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To Read the Task Force Report TASK FORCE The Donald C. Hellmann Task Force Program Big Brother on the Border: A Cross-National Analysis of Border Technology 2021 Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies University of Washington, Seattle Task Force Report Winter 2021 Big Brother on the Border: A Cross-National Analysis of Border Technology Faculty Advisor Dr. Jessica Beyer Evaluator Adrian Shahbaz Director for Technology and Democracy at Freedom House Editors Madeleine Cole Maya Green Coordinator Ekin Njotoatmodjo Researchers Rochelle Bowyer Morris Chang Yogasai Gazula Orlando Lugo Raphael Kyle Caoile Manansala Soraya Marashi Ekin Njotoatmodjo Nathaniel Poole Eleanor Roads Ashley Rho Dale Su Benjamin Visse Michelle Wu TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 REPORT FINDINGS....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 CASE STUDY METHODS ......................................................................................................................................................................................3 COMMON GOVERNMENT-DEFINED ISSUES ACROSS CASES .........................................................................................................................4 LEVEL OF BORDER TECHNOLOGY .....................................................................................................................................................................5 TECHNOLOGY TYPES ACROSS CASES ...............................................................................................................................................................6 PRIVATE ACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY AT BORDERS ..............................................................................................9 LEVEL OF BIOMETRIC DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................................................................... 12 BIOMETRIC DATA REGULATIONS .................................................................................................................................................................. 14 DATA COLLECTION AND PRIVACY ................................................................................................................................................................. 15 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONS ......................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1: EUROPE ............................................................................................................................................................... 25 THE UNITED KINGDOM-FRANCE BORDER .................................................................................................................................................. 25 THE ITALIAN MARITIME BORDER................................................................................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 2: MIDDLE EAST .................................................................................................................................................... 47 THE ISRAEL-WEST BANK BORDER............................................................................................................................................................... 47 THE TURKEY-SYRIA BORDER ........................................................................................................................................................................ 58 CHAPTER 3: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .................................................................................................................................. 64 THE NIGERIA BORDER .................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 THE ETHIOPIA-KENYA BORDER .................................................................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 4: ASIA AND OCEANIA ......................................................................................................................................... 79 THE INDIA-BANGLADESH BORDER ............................................................................................................................................................... 79 THE HONG KONG-CHINA BORDER ............................................................................................................................................................... 88 THE INDONESIA-MALAYSIA BORDER ........................................................................................................................................................... 97 THE AUSTRALIAN BORDER.......................................................................................................................................................................... 104 CHAPTER 5: THE AMERICAS .............................................................................................................................................. 112 THE COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA BORDER ...................................................................................................................................................... 112 THE HONDURAS-GUATEMALA BORDER ................................................................................................................................................... 118 THE UNITED STATES-MEXICO BORDER ................................................................................................................................................... 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................................................... 135 1 Executive Summary Crossing an international border can represent a shift in personal freedoms and economic opportunities, and for millions of people around the world each year, it marks a new beginning. However, borders are also politically charged and militarized spaces that nations have a mandate to secure. As technology advances, new systems are being developed and deployed in borderlands to monitor the movement of people. Border security technologies are developing faster than they can be regulated, resulting in dangerous opportunities for state and non-state actors alike to operate with little transparency or accountability. This report examines 13 international borders around the world and the technology used to monitor them in order to present a cross-national comparative analysis of border security technology and its human rights implications. The report investigates what nations define as their most pressing border issues and the technologies utilized in response. The borders include: UK-France, Italy’s maritime border, Israel-West Bank, Turkey-Syria, Nigeria, Ethiopia-Kenya, India-Bangladesh, Hong Kong-China, Indonesia-Malaysia, Australia, Colombia- Venezuela, Guatemala-Honduras, and US-Mexico. Our report finds 29 distinct types of technology deployed at the borders we studied. There are widespread concerns surrounding the use of technology at borders, especially in the areas of data privacy and human rights. These concerns must be addressed in order to ensure safety and security for all people moving through international borderlands. Drawing on findings from our case studies, we recommend the United Nations takes the following actions: 1. Establish guidelines for the collection, use, and security of personally identifiable data collected at international borders. 2. Develop guidelines to facilitate and regulate data sharing between states and between governments and private actors. 3. Urge states to implement a moratorium on the use of facial recognition technology as a part of border security systems until clear, enforceable regulations on its use are passed at a national level. 4. Condemn technology firms that sell products used for unethical purposes at borders. 5. Create an independent, multi-stakeholder advisory body to vet, analyze, and monitor the implementation of technology at international borders. 6. Conduct comprehensive international reviews measuring the negative human impacts of increased border securitization. 7. Urge states to increase transparency and oversight of border enforcement agencies to identify and replace strategies that violate human rights. 2 Report Findings Our report examines border security technology at international borders around the world to determine how the use of technology impacts humans moving through these regions. We examine both the benefits and the dangers of border technology in order to inform the United Nations of their impact. Our case study produced the following major findings: - In 10 of our 13 cases, migration is a major political issue. - All case studies find some form of border security technology implemented beyond physical barriers and markers. - The most widespread technologies applied at borders are biometrics, drones, cooperatively shared databases, closed-circuit television, and thermal imaging. - In 11 cases, borders deploy technology
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