0.3291 -0.2351 ~====~====~====~=---t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t -0.2351 -0.0933 0.0485 0.1904 0.33ZZ 0.4740 0.6159 -0.1642 -0.0224 0.1195 0.2613 0.4031 0.5449 (a) DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES

-0.1185 0.0918 0.3020 0.5123 0.7225 0.9328 -0.2236 -0.0134 0.1969 0.407Z 0.6174 0.8277 1.0379 t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t .------Packg 0.5428 .------Grain 0.H66 I .------Shape 0.9023 I .------Hatur 0.7093 I I .------Qvac 0.9127 I .------ComQ 0.6748 .------Sorti 0.3349 .------Chert 0.0000 .------Tourm 0.0000 .------.. ------OpHi -0.0181 I .---- Onor 0.9590 1.------VFR 0.0000 .------Qemb -0.0412 .------K-F -0.0868 I .------Spher 0.7948 I .------Qboh 0.5255 I .------Qund 0.Z108 .------Qincl -0.1769 I .--- HRF 0.9912 .------~usc -0.2236 t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----t----+ -0.2236 -0.0134 0.1969 0.4072 0.6174 0.8277 1.0379 -0.1185 0.0918 0.3020 0.5123 0.7225 0.9328

DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES (b)

Q-mode (a) and R-mode (b) dendrograms for sandstones of the Lalun Figure 6.25. Formation, Tabas area. -0.0412 0.1486 0.3384 0.5283 0.7181 0.9079 -0.1361 0.0537 0.2435 0.4333 0.6232 0.8130 1.0028 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ •--- 3 0.9606 .------9152 0.6900 .------8255 0.5080 .------899A 0.2904 .------1040 0.1466 I .------1047 0.3784 .------897A -0.0939 I .------1044 0.8424 I .------957 0.1116 I .------9147 0.6746 I .------871 0.6113 I .------8~6 0.3982 I I .------811 0.6688 I I .------15 0.4691 I II.------998 0.6219 I .------960 0.2811 I .------887 0.2145 I I .------881 0.4141 I .------9117A 0.1318 I I .------653 0.7016 I .------8267 0.0502 II .------890 0.6408 II .------9111 0.38H I .------895 -0.0422 II .------1053 0.7784 I I I .------869 0.9011 II .------870 0.6440 II I .----- 894 0.9266 II .------9151 0.4189 II .------893 0.0807 II .------652 -0.0221 III .------882 0.2522 III I ,---- 883 0.9340 IIII .------655 0.8824 III I ,------865 0.8529 III I .------655A 0.6298 II I I .------884 0.4217 III .------873 0.1034 IIII .------.----- 889 0.5164 IIII I .------866 0.5943 IIII .------1086 0.2984 IIIII .-. ..:--- 867 0.9059 IIIII •------868 0.8659 I I I II .------9120 0.4551 IIIII .------876 0.3605 ,------8257 -0.1361 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----t----t----+----+ -0.1361 0.0537 0.2435 0.4333 0.6232 0.8130 1.0028 -0.0412 0.1486 0.3384 0.5283 0.1181 0.9019

DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIE~

Figure 6.26. Q-mode dendrogram for Ordovician sandstones. -0.0224 0.1162 0.2548 0.3934 0.5321 0.6701 -0.0917 0.0469 0.1855 0.3241 0.4627 0.6014 0.1400 t----+----t----+----+----t----+----t----+----t----+----t----t .------Packg 0.5560 0.6076 ._~~4I .------SpherQuod 0.5210 I .------Shape 0.6335 I I.--- Sorti 0.7092 .------Matur 0.3523 .------Qvae 0.2136 .------Qboh 0.0742 I •------Qi nel 0.4252 I I .------ComQ 0.5868 .----~------Chert -0.0609 I .------Grain 0.6647 1.------VFR -0.0423 II .------Qnor 0.3126 II .------Qemb 0.1714 II .------MRF 0.0207 II .------~------K-F 0.0019 II I .------Muse 0.5018 11.------OpMi -0.0249 .------Tourm -0.0917 +----t----t----t----+----t----t----t----t----t----+----t----+ -0.0911 0.0469 0.1855 0.3241 0.4627 0.6014 0.7400 -0.0224 0.1162 0.2548 0.3934 0.5321 0.6707 DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES

Figure 6.27. Rsmode dendrogram for Ordovician sandstones. -0.0836 0.1016 0.Z988 0.4900 0.6812 0.8724 -0.1792 0,0120 0.Z03Z 0.3944 0.5B56 0.1168 0.9680 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ .--- 3 0.9255 .------915Z 0.4411 .------8255 -0.0218 I .------1044 0.6852 I .------951 0.5352 I .------960 0.4308 I .------9141 0.2663 I .------1-5 0.0863 .------BZ61 -0.1368 I .------1040 0.1808 I I .------1041 0.3049 I II .------1053 0.1433 I .------9151 0.0448 II .------1086 0.2119 .------8257 -0.1192 +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----t -0.1792 0.01Z0 0.2032 0,3944 0.5856 0.1168 0.9680 -0.0836 0.1076 0.2988 0.4900 0.6812 0.8124 DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES (a)

-0.0186 0.IZ1Z 0.3Z09 0.5Z01 0.1Z05 0.9Z03 -0.1785t- +0,0213 t +O.ZZll t +0.4208 + + 0.6206 t t 0.8204 + -t----+1.0202 .------Packg 0.5861 I .------Spher 0.8139 .------Qund 0.5317 I .------Shape 0.6m • II .------MaturSorti 0.8452 • -- Qboh 0.1601 -0,0698 I .------Qemb 0.6589 I I.--- Muse 0.9158 0.153B I .------Tourm II •------Qvac 0.8587 II• .------K-FMRF 0.4194 -0.0165 0.1915 I .------Qnor I I .------Qinc1 0.8941 • I I I.------COlllQChert 0.9480 -0,1341 I .------Grain 0.8016 -0.0015 • I .------~ ------VFROpMi -0.1185 + + t + t + + t t f + -t----+ -0.1185 0.OZ13 0.ZZ11 0.4Z08 0.6Z06 0.8204 1.020Z -0.0786 0.lZ12 0,3Z09 0.5Z01 O.1Z05 0,9Z03

DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SIMILARITIES (b)

Figure 6.28. Q-mode (a) and R-mode (b) dendrograms for sandstones of the

Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas region. -0.0053 0.1811 0.3615 0.5539 0.1403 0.9261 -0.0985 0.0819 0.2743 0.4601 0.6411 0.8335 1.0199 !----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----! •------1 0.6633 .------. 1A 0.6363 •------9-4 0.2571 I .----- 6 0.9334 I •------1 0.1301 •------lOA 0.1611 I •------. 9-1 0.6229 •---.------13 -0.0295 I •------ZA 0.5828 I I•------14 0.1415 I I I.------15 0.8493 I .------.------11 0.5183 I •------9-42 0.4039 I .------.------9-11 0.2664 I I ,------._------10 0.5480 I I I•------32 0.1814 I I I I .---8-16 0.9785 I I.------._------8-11 0.3848 I II •------25 0.6313 I•------8- 24 0.1864 II •------26 0.1662 II .------8-10 0.6156 I•------._------8-2lA 0.1349 I•------.----- 9-1 0.0233 II •_.------.------.----- 8 0.3071 II .------.----- 8151 O.Z0Z4 II .------.------._------.- 8112 o.om III .------.----- 9166 0.6556 III •--_._----.-.------9-18A 0.4668 I I I I .------1051 0.8430 III .-._------1015A 0.1124 IIII .------21 0.6552 IIII •------8-H 0.5421 IIII .------8-46 0.4224 IIII I •------44A 0.8464 IIIII •------9-25 0.1161 II I I .------9-48 0.3110 IIIII .------35 0.6130 II I I I I .------9-43 0.8857 I I III I.---_.----- 8-6 0.8400 IIIII I .------H5 0.1424 IIIII .------9-62 0.4909 IIIIII •------H 7 0.1559 .------_.------8-23A -0.0511 I .------.------9-3 0.4083 I I .-----.------.------8-29 D.530Z I •------.------9-13 O. Z416 I I .--.------8-12 0.6807 I I I .------8-13 0.8491 I I I .------8-19 0.7685 I I I .------8-Z~ 0.1133 I I •------._.------8-14 MOil I I.------9-14 0.4055 I II .---._- 8-25 0.8157 I II .------8-26 0.8859 I I.------8-21 0.3911 I II •------9-8 0.1991 I II I•------9-9 0.8920 I II .------9-10 0.5515 I•------.-- 9-1lA 0.0932 II .------10-11 0.1846 II I .------8-15 0.8689 II .------_._--- 8·20 0.1098 II .------8-21 0.61Z9 •------.------9-23 -0.0985 !----!----!----!_.--!----!----!----!----!----!----!----!----! -0.0985 0.0819 0.2743 0.4601 0.6411 0.8335 1.0199 -0.0053 0.1811 0.3675 0.5539 0.1403 0.9261

DENDROGRAM - VALUES ALONG X-AXIS ARE SUILARITIES

Figure 6.29. Q-mode dendrogram for Silurian sandstones. -0.0156 0.0890 um 0.3582 0.m8 0.6214 -0.1276 0.0515 0.2306 0.1091 0.5981 0.1618 -0.0504 o.tm 0.3135 0.5104 0.7373 0.9343 -O.1IZ1 o.om 0.1563 0.2909 0.4&55 0.5601 0.6917 '0.2111 -0.0380 0.1410 0.3201 0.4992 0.6183 0.8513 -0.1489 o.om 0.2150 0.1119 D.6389 0.8358 I.om t----t----t----t----t----f.---t---.f-~--f-··-f----t----f----f t----f·---t·---f----f----f----f··--f----t---+·---t----t----t t----+----t···-t----+----+--·-t----t---·t----+·---+----t----t •------.------.--- Pockg 0.4148 .------.-.------8-10 0.m9 •----.------.------.---- Packg 0.3815 I .-'- Spher D.6648 •--.---.--.---.--.--•.------821 0.3900 I •------.----- Shape 0.6751 .--.------••------.- Shape 0.3521 •--.------.--.--.------.--- 10-11 0.2091 I I.------.---- Qincl 0.1984 I .------ComQ 0.6198 I .. ----.-- 815 0.1188 •-•..•.••------.----••------.---••---.-- Qvac 0.2685 •---_.--.------.------Chart 0.2736 I .--..------..--- 820 0.5419 I .---.------._---.------Spher 0.4894 .-••----.---.------.------Qnor 0.0827 I .-.---.------.-.- 821 0.4742 II .---..------..------Sort! 0.5922 •------.------••------.-----.------rour. 0.0400 I I .--- 8-16 0.8115 III .-----.---.------Halur 0.6643 I .------Sorti 0.5813 •----.------.---.------.------.------.--- 8-11 -0.0341 I•------.------.---•.•• Qund 0.2915 I .------.----.---- Mator 0.4851 I .------8-6 0.6405 •------••------.--.------. Qetb 0.1388 I •------.--...--...--.-.------Qund 0.2539 I .. -.---.-----.------823A 0.2m •-••-----_.------_.--.------_.------••--- Tourm 0.0037 I I .------.----- Qincl 0.4091 •------.-.--.------.----.-----.------.------815 7 -0.1113 •-.-_.--•._-----.--••----••------.---.-••-----.-----.--- COIQ -0.1051 ••------.------.---.------.------Qvac -0.0111 I •--.--.----.------8-12 0.3315 I .-.------..-.- Grain 0.6783 I ••------.----.--.---.------.----.--.----- Qemb 0.1122 I I.------.----- 8-19 0.4302 I •-----.---.--.--••--.------.------. VFI o.mo •-----.------.------••------.------.- Qboh -0.0830 I .------.------..------.-.------829 0.1652 I I .--- Qnor 0.9756 I .--.- Grain 0.6511 I I .------.-- 8-13 0.5624 I I .--' MRF 0.9890 I .--.---.-.------.------.- VFB 0.1099 I I .------.------.- 823 0.4166 I I .------Cheri D.6875 I I •------.------MRF 0.4985 I I .------.-.----.--.------.------8-14 0.2611 I. ------.----.-.---.---.------.-.-....-.--._------.--. OpNI -0.0721 I ••--.----.--.-----.--.------.------.- OpMI 0.0391 I II ..------m 0.6132 II •-_.---.-.--.--- Qboh 0.1539 I.-..--.-.----.------...---.------.--.-.--.------.. Huse -0.0308 I II .------.----.---- 826 0.5301 II •------.-.------.-..----- Huse 0.3852 •-.------.------.------.--•• ------.---'--- K·F -0.1129 ••------_.------.------..'- 821 -0.2111 •••--.------.----.------.------.--.---._-.-••------K-F -0.1189 f----f--·-t----f·---t-·-t----t----t---·t·---t--·-t·---+---of t----t·---t---·t----t-·--t---t----t---·t--·-t·--·t-·--t----t t·--·t----+----t----t----t----+-·--t---·t----t----t----t----t -0.l1!9 o.om 0.1563 0.2909 0.4ZH D.5601 0.6917 -0.2111 -0.0380 0.1410 0.3201 0.1992 0.6181 0.8513 -0.1489 0.0181 o.mo 0.4119 0.6388 0.8358 1.0321 -0.0156 0.0890 0.2236 0.358! 0.4128 0.6274 -0.m6 0.0515 0.2306 0.4091 0.5881 0.7618 -0.0501 0.1465 0.3135 0.5101 0.1313 0.9313

(a) DEND80GRAM - VALUES ALOMG X-AXIS Air SIHILARHIES DEMDROGIUH· VALUES ALONG x-ms ARE SIMILARl!IES (bl DENDROGRAH - VALUES ALOHG X-AXIS ARE SIXILARfrrES (e)

Figure 6.30. a) R-mode dendrogram for Silurian sandstones; (b) Q-mode and c, R-

mode dendrograms for Niur Formation sandstones, Tabas area. Figure 7.1. Two sets of symmetrical ripples with rounded crests in the Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area. Figure 7.2. Bifurcation wave ripples in lake deposits of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, type locality.

Figure 7.3. Interference ripples associated with mudcracks in the Figure 7.4. Double-crested ripple marks associated with reduction Shabdjereh Formation, Kerman. spot in the Lalun Formation, Kerman area.

Figure 7.5. Flaser and lenticular bedding in the Laiun Formation, Kerman region. R indicates ripple cross-lamination.

Figure 7.6. Herringbone and planar cross-bedding in the upper part of the Derenjal Formation, Tabas area. Figure 7.7. Small linguoid ripples in the Katkoyeh Formation Figure 7.8. Megaripples in the Hatkan Dolomite (Dorah-e-Shah (current lower left to upper right), Tabas area. Dad section), Kerman area.

Figure 7.9. Recumbent, trough and planar cross-bedding in the Figure 7.10. Undulating bedding in the Mohammad Abad Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area. Sandstone, Kerman area.

Figure 7.11. Swaley and hummocky cross-stratification in the Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area.

Figure 7.12. Bouma sequences in the Shirgesht Formation, Tabas area. Figure 7.13. Monroe structures in the tidal nat facies, Lalun Formation, Kerman area. Figure 7.14. Load casts in the Lalun Formation, Kerman area.

Figure 7.1S. Ball and pillow structures in the Katkoyeh Figure 7.16. Flute casts and bioturbation in the Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area. Formation, Tabas are~

Figure 7.18. Gutter casts in the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area,

Figure 7.17. Scour-and-fill structures, Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. Figure 7.20. Desiccation mudcracks in the Lalun Formation, Kerman area.

Figure 7.19. Down-cutting structure in the fluvial system, Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area.

Figure 7.21. Synaeresis mudcracks, Shabdjereh Formation, Figure 7.22. Arenicolltes associated with interference ripples in Kerman area. the Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area.

Figure 7.23. Palaeophycus, Niur Formation, Tabas area. Figure 7.24. Skolithos. Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area. Figure 7.25. Distribution of typical ichnofacies (Frey 1990). (b)

(a)

Figure 7.26. a, Diplocraterion in the upper part of the Derenjal Formation; b,

Didymaulichnus (a), and Bergaueria (b) from non-marine beds,

Shabdjereh Formation, Kerman area. N N.34 N .49 11 N.40

fa) (b) (el

N.13

N .12

(f) (dl (e)

Figure 7.27. Palaeocurrents for the Banestan Formation (a) S of Ravar, (b) N of Zarand; the Lalun Formation (c) aeolian beds, (d) tidal flat facies, Kerman area, and (e) tidal flat facies, Tabas area; (f) Khoram Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. Thlck- Paleo- ness Grain size currents (rn)

220 - 10.5

10 -//// 1~77/ 1/ /771 1/777 1/ /7 "71

1/ 7\ 1/ / 7\ 9 '1/ \ . . "'. .---' 8.5

8

7.5

\ 7 ~ \ 4 -<' ..L'\.. \ 6.5 "4" .. \ \ 1// ~''''' - ~,;#.~, --­ V/7\ 60 ",.,­ \ 6 '/ ~ / - .. , # •• ~, f .... \ 777\ .... -a. .. 1/ 77'\ ... , \ 1/ 7 7f / - , -... 5.5 / 7 -:?\ ,/ \ \ \ 5 - 1 \ 160 - \ 4.5 :;::;>:::l ----- "T....X- 40 - 4 ~~ - \" \ - .. .. \ 3.5 ~ \ '" .. \ - /' /\/l - .I \ 3 / /'{1 140 -1--_--1 . . .\ \ r'rJ ~ 2.5 777'\..... \_ /'/7 .:' ".~ 2 ~ =777\ //7\ 1.5 -{~ I..f." . 1 I

//./\ -///\ / /\ "7 7\ r/ 7 77 (bl o Cet

Figure 7.28. Columnar section of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone showing palaeocurrents and major facies, from type locality, Kerman. N 11 N.33 N.18

Is)

lb)

Figure 7.29. Palaeocurrents for the Katkoyeh Formation; (a) Rahdar section; (b) Darin section; (c) Chah-e-Mohammad section. 14 :~,

tl· 16 N \\

\1>1

N.66

la1

on; 1~1 1'llaeOCurrents for: \he Sha'oUjeteh ForroaU \a) Wile -".",,_. "'" l>}" ~ • '" """,,,,,,, ~,

F,gure "7.3G. \c) l'lillf formation. ,abas aJ"ea.

------

------Thickness Grain size Paleocurrent, Facies Depositional (m) environments Sh F CCg

FI multiple channel

Sp deposits 60 Gm FI 1 Sh Sm Sh I Sp 55 FI <------. Sp Sh

50

45

40 Sh

flood plain & splays FI 35 She aeolian

FI 30 channel Sh

Sh 25 flood plain Fl / Sp channel 20 /"" Sh 15 Gm FI alluvial fan SI 10 Sm

5 Gm FI Sh

0

Figure 7.31. Columnar section of the basal non-marine part of the Shabdjereh Formation, showing palaeocurrents and major facies, from type locality, Kerman. N 1

A

B

Figure 7.32. Pattern of palaeocurrents in Mohammad Abad Sandstone; A, type

locality W of Kuhbanan Fault and B, E of the Kuhbanan Fault, Kerman

area. 2.0 + +* ++ + ""- + .i->-- "" + • UP "" • • 1.0 ."" I • I • 0.8 • • I • • D • 0.6 0 0 ~'{iJ 0 R o 0 0.4 0 0:> 0 0 0 .!!! 0 - 0 x 0 E 0 % , 0 0 0 , - 0 ,I 0 0 I .... 0 0 (j I I ::> / / / >0- 0.2 -: '(3- --- .25-.40 m 0 Cii > := 0 2.0 ANTIDUNES :;: Fr =1.0 C as Fr =0.84 Q) E UPPER PLANE ~~OU~ c Q) 1.0 3D -as > 0.8 .b'"Pt~ '5 DUNES C" ou~\ Q) I ~,'lJ, ou~\ 0.6 /1o/". 0 ~ ~,'lJ, 0 1IIJt c 2D ~,-\l-~ ,.. ~~~ 0.4 ,-0 NO MOVEMENT RIPPLES

0.2

10°C-equivalent sediment size 010 (mm)

Figure 7.33. Size-velocity diagram generated by flume experiments, using a flow depth of 0.4 m (after Southard et al. 1990). I FACIES, I can be combined into ~ FACIES ASSOCIATIONS FACIES SUCCESSIONS <, ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS comparison of modern and ancient examples C'distillation") ~ I FACIES MODELS I

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS (GEOGRAPHIC) ~ these models combined with processes characterize ~. . / I DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS ~ ~ linkages of contemporaneous depositional systems ~ SYSTEMS TRACTS - HIGHSTAND LOWSTAND AND TRANSGRESSIVE

Figure 8.1. Relationship between facies, depositional environments and depositional

systems (after Walker 1992). Lower Mohammad Abad Sandstone I

I.... 6··· ..·1 Debris flow t·... :-··I Sheet flood Figure 8.2. Reconstruction of the Zaigun Formation and the lower part ~ Playa lake 1:.,,:-, I (alluvial fan sequence) of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone. Figure 8.4. St and Sm facies in the Mohammad Abad Figure 8.3. Gh, Gm, Sh, Gp and St facies in the Sandstone, Kerman area. alluvial fan of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, type locality, Kerman region.

Figure 8.5. Lag deposits (GIg facies, and Gm, Sm, Gh facies), basal alluvial fan of the Shabdjereh Formation, Kerman area. Figure 8.6. Flood plain facies in the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area.

Figure 8.7. Low angle planar cross-bedding and Sh, St, Sl and Figure 8.8. General view (facing to the N) of the playa lake Fl facies in the bar of Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. facies of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. Figure 8.9. Primary lineations in the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area.

Iflgure 8.10. Cyclic, fining- and thinning-upwards sequences in the sandy river deposits, Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. .~ ...... ~-~. . ' . ~ .

Figure 8.11. Monomictic conglomerate in the channel Figure 8.12. Planar and trough cross-bedded sandstone (Sp and bar of the basal fluvial system of the Shabdjereh St facies) of the sandy river, Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Formation, at the type locality, Kerman region. Kerman area.

Figure 8.14. Angular unconformity in reoccupied channel in the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman region.

Figure 8.13. Reactivation surfaces in the bar of Mohammad Abad Sandstone. Kerman region. Thickness Grain size Facies Depositional tm) environments

Sh F C Playa lake deposits FI 50 __...... _0- SI ...... 45 Fm 40 ...... "0·.·. --.0 0" Sl .-. -' 35 - '::-:':-:'.::' :':·:1 ...... FI ...... '"0., " .. , . 30 ••• _'0 • Sh - ...... 5h ...... ,...."·1. 25 ...... FI ...... , . 20 - :.'.:.r s>: ( 51

" .. ... 15 .....

10 .. FI

5

0

Figure 8.15. Colunmar section through playa lake sequence of the Mohammad Abad

Sandstone, showing cyclicity and heterolithic facies. Kerman area. Thickness Grain size Pal eocurrents Facies Depositional environments (m) Sh FC

ulti pie channe Sm deposits

10 Sp

51 Sp 9 <, Se -- 5h 5e Sh 8 FI

Sh 7 5t --/ Se 6 / 5p ,/ Sh 5 Sh SI Se 4 51 5e

51 3 / 5e Sh 5p 5t

2 FI Sp j 5e 1 FI

Sp 0

Figure 8.16. Different lithofacies in the representative fining-upwards sandy river

sequence of the Mohammad Abad Sandstone, Kerman area. I Facies association / / / I I /n~~ / ~b / ~tt; Lagoon I ," / 0" / ;.' / ,,0 ~ it; / ~ / ;; " / ~ / rI

Lalun F. khoram AbaJ ISandstone 1 Kuhbanan F. II

Figure 8.17. Depositional environments and facies associations of marine upper part of the Dahu Group (Lalun Formation and Khoram Abad Sandstone) and Kuhbanan Formation. Figure 8.18. Planar beach and aeolian facies in the Lower Figure 8.19. Ravinernent facies in the Lower Sandstone Unit, Sandstone Unit, Lalun Formation, new type locality, Kerman. Lalun Formation, new type locality, Kerman.

Figure 8.20. Large scale cross lamination in the Khoram Abad Figure 8.21. Sigmoidal tidal bundles in the lower part of the Sandstone, Kerman area. :Katkoyeh Formation, Tabas area.

Figure 8.22. Carbonates representing high and low energy environments, upper part of the Derenjal Figure 8.23. Low angle cross-bedding, Lower Formation, Tabas area. Sandstone Unit, Niur Formation, Dahaneh-e­ Kolut, Tabas area. ~~ ---...... :il~__ straight

meandering

anastomosing

bar surfaces covered during flood stages

braided

(a)

SinUOUS Canaliform

Sinuous Point Bar

Sinuous Braided

-,:.... .:.::.. Nonsinuous Braided

(b)

Figure 8.24. Classification of channel patterns (a) after Miall (1977) and (b) after

Brice (1984). Thickness Grain size Facies Depositional environments (m) Sh F C

V//).= Sp channel deposit ///A v / r» ~

30 V/V /77 ""- Sm flood plain & splays \ T In 1\ 1\ III~ pedogenic nodules 25 - Sm \ T pedogenic nodules

~ T 20 - alluvial fan deposit Sm

15 - \ .•" ••••... ,·...-".. 10 - , " • ., . Gms " ,• " . •.• •-,• • • . ,- . • _II. • • 5 ... •-.• Sm

\ ~ T flood plain 0 FI

Figure 8.25. Basal portion of the Shabdjereh Formation, Shabdjereh; fluvial system

different lithofacies and several caliche horizons. Figure 9.1. Palaeomagnetic reconstruction of Gondwanaland (Wensink: 1983),

showing polar wander curve, and Iran between Afghanistan and Oman. Figure 9.2. Position of continents and glacial domains during Late Ordovician (after

Vaslet 1991). /" \ .-. ~i .J :e ',-.J"- '-..,, ~ \ ~~ ..~ . •t ... ~. r-. _.J ..... l~ \ ') Caspian Sea I .-'-, I \- . • .r./ ._ '5 l'-'I -. '-...... ,; .-. ~­ -. \.- - '" Cll • " )< " ~ I .R A~ ~ ~ .\.~ _ ../ AFG HAN! 5 TAN ~ E ~ /' Tehran • /'" . \ Nam \ J \. I" ) \',\ 'f"" ._ • ...... ) \ »-: ( i l ( ...... I f \ . \ { . ") ~. Precambrian Arabia '" \..., IIe, IeIe )( )( x"I volcanic rocks 'l \ ...... ~ o 300 km "- I , ~. Persian Gulf / I ~.~.~. \ Figure 9.3. Lut Block and Farah Block with flanking basins prior to anticlockwise rotation in Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic, showing Late Precambrian volcanics of the Rizu Formation, and major faults; after Davoudzadeh et al. (1981) and Wensink (1991). C8IPIM Sea

se

r ( /

z 0( I­ flO z- 0( :II: ...f!S N.In~ 0( \

\

/ / / so

.Slrl~ -G-

([0] r-.-:.:-:--1 KDpeh IIIIgh ~

il ...' -', '100 km

52 54 && 58 &0 Figure 9.4. Ordovician tectonic setting and major structural elements of eastern Iran; Tabas Block bounded by the Nayband, Great Kavir and Nain-Deshir-Hajiabad Faults. Other major faults, Precambrian blocks (horizontal lines), and horsts (H) and grabens (G) shown. Morad Formation

(11 Regional mild uplift

Alluvial-lake-marsh (2) Initial Rifting

Rlzu Formation & part of Hormuz Complex

Lagoon

(3) Ravar. Banestan & part of Hormuz Complex Evaporites

(4) Sag phase-marine fill Platform Soltanieh, Barut Formations

Fluvial (51 Sag phase-non-marlne fill Zalgun & Mohammad Abad Sandstone

Figure 9.5. Model for tectonic and sedimentological evolution of Late Precambrian

and Early Cambrian of the study area (modified after Ellis & McClay

1988, and Mitchell & Reading 1986, fig. 14.9). 4 3 2 1 0

Miocene ocene Palaeoc. &Eocene

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic ea Permian level

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

6543210 A B

Figure 9.6. Pre-Quaternary sea level curves (after Hallam 1984); A, Hallam and B,

Vail et at. (1977). .,.....-.--. I ~-.-, Q,) .... 50 c o ::E 30 o

-0 20 \- o E

L- a. 10 <, .x: o o 0:: 5 flu fT'~ L'of 5'rl PI Zr Rb Th. K Nb Ce-Nd Hf

Figure 9.7. Rare earth analytical results for basalt from Katkoyeh Formation;

multi-element diagram normalised to primordial mantle (after Woods et

al. 1979). Caspian Sea

." ) ( ( 'l. <, \ ) ") ') ./ / C"--''''''''0-'.. 0 ..., ..... \ / -'- _ North Iran suture ...... ,.,' l l~ XX : :, Volcanic ,~ r: Ir. :....: Arenig to Ashgill (' .- Late Cambrian to ltemadoc /

I:: :', ",I Precambrian basement A

Figure 9.8. Distribution of Ordovician volcanics and non-volcanic sequences in Iran. .r'>:\ I \

Caspian Sea .~...... -.-."'\. ./.,,-"-v>/' ) K'-''- i . ,/ ~ -4.. Opeh Dagh" l r~\.~ <. .Y Y'/ ~ Mashlt.td"\ \ --~~ ~.~ Tehran ... -: ;. \ • A+ ,.. , '" \. "+ :/ ./,..,:-;:----= ...... j .... .,./ ,..,.. / ...../ I"~ ¢ ( ~.'.- I ~ ~ / /TabBs r-' -- -( . "'9·.;7 / I \L (, I'\ ') Afghanistan Nair'1 J. v \( /?:JI \ ~. \ (:)~ I I\ I\ \~J~ ~ ~, ., \~. iii I) " . '\,... "\ ~.l>. :3 I / ' .-.-\ ...... / \

f'2Ejj Non-volcanic sequence

Ix xl( )tx x)t'l Volcanic

I····...... , Precambrian basement

...A...... North Iran suture

o .... ~. 300 km

Figure 9.9. Distribution of Silurian volcanics and non-volcanic sequences in Iran. SERIES & COASTAL SEA LEVEL OZARK MTNS.; ARBUCKLE FRANKLIN ANTELOPE WELSH BASIN ESTONIA STAGES ON LAP CHANGE ILLINOIS BASIN MTNS. MTNS. VALLEY, ~~ HIGH LOW S. OKLAHOMA S.N.M. & W. TX NEVADA Silo SHELF MAR~2~,~ .. " 440 _-__ __ ~r::=. -- GAMACHIAN Neda-Glrardeau "'ICCI I I :!:6 iRI~ rrtr.u.u.r 'i::~ Maquoketa Brainard Montoya Cutter AshgIll ~ Gp FI Alklnson Sylvan o~~ Group Aleman HarJU ~ ~ EDE~,!M:L '. . Scales Second Val ~ -~~ ---Cao.'- ___ ..J -.... ~ tIl Eureka (upper) ~ "'---L II: r450 SHERMAN. -c Galena Kimmswick Gp VIola -7- a.W ~K~~ .~ Springs -- a. " __ Decorah Ra~ u """""'= ::> ~ ROQMHQI; Corbin Copenhagen E ~ ~ Platteville Ptatun :I: BLACK- '~ §' Pooleville Mbr ~ Gp _.___,'. g <3 RIVERAN 0_ vuu __ Pecatonica (; E , _, ~-Z~ ~ Mountam Lake }-- ~ . _. _.______c-~ ,,""" 0. Joachim 'c en ;.~ - 5'" --1- c ~---- HIATUS r- Eureka (lower) ZONE 0 (!J~ Dutchtown 1 Cret~k 1'00 ~ ~& __1 ___ g uup c. z ____ ""-- Llanderlc g u; Tonti Mbr E McLISh ~ 470 ~ ZONEN ~ .. 1 en -J Uw o --~- ~~ =.::rp'= --J:.Lcr:c -..J 0 f---- -all Cre~_ __ Antelope Valley ~ ZONEM l~- >0 Everton llanvirn 0 9 I-r _ (r!!!\i JOIns :::E ------C ~ "--- a: 480 ZONEL c-~------:,::-- llJ]JIC 0 K-L ~ 1111111111 Wesl Spong Creuk -. Florida Mlns CASSINIAN ot,e~'f;~~?t~~"re= - <--- -- 0.. Scenu:Drl've .--- !I JEFFERSON ...... ,( Jelterson City Kmdblade 6 Mclcelhqan Canyon 490 - - - - r-r-r.-r,-,-,-, 11111/11 Z II I II IIIII i ~DEMINGIAN Jose • 0 I t3 Cool Creek vrctono thll::. x \i Roubldoux , .J Nme Mile w g _ _._ I II: Q) « Cooks W 5!l "- - a. - <...... ,---~'"----- U !, f' I! ~~ 500 C E Tremadoc ..J I" 4.: McKenzIe H,11 u1 Siernte .. Gasconade GASCONADIAN '"------.._-- -_.- -~--- Butterly "--- Van Buren ~ S Bliss ss (pari) r: . rqnal Min CAMS.

Figure 9.10. Ordovician sea level curve, after Ross & Ross (1992). LAURENTIA AVALONIA BALTICA SIUEA/A SOUTH GONDWANA series stage g. z. (eastern lowal (Wales & England) (Saaremaa. Estonia) (Malero luver) CHINA .'2 (New South Wales) g.z. slage series P shdow d..p shallow deep shallow .12 c:: shallow deep shaUow d&op p R d."" -- --, ------shallow deep 0123456 - - -- - 1- R o 1 2 3 " 5 0123456 "~ I " OI?3456 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 -T-~~r-- -. ------I D. l - 1<.... - -- ~ -\~-~-=-~ • 1. l- M D. fII '" l- 41. t! i(1--t--- r-- II .'5 ~ ~ 41S L ~ II D LUDFOROIAN • "Z ,( 0. ;: [\ c; /D LUDFORDIAN L U t- ~ ~" • U V 0 J ~ v L - r >- • ~ >-" ( • DL 0 I\~ ~ \~ N r---~ II 0 W ;. • SHEIN· C K WOOOlAN ~ 0 I(~ t- ..., o• /II WOODIAN . K s: (D I \I ~ OZS I'--t-- ~ t- e t- l- 025 J V ~ r- I-~ I_~t- k -~ Q -D x [) Ii- t- tI (, H-t> 0" I o. ~ e TElYCHIAN ~ I\p < ( )/1 • J: 0 "' TELYCHIAN ! c I- g If i-'O-- Q. ~ I'-r;> ~ L I- ~ ~ ~ 0 1\1 .3: !r~ l L T( ~_f- 1--1-1- i) I i l A t- I- (t:> ~ fo- ~ N <: I"--r---.... " 0 (D ~ I"' <) 1 ~ ("I ~ "3'n- 0 I I: V if ~ "30 AERONIAN D x ~ V C- • AERONIAN ~ E I J' I- ~ ------i'~ R i= m~ •f ( \[\ Y .:-,.: f-:- tI"'-., - y 432 I- r£. • R "33~ )/ f0- D 1\ 433 RHUDOANIAN i.3 lJ vl/ a ~ bvV ~ e (D evI-l-"' f ;_I--V • RHUODANIAN J e 0 • i OJ ~ oV,2305 0123.56 o 1-;1-; '";" 0 5 6 , 2 J 4 "I-; 2 3 • S 0123.56 "3' Jl ·~ • 435

Figure 9.11. Worldwide sea-level changes during the Silurian (after Johnson &

McKerrow 1991). DORRA,. • HOUT} ~ MA R J A N ~ LAWHAH • DIBOIBAH ~ZULU1\ "HASBAH MAHARAH SADAWI R~YAN IRAN

WAT~N ,JURAYB/AT ABU' U~NIYAH I 'JURAYD ,EL HABA HADRIY AH 0 JANA tDHIB IBAKR. BERRI , ABU JALADJ SAFAH

FAZRAN

'JAHAM

GHAW AR

ABU JIFAN •\""" , !lIRDI

FARHAH ­ MAZALJJ , SAHBA• • D1LAM •• RAGHIB UNITED ARAB HILWAH • LUGHFAH EMIRA TES •• NU'AnIM f JAWB AL HAWTAH

, AMAD SHAY8A1

KltN RAMLAH J NORTH IGAS} '" (GAS) KIDAN • I SOUTH SAHUL (GAS) (GAS)

Figure 9.12. N-S trend of the major fold structures and oil fields in the Saudl­ Arabia Platform (Edgell 1987, 1990). 62° 64° 66° 68° 70° 72° 74°

Map of \ 38° AfGHANISTAN \ .: with .\ +; main structural clements \ ...., \..._.. ,.- . + '\ /",'" i_.... t'1I-.6i -. - -+ - ...- ...... , " ... _ + _ Jr .- . r . \. " . -'-'-~-\'-~> a 50 100 200 300km "'" '...._:~/IIC'\}." ,.-.'- ... III I I _.... Farkhar •I .- . • Iskames 36° ! ------~----- ~~-- ~ \' 1/ U '\ i " ~. ..r. , EASTAFGHAN - WESTPAKISTAN - , / ./ \ NURIST~~/ I• \1UNIT \ .,: 1. (Kobe Davindar) -+~ La,atabad' -_ .Herat PARAPAMISUS(J) k" ",me 'C . ' Robal-e- Pai • : _ _------+ 34° --_.- ---- .------~--:'\ • ,~«-~~ Nowshera '\ """"'I~/ ,t FARAH BLOCK 1 FUNDAMENTAL FAULTS ~ \I I LI CD Herat ASTIRANIAN-CENTRALAFGHAN/-- UNIT *- ~ I ',\ I 00 RIM- ~ ~ Panjser <¢Y INDIAN -PAKISTAN- Q) Caman :;1-· --- .... -,-.-t.----/ <:> - SUBCONTINENT 1 ~ f ~ -~"?"~ 3 1" .. )~ '../ ® Sarobi ..-. _+ ~ • ~ ,\0-

;.:",.'_ ~OCK ~ ~ I rn Waser l~ []] Maqur '...... +~~~"'-I La Tr Logar Trough ...... - ,.. _..... - ... - ...... ~~-~-.~-- . Arg B Arghandab Basin 62° 64° 66° 68° 70° Figure 10.1. Major tectonic elements in Afghanistan (atter Wensink 1991). LOWER CAMBRIAN MIDDLE a UPPER CAMBRIAN

OLand

• Evaporites SIIJ£IlI-4 N UN.T South Polar Reg/on t Inferred surface •; •• Biogeographic Boundaries I.? current direction

• Laroe Phosphorite Deposits t South Polar Reoion (a) • Bauxite Occurrences Biogeographic . Land ~ Inner Shelf ~ Outer Shelf Unit Boundaries D ~ Faunas ~ Faunas • Kaolin 6 Bauxite • Small Phosphorite Deposits Occurrences • Laroe Phosphorite Deposits

II Evaporltea (b)

Figure 11.1. The palaeogeography and biogeography of the Cambrian (after Boucot

& Gray 1986). .> (a) ------.A Euroasialic realm

EUROASIATIC RE.\LM (COOL) AMERICAN SIBERIAN REALM (WARM) Fa vislina/Cyathophylloides ab uo d am $t}\ilary F ­ rUQ09i1n~ c o m-no ntv T­ lelradiids en de rrnc I A- autacerids 60' / 17 S '1gle S()lit~~y tllgOS3'l - «ecur r e oc e 30'

I

(_..--;.-

\

Shan Lhu i MIddle ASia Indo Chinn

,--x ProvinciaJ boundary J....U...U. Southern limit o: coral occunenc es Soulhern limit 0' stromatoporoids (b)

Figure 11.2. (a), Ordovician realms; and (b), oceanic circulation patterns; based on

coral, stromatoporoid and reef distributions (after Webby 1992). ORDOVICIAN

.,. Atfantlc-Paclfic Units South Polar ~ Malvinokaffric Boundary (graptolites) t Region Unit (shelly) • •• "ln nero limit of North Balto-Scandian [JJL...... ::'::: and Atlantic Unit (conodonts) Unit (shelly) .+ + Mldcontlnent- North Inferred • ~ Siberian-North Atlanflc Unit Boundary surface American Unit A Tillites a Glacial-marine l' current (shelly) Deposits direction • Small Phosphorite • Lateritic products other Deposits than bauxite and kaolin III EvapoFltes Kaolin a Bauxite • Occurrences

Figure 11.3. Ordovician palaeogeography and biogeography (after Boucot & Gray

1986). LOWER SILURIAN

Biogeographic North ( • North Atlontlc Region Boundaries Silurian t South Polar Region Realm E2J Uralian-Cordilleran ;?1 Inferred surface Re9ion current direction @"..ij.1 Malvinokaffric Realm ULand • Small Phosphorite Deposits

Figure 11.4. Lower Silurian palaeogeography and biogeography (after Boucot &

Gray 1986). UPPER SILURIAN

<.; •••• Biogeographic > Boundaries North ~ North Atlantic Region EmIl Evaporites Silurian * South Polar Region Realm fi1J.d North Arne rican Province 77 Inferred surface r : current direction Gin] European Province 1::::;::::1 Land E2:2] Uralian-Cordilleran • Small Phosphorite Deposits . Region J: Calcrete § Malvinokaffric Realm

Figure 11.5. Upper Silurian palaeogeography and biogeography (after Boucot & Gray

1986). Figure 11.6. Silurian palaeoclimates, based on Catenipora (Hubman 1991); the

number 10 denotes Iran. a

FLUVIAL

NO SPECIFIC VERTICAL TREND < LITTLE LATERAL CHANGE PALEO·CURRENT IN FACIES AND THICKNESS DIRECTION

SYN-DEPOSITIONAL BASIN b PALEO·CURRENT DIRECTION ...... I • l) ('U'. ~ -0 ... ' __... It

_____ SYN-SEDI- --- MENTARY FAULTS

< SIGNIFICANT LATERAL CHANGE) LITTLE VERTICAL IN THICKNESS, SOME CHANGE IN FACIES FACIES CHANGE

c PRE-DEPOSITIONAL BASIN --. REEF

~'-'-_ DISTINCT PALEO· SHALLOWING SLOPE UPWARD

<

Figure 12.1. Three major basin categories (after Selley 1985). Basin category Special basin Underlying Style of Basin t)'j?e or synomym(s) crust tectonics characteristics Continental Epicontinental Continental Divergence Large areas, or interior basins, infra- slow subsidence sag basins cratonic basins Continental Graben structures, Continental Divergence Relatively narrow or interior rift valleys and basins, fault-bounded, fracture rift zones, rapid subsidence dur- basins aulacogens ing early rifting Basins on pas- Tensional-rifted Transitional Divergence Asymmetric basins sive continen- basins, + shear partly outbuilding tal margins, tension-sheared of sediment, moderate margin sag basins, sunk to low subsidence dur- basins margin basins ing later stages Oceanic sag Nascent ocean Oceanic Divergence Large, asymmetric, basins basin (growing slow subsidence oceanic basin) Basins related Deep-sea trenches Oceanic Convergence Partly asymmetric, to subduction greatly varying Forearc basins, Transitional, Dominantly depth and backarc basins, oceanic divergence subsidence interarc basins Basins related Remnant basins Oceanic Convergence Activated subsidence to collision due to rafcid sedi- mentary oading

Foreland basins Continental Crustal Asymmetric (peripheral), flexuring, basins, trend to retroarc basins local con- increasing (intramontane), vergence or subsidence, broken foreland transform uplift and sub- basins, motions sidence Terrane-related Oceanic Similar to backarc basins basins

Strike-slip/ Pull-apart basins Continental Transform Relatively small, wrench basins (transtensional) and/or motion, ± di- elon~ate, rapid and transpres- oceanic vergence or subsidence sional basins convergence

Figure 12.2. Tectonic basin classification (after Mitchell & Reading 1986). L 1::-:-:-:-:-1 Barut Formation Soltanieh Fonnatlom Banestan Fonnation Rizu Formation

Hormuz Complex 0·... _ ...... -- North Iran suture 300 km

Figure 12.3. Distribution of the different facies of the' uppermost Precambrian and Early

Cambrian in Iran. ) \ ( ." \ ) \ \ \..... I.) I ") -, c· .I I '-\. '-'" -'- '-\ I <, / 1 North Iran suture l. ,.-r: o '-'- --', 300 km (

Figure 12.4. Widespread 'old' Lalun (Zaigun Formation, Mohammad Abad Sandstone

and Lalun Formation) in Iran. Deo. env,« Dep.envlr, =depositional environments Shallowma. =shallow marine Weath. =weathered Supra.-intertidal =supratidal-intertidal Inter. =intercalations NBan.A. =N Bandar-e- Abbas Dahaneh-e-K.=Dah.K. =Dahaneh-e-Kolut Shab. =Shabdjereh SaudiA. =Saudi Arabia Moham.=Moham A. =Mohammad Abad Sandstone Qareh D. =Qreh Dash (Qrehdash) Formation Khoram.=Khoram Abad.: =Khoram Abad Sandstone Nadjaf. =Nadjafabad C.Alborz =central Alborz Alborz M. =Alborz Mountains Kucheh e-Der, =Kucheh-e-Derenjal Talegh Val. =Taleghan Valley Zaigun Val. =Zaigun Valley Hatkan Dol. =Hatkan Dolomite Robat-e-Gh. =Robat-e-Gharabil Carbo =Carboniferous Dev. =Devonian Sil. =Silurian Ord. =Ordovician Upp.Pre.E.Camb. =Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian Ash. =Ashgill Car. =Caradoc Llanv. =Llanvirn Sequ. =sequence Sst. =sandstone Lst. =limestone Dol. =dolomite

Table 1.1 Abbreviations used in text and diagrams. Shl. =shale Gyp. =gypsum Dlshl =dolomitic shale DUst. =dolomitic limestone eg. =conglomerate Sht. =schist Sla. =slate Met. =metamorphic Vol. =volcanic Ph. =phyllite A =abundant M =moderate F =few R =rare T =trace & =and Orthoc, =Orthoceras Pyro. =pyroclastic Tri. =trilobite Brach. =brachiopods Grap, =graptolite

Table 1.1 Abbreviations used in text and diagrams. TABULATION OF SYMBOLS USED IN MEASURED SECTIONS

LITHOLOGY

II\/l/\ I sand dune V/7I/ZI planar cross-bedding ~9 trough cross-bedding ripple mark / iii skolithos bioturbation (mainly horizontal worm trace) mud cracks

salt pseudomorph

stromatolite Y·v·v·v. gypsiferous shale .o..AAA,A tuffaceous facies silty shale

calcareous shale _. - .. ,-.---...-••••. --A--. . ..•• calcareous sandstone DI If If If ro calcrete I --+ I palaeocurrent direction 1//'-1 asymmetrical ripple mark

Table 1.2. Symbols used in columnar sections. East Central Iran N. Iran

~ .•.... K e r m a n Tabas Alborz - ell u e ~ Ab-e- Morad W. Behabad SE Nadjaf. SW Nadjaf. Kalmard Taleghan

Age Early Dev. Upper Precambrian Early Cambrian Early Ord, Upp.Pre.E, Camb. Un-named

=e .•.... Sst. lst, Rizu Rizu Banestan Banestan Katkoyeh Soltanieh ell e 100 e Morad Morad Shl, sst. 1st. Morad Morad Kalmard Kahar r.-

Un-named

N 0 t e x p 0 s e d

Table 2.1 Correlation chart for the Morad Formation East Central Iran NW Iran

~ ;:: Kerman Ravar Taknar Mine N Yazd Takab Mahabad

G0 .....J

Ab-e-Morad Esfordi W Kashmar Kuh-e-Pir-e-Zan Kuh-e-Gharadash

Dep.env, Continental r i f t

Age Early Devonian Early Cambrian Uppermost Precambrian - Early Cambrian

Un- named Soltanieh Banestan Bayandor Bayandor Lst , & basal sst. Lst. & dolomite

c: 0 ~ e Rizu Esfordi Taknar Rizu Gharadash Mahabad 0 I ~

Morad Tashk Not exposed Tashk Kahar Kahar

Table 2.2 Correlation 'chart for the Rizu Formation East Central Iran N Iran NW Iran

Kerman Ravar NE Ardakan SE Nain Saghand Tabas Alborz M. Takab ....~ -;.... g ~ E Desuyeh Kuh-e-Pir Zan Darreh Veraon Taleghan

Moham. A. Moham.A. Zaigun Fault Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A.

=Q ...... to: E Banestan Ravar Banestan Banestan Banestan Soltanieh Banestan Soltanieh Q ~

Rizu Not exposed Rizu Rizu Rizu Not exposed Upper Kahar Upper Kahar

Table 3.1 Cor rei a t ion c h art for t he Banest a n Formation East Central Iran North Iran NW. Iran

~ - Kerman Tabas Avaj Soltanieh Mountains Albrz Mountains Takab -= CJ e Shabdjereh Kuch e-Der. Jahan Daghi S.Qazvat Talegh.Val. Zaigun Val. ...::l

= .;= .;= .;= .;= ~ :! -= -;= C. Q. rIJ C. Q. c. 8 "'C:I "'C:I :: - - Q. 0 0 0 -g -g -g 0 ~ =0 ~ "'C:I e e e .:.d :: = '5:"" 8 =I =I C'" =I =I =I = C ,Q= ~ ...::l .§ .§ .§ .§ .§ I -- --- = ... ~ .... . :c =:: l:i. E E CI) E -- ~ i - - e e c. c. c. c. c. ~ ...::l :: :: :: :: :: CI) CI) CI) CI) CI)

Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. Moham.A. -e= -= Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun 8 a.. e ~ Banestan Barut ? Barut Barut Barut Kahar Barut Barut

Table 3.2 Correlation chart for the Zaigun Formation ~ E a s t and Central I ran NW Iran SW Iran ...... - Kerman Tabas N. Esfahan Golpaygan Takab Kuh -e- Dinar CU

~ 0 ~ Shabdjereh Dahaneh-e- Ka, Soh Mahallat

.~ .s -CU ~ f:: r.. .;= 0 0e =~ - =0 0 f:: """ 0 .::: 0 .::: fIi ~ e .::: - e -= cu cu ~ ~ '! ~ ~ ~ ~ "0 ~ CU 0 .... Z ~ Z Z ~ - Eo-! Z

Khoram Abad S. Khoram Abad.S, Khoram Abad S. Permian strata Khoram Abad.S Khoram Abad S.

=0 :c CU E Lalnn Lalnn Lalnn Lalnn Lalnn Lal un 0 ~

Mohammad A. Zaigun MohammadA. Soltanieh MohammadA. Mohammad A.

Table 3.3 Correlation chart for the Lalun Formation W Kuhbanan Fault E

L 0 c a I i t Y

Ghivi Shabdjereh Kuhbanan Behabad Katkoyeh s.. ~ ~ ~ Sst. eg. Dol•• sst. Shl. sst. Shl. sst. Sst. dol.

'=IJ

0 {Il ~ =a .... "t' Lst .shl .dol. Gyp.shI.dol..lst Lst. shl.dol.lst. Lst. shl.dl.lst, Dol. dlIst.lst. -0 - ... .= ~= ::s ....- s.. ~ ~ e Dlshl.sst.dol. Gyp.shl.sst.dol. Shl. sst. Shl. sst. Sst. dol.. ~

'-'8' {Il -eu ~ 293 140 172 145 200 0 12~ - ~ :a~

Tabh 3.4 Correlation chart for the Kuhbanan Formation E Kuhbanan Fault W

L 0 c a I i t Y

Dorah-e-Shah Dad Katkoyeh N Shabdj. Shabdj. Behabad NW Kerman

. ...: -oJ . ~ '-c . ~ fI} ~ :a ~ - = fI} ~ 6 ~ ~ - ell c. ~ - a.: ~ . 0 ..... ~ ....e '-c c. = a.: {IJ ~ ~ ·S- ~ ~ 0 .... 0 ~ - e':l ..... -= ~ S 0 ..... -= ...... -= ..... S -'e -= = = ~ ~ - ~ :a :a - 'e ~ 0 ~- ~- .c:: . ~ ~ ~ . CJ :a ..... fI} -{IJ ~ .... -= ·s ·s- ·S- '-c - 0 0 0 . ....- ~ 0 -oJ - {IJ 't: ~ ·S - 0 c C - e':l 'e e':l 0 -"0 'e 0 - ~ ~ 0 -S ....CJ e - 0 .... ~ ~ Q '-c .... CJ C t> 00 - '-c :a :a - 0 e ~ ~ ~

Thickness (m) 140 157 62 48 98 125

Table 3.5 Correlation chart for the Hatkan Dolomite ;;... E a s t & Central I ran Iran ..- N NW Iran SW Iran .... - (U Kerman Tabas Semnan Alborz M. Mahabad Kuh-e-Dinar ~ 0 ~ N Kuhbanan Derenjal Kuh-e-Vatan MilaKuh

Katkoyeh Shirgesht Vatan Shale Unit 5 No deposit lIebek IIIIII IIIIII IIIIII = ...... 0 Hatkan Dol. Derenjal Vatan Dol. Mila 2-4 Mila 2-3 Mila 2-4 (U e .. Kuhbanan Kalshaneh Mila 1 Mila 1 Mila 1 . 0 ~

KhoramAbad KhoramAbad Not exposed Khoram Abad KhoramAbad KhoramAbad

Table 3.6 Correlation chart for the Derenjal Formation ~ ....- East & Central Iran N Iran NW Iran SW Iran .... - eo Kerman Tabas Semnan Alborz M. Mahabad Takab y

0 ~ Derenjal Kuh-e-Vatan Mila Kuh

Age Silurian Silurian Silurian Devonian-Car. Early Permian Silurian

Shabdjereh Niur Boz-e-Kuh Girud Dorud Unnamed

=0 ...... - eo ...e Eroded Shirgesht Vatan Shale unit 5 unit 5 I1ebek 0 ~

HatkanDol. Derenjal Vatan Dol. Mila 1-4 Mila 1-3 Mila 1-4 Mila 1-4

Table 4.1 Correlation chart for the Shirgesht Formation East & Central Iran Alborz Western Iran

;.. -... W Baghin-Kuhb. Faults E Tabas NE central N S -...CII e ..:l Nemnoyeh Shabdjereh ~ A g e ~ Katkoyeh Kalmorz Gholi vii. S. Allabad Lashkerak Ku.AgIIB. N Bandr-e-A,

Shabdjereh Shabdjereh Silurian Shabdjereh Rahdar Carbo Padeha Devonian Sst. shI. 1st Mulleyl Dev, unamed SUo

;.. Orthoe, sp. Orthoc. sp. Unnamed Unnamed

...""g, ~ g, Faulted red sequence Car. Ash. Car. ASh. Red sequence Lst & shl. shl, sst. Red shale Sst. shl.jst, ..Ill Lst. dI. shale e ;;l -=... CII ;.. - - e ""... = ..Ill -= ""...... tri. brach Grap.trf.brach, trl, brach Ist, shl, pyroclastic Lst. marl ..Ill Sht. sill. ph. Tri. grap• ... ~ CII -= e ~ ..:l '" -..:l CII shl. basalt Lst. gyp. shl. ? Llanv, Arenig PyroJst.shl. Cruziana sst. Andesite Basalt ThIck. dol. ..:l Met.acid.voL sst. shl,

HatkanD. HatkanD. Middle - Upper HatkanD. Granodiorite Mila MohammdA. Khoram. A. Met.sequ. Not exposed

Cambrian Precambrian MId-Up.Cam. Early Camb. lat. Ear.Camb, Precam.?

Table 4.2 Correlation chart for the Katkoyeh Formation ~ East & Central Iran Alborz Mountains SW Iran ....-

-C':S Kerman Dep, envir, Tabas Semnan NW NE N Bandar -e-A. ~ CJ .• Q ~ Shabdjereh Dahan.K. Kuh-e-Vatan Masuleh Robat-e-Gh.

Age Devonian Carb.? Padeha Padeha Fault Padeha

Upper Shallow marine

..c= ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ I Middle ~ Marine = ~ = = = ,.Q .... I ...... C':S N ..c= Z Q Z Z Z 00 ~ Lower ~ II I 'I II I I I I III I I II II II II I I II

Katkoyeh Shirgesht Vatan Shale Katkoyeh Mila 1-3 Debek"

Table 5.1 Correlation chart for the Shabdjereh Formation Summary 0 f XRD a nalyses Clavs ~icrOClinl Formation sample K.olinlte chlorite I Illite I Smeclite I Mind I Quartz : Hematitel Dolomite I Calcite Orthoclase IMuscovite Morad AIL 7.36a F T A " AIL 7.36b T T A Kalmard AIL ~.~8 RT A Banestan AIL ~.70 F M " AIL 7.37 T ". AIL 10.39 .... ~ A A " AIL 6.44 F T A Zail!Un AIL 10.113 F MM A Moham.A. AU. 10.~ F M A " AlL 10.9 MM " AIL 10-.4 AA A " AIL 10.1~ MM A A " AIL lo.t8 MM A A " AIL 10.21 M F A " AIL 10.22 AA F Lake AIL 10.23 A A A F Braided AIL 10.22 AA A " AU. 10.29 M A " AIL 10.31 AA A " AIL 1.-33 FF A " AIL 10.35 M A A " AIL 10.102 M M A " All. 10.107 T A A Lalun All. 8.134.3 T T T A " AIL8.134.10 T F A " AIL 9.25 F F A " AIL 9.12~ F F A KhoramAbad AIL 8-.27 T A " AIL 8.128 :~ T

Kuhbanan All. ~.75 F T

Table 6.1. Summary of XRD analyses for Late Precambrian and Cambrian strata from the study area. Summary 0 f XRD a nalyses

Formation sample C I a y s

Katkoyeh nwnber Koolinlte chlorite I Illite I Smectite I Mixed 1 Quol1z Hemolite Dolomite Coleite Mlerocline OrIhoclose MWICorite .. AH. 3 F M A (onkerlte) .. AIL 10.42 A A A A .. AIL 10.45 F F A .. AIL 10.46 M M A .. AIL 10.48 M A A .. AIL 10.50 A A A .. AIL 9.147 F F A .. AIL 9.148 F T A .. AIL 9.152 M T A .. AIL 9.153 T FM .. AIL 9.154 T F A .. AIL 8.255 .. AIL 8.256b F F R A A .. AIL 8.258 M T A .. AIL 8.263 T TT A .. AIL 8.105 T A .. AIL 8.110 T A A .. AIL 8.113a M M A A .. AIL 8-117 T F A A .. AIL 9-119 F A .. AIL 8.68 RR A .. AIL 8.77 M T A .. All. 8.78 TT A

Table 6.2. Summary of XRD analyses for Ordovician strata from the study area. Summary 0 f XRD a nalyses

Formation sample C I a y S Number Kaolinite chlorite 1 Illite T Smectite T Mixed T Quartz IlIematlte IDolomlte I Cakite IMlcrocllaeI Orth

Table 6.3. Summary of XRD analyses for Silurian strata of the study area. (a) NUMBER OF AVERAGE OF STANDARD RANGE VALUES INPUT VALUES DEVIATION MAXIMUM MINIMUM

Paekg 12. 3.833 0.389 4.000 3.000 Grain 12, 0.255 0.192 0.776 0.098 Spher 12. 1.750 0.754 3,000 1.000 Shape 12. 3.083 1.084 5.000 2.000 Sorti 12. 2,333 0,778 3.000 1.000 Matur 12. 2.U7 0.900 4.000 1.000 Qnor 12. 2.150 1.340 4.400 0.000 Qund 12. 40,950 19.304 77.700 8.700 Qincl 12. 0.975 1.383 4.BOO 0.000 Qemb 12. 0.217 0.298 0.800 0.000 Qvae 12. 1.175 1.375 4.000 0.000 Qboh 12. 1.517 4.449 15,500 0.000 ComQ 12, 4.883 2.295 10.000 2,200 K-F 12. 26.350 22.582 62.300 0.000 VFR 12. 2.083 5.521 19.500 0.000 MRF 12. 1.850 2.083 7.700 0,000 Chert 12. 7,225 10.454 29,500 O.UOO Muse 12. 0.525 0.617 1.500 0.000 Tourm 12. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 OpMi 12. 0.933 1.067 3.500 0.000

(b) NUMBER OF AVERAGE OF STANDARD RANGE VALUES INPUT VALUES DEVIATION NAXINUN NININUM

Paekg 8. 3.125 1.356 40000 1.000 Grain 8. 0.419 0.222 0.789 0.133 Spher 8. 2.250 0.707 3.000 1.000 Shape 8. 3.125 1.126 5.000 2.000 ~orti 8. 2.250 0.886 3.000 1.000 Matur 8. 2.500 1.195 4.000 1.000 Qnor 8. 8.875 16.001 47.700 0.500 Qund B. 47. 33B 27 .498 77.000 0.000 Qincl 8. 1.538 2.375 7.000 0.000 Qemb 8. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Qvac B. 4.975 5.902 16.200 0.000 Qboh 8. 1.538 1.659 3.500 0.000 ComQ 8. 5.962 3.392 12.500 1.50~ K-F 8. 4.200 8.116 24.000 0.000 VFR 8. 0.587 1.582 4.500 0.000 MRF 8. 4.800 13.496 38.200 0.000 Chert B. 9.150 20.892 60.000 0.000 Muse 8. 0.100 0.283 0.800 0.000 TourlD B. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 OpMi 8. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Table 6.4. R-mode comparison of averaged petrographic data from the Mohammad Abad Sandstone in the Kerman area (a) and the Lalun Formation in the Tabas area (b). B-1I00E COHBEUrrON COEffICIENr ANA[,YSIS

om lIAt811 fOB NEABSHOBE SANDY nCIES Of rHE BIUB f08HAnON (rABAS BEGION) fOB cwsrEB ANALYSIS

SAHPLE Pack! Grain Spher Shape Sarti Hatar qnor qund qincl qemh qvac qhoh COl8q i-I V!8

8-10 2.00 0.08 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 15.50 0.00 0.80 0.50 0.20 0.10 12./0 0.00 10-11 2.00 0.21 2.00 2.00 3.00 9.00 0.00 56.80 0.20 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.80 12.00 0.00 8-12 1.00 0.06 9.00 9.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 69.20 0.60 0.00 5.60 0.00 0.80 11.20 0.00 8-13 1.00 0.19 3.00 9.00 3.00 9.00 0.20 88.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.10 2.20 0.00 8-11 9.00 0.16 9.00 1.00 9.00 9.00 0.50 86.80 0.50 0.00 1.50 0.00 0.80 2.80 0.00 815 2.00 0.20 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 52.00 1.20 1.20 0.20 0.00 0.60 1.50 0.00 8-16 1.00 0.13 2.00 9.00 3.00 1.00 0.20 56.10 0.20 0.80 0.60 0.00 0.80 1.20 0.00 8-17 1.00 0.09 2.00 3.00 3.00 1.00 0.10 55.60 0.00 D.60 1.20 0.00 0.10 1.80 0.00 8-19 1.00 0.19 3.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 0.00 86.10 2.60 0.00 0.80 0.00 2.20 1.00 0.20 8-6 1.00 0.89 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 UO 72.50 8157 2.00 O.N 3.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.20 11.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 1.20 820 2.00 0.15 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 16.00 1.20 1.20 0.50 0.00 0.20 1.70 0.00 821 2.00 0.17 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 70.20 0.20 0.80 2.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 823 3.00 0.19 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.00 66.90 1.80 0.50 5.20 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 8231. 1.00 0.22 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 10.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.70 61.70 su 3.00 0.09 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 IUD 0.10 1.50 1.20 0.00 0.00 16.80 0.00 825 1.00 0.20 3.00 5.00 9.00 1.00 0.00 72.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.60 9.10 0.00 826 1.00 0.19 2.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 0.00 75.10 7.20 0.00 9.60 0.00 0.60 2.80 0.00 827 1.00 0.24 3.00 1.00 5.110 1.00 0.00 61.70 8.60 7.20 9.80 0.00 0.20 1.50 0.00 829 1.00 0.12 2.00 3.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 78.20 0.80 0.00 7.10 0.00 2.20 7.20 0.00

B-KOOE COBBEMrIOB COlffICIENr ANAtYSlS

om KArIJIX fOB rHE BAS!.[, FWVW fACIES OfSHABOJEREH fOBKAflON (KEBKAN BEGlON) FOB cwsrEB ANA[,YSIS

SAmE Pack! Grain Spher Shape Sarti lIatur qoor quod qincl qe/lh qvac qhoh CO/lq i-f VfB 1 1.00 O.N 3.00 5.00 9.00 1.00 12.50 33.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 33.20 0.00 0.00 2A 2.00 0.11 1.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.80 26.00 0.00 2~/0 0.00 0.00 2.20 0.60 0.20 6 1.00 0.20 9.00 9.00 2.00 2.00 16.50 16.00 0.10 0.00 0.60 0.00 25.20 0.00 0.00 7 1.00 0.27 3.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 16.70 39.70 0.80 0.00 0.20 0.00 20.70 0.70 0.00 7A 1.00 0.31 9.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.20 N.90 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.10 27.00 0.00 2.20 8 3.00 0.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 3.10 61.00 2.10 UO 0.00 0.00 13.00 0.00 0.00 9-1 1.00 0.15 9.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 10.50 67.10 3.50 0.00 0.10 0.00 10.50 2.50 0.00 9-9 1.00 0.95 3.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 0.00 n.80 1.80 0.00 28.20 0.00 11.20 0.50 0.00 9-1 1.00 0.20 3.00 5.00 1.00 2.00 0.20 16.80 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.00 0.00 0.00 9166 1.00 0.23 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 3.50 21.00 0.50 5.00 0.50 0.00 2.50 2.00 5.50 su: 3.00 0.10 2.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 1.00 68.50 0.70 0.00 1.20 0.00 1.00 15.10 0.00

Table 6.5. R-mode comparison of petrographic data for the Niur Formation beach facies (Tabas area) with Shabdjereh Formation fluviatile facies (Kerman area). Craton interior & NiurF. undisscected arc (red sequence) Upper red sequence Recycled & craton interior

Shabdjereh F. Shallow marine Craton interior and recycled

Basal non-marine Recycled Upper recycled KatkoyehF. Lower Recycled & cratonic interior Craton interior & Shirgesht F. Continental block

LalunF. & Recycled orogen & craton interior Khoram Abad S. Upper Recycled Mohammad Abad Sandstone Lower Recycled & uplifted basement

Morad F. Mixed & active continental margin

Table 6.6 Summary o f sources Facies code Lithofacies Sedimentary structures Interpretation

Gms Massive, matrix supported gravel grading Debris flow deposits

Gm Massive or crudely bedded gravel horizontal bedding, Imbrication Longitudinal bars, lag deposits, sieve deposits

Gt Gravel, stratified trough crossbeds Minor channel fills

Gp Gravel, stratified Planar crossbeds L1nguold bars

St Sand, medium to coarse, may be pebbly Solitary (theta) or grouped trough crossbeds Dune (lower flow regime)

Sp Sand, medium to coarse, may be pebbly Solitary (alpha) or grouped planar crossbeds L1nguold, transverse bars, sand waves (lower flow regime)

Sm· Fine to coarse Massive Longitudinal bars

Sh Sand, very fine to very coarse, may be pebbly Horizontal lamination Planar bed flow (lower and upper flow regime)

Sl Sand, fine Low-angle «10) crosssbeds Scour fills,

Se Erosional scours with Intraclasts Crude crossbedding Scour fills

Ss Sand, fine to coarse, may be pebbbly Broad, shallow scours Scour fIllls

Spe Sand Analogous to Sp Eolian deposits

Fl Sand, sUt, mud Fine lamination, very small ripples Overbank or waning flood deposits

Table 8.1 Lithofacies codes used in this study (after Maill1978 & Maizels 1993 *). Sample number: AH9-58 State: IRAN Lithology: BASALT

Major elements (wt %) sio, 51.28 rio, 2.84

A1Z03 15.18

.FeZ03 10.14 MnO .18 MgO 6.81 CaO 8.31 NazO 1.75 KzO 1.53 Pzos .40 LOI .72 Rest .15 Total 99.29

Trace elements (ppm)

Rb 26 Sr 408 Pb 10 Th 3.14 Zr 226 Nb 34 Y 28 La 27 Ce 57.30 Nd 31.30 Sc 19.60 Cu 34 Zn 286 Ga 25 Hf 4.66 Ta 2.25

TABLE 9.1. Geochemical data from pillow basalt (AH - 9-58) from the Katkoyeh Formation, E side of the Kuhbanan Fault, Kerman area. BIOTITE ISOTOPIC DATA NAIN GRANODIORITE

Sample Rb Sr Age Initial ppm ppm Ma ratio

AH 8-270 742.5 29.47 76.78 1.24995 493 0.71

Rb and Sr contents of biotite were determined by isotope dilution. 87Srf6Sr normalized to 86Srf8Sr = 0.1194; A = 1.42 X 10-11 year! Age for sample wascalculated from an assumed initial ratio of 0.71.

Table 9.2. Age data for the Nain Granodiorite, Kalmard area. I R A N Arabian Peninsula Turkey Afghanistan -e Kennan Tahas-Ozbak. Albon Jordan Saudi Arabia Oman Arghandab SurkbBwn Upper II I l-I Late Derenjal Mila 4 Quweria Kirrnan .. Mila 3 .. Lower Mahalla

~ .. .. Middle HatkanD. Mila 2 Kirrnan Dol. Kuhbanan Kalshaneh Mila 1 Burj Nolexposed

..:.l ~ ~ KhorarnA. KhorarnA. KhorarnA. Saq ~ - Lalun Lalun Lalun Siq Hurnaid AmiD Sst.Cruziana I--" ~ .. Moharn.A. Moharn.A. Moharn.A. Bedded Lower Calaktepe Dolomite

II Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Ara Hairna Carnlipnar Collenia ~ ~ Barut Barut------Barut stromatolite -< - Buab .. .. ~ ~ ...... U Soltanieh Soltanieh Arkose Muraykbah Shurarn HlIjir .. Late ~ Badayi Khufai .. .. Conglomerate ~Ra..... Bay_~~ ~ -= .r- Precambrian Rim Upper Kalrnard UpperKahar L.Quweira Ruhalin AbuMahara Mislal Volcanics Phyllitic

Morad Kalrnard Kahar shale.sst

Table 10.1 Correlation chart for the Cambrian System in the Middle East; the basement in the Tabas section is only exposed at Kalmard I R A N ARABIAN P EN INS U LA TURKEY AFGHANSTAN Epoch I~- ~ ~ .... c. Albon NEKer. Dep.envl,•• N-Tabas STabas Saudi Arabia Dep.env, S-Jordan Oman SE Surk Bum Logar Trough

Zaraq Glaciers Ashgill .. eontlnental »->: Safiq SortTepe 03 ... Conularia Quwarah IIII • shaUowma. Haslrah Caradoc ..:l E Roan Sandstone Bendian .E Marine -= -= - ~ LlandeUo .. .. '" Kahfah Sabellarifex 1 ;., ;., fi i '" 02 ;., e e • Nlhayda &:: .. .:.II .:.II ~ u 'l:I D j;) -...... ~ Llanvirn • Hanadlr cold Graplolitie ssL Ghudun ~ • • • \:II: \:II: 1 z

Arenig Marine (rift) Massive while E 01 01 c:r Marine 'l:I .g ,1:1 Wealh. SsL c:: 'iii' < § Tremadoc Mila 5 Marine Shirgesht '" Seydisehir ~ Lst.shl. ~ 11)

'Table 10.2 Correlation chart for the Ordovician System in the Middle East E I RAN S ARABIAN PENINSULA TURKEY AFGHANISTAN

Kerman Dep.envl, Tabas N BanA. SaudiA. Jordan ,;ep.env~ Logar Trough Shabd. ~ ~ Dah.K. central south SE III II Upper Shallow Worm sst. Marine Badokalaj

" oe Middle ...= ~ Qalibah Red-brown Continental .... El e Marine Z ~. oe IIII ;§ = Nautiloidea = = Dewalak Lower ~Marine"'" 1\ Sarah sandstone Fluvial IIIII II

TablelO.3 Correlation chart for the Silurian System in the Middle East Eas t C e n t r a 1 N NW SW

Period Kennan Dahaneh-e-Kolut Ozbakkuh I ran Takah ZagrosM. Depositional Depositional environments & facies Geirud environments & facies :; 'a .,~ Padeha Padeha Padeha C Pridoli Supratidal-intertidal 'g=ol Ludlow Shabdjereh Shallow to marine Niue Niue <:= Wenlock V,l Llandoverv I II Fluvial Ashcill Upper Floodplain- Caradoc Katkoyeh Transgressive-

ol regressive '0= Llandeilo .~ Llanvirn II I Supratidal-flood plain ~ Kalkoyeh lower Arenig Lashkerak Lower Rift. shallow to marine Katkoveh Marine to Zard-Kuh 0- Tremadoc II I Shallow to marine § Shirgesht II II 5 shallow- 5 I1ebek ol Late Hatkan Dolomite Supratidal-interdial 0 Derenjal Derenjal ol ~ 2 to4 marine ~ 2to4 2to4 ol ~ Middle Kuhbanan Shallow marine ~ Kalshaneh Kalshaneh I Suora-intertidal 1 1 KhoramAbad S. Barrierisland KhoramA. KhoramAbad Khoram Abad S. Barrier island KhoramAbad Khoram 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- Lalun Tidal flat § Lalun 8 Lalun § Lalun Tidal flat § LaIun LaIun ol § ... § 'C= 0 0 0 0 >. 0 0 -;: Mohammad A. Fluvial Mohammad A. Mohanunad A. Mohammad A. Fluvial Mohammad A. Moham. ~ ol ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C C C C sC C Zaigun Lake Zaigun Zaigun Zaigun Lake-nearshore Zaigun Zaigun '-- Unit 4 & Barut Supratidal-intertidal Barut Barut Barut Supra.-intertidal Barut Barut ~= ~ ' Sollanieh l:Q Shallow marine Soltanieh Soltanieh I--- Sollanieh Shallow marine 1-3 Soltanieh Bavanuoc --- ~ Not Epicontinental rift Upper Kalmard Rizu Upper Kahar Epicontinental rift Late Upper~Morad Upperkahar~ exposed Precambrian - Morad Marine Kalmard Kahar Lower Kahar Marine LowerKahar

Tabe 12.1 Correlation and environmental interpretation ofLate Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic of Iran