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Crop Protection Programme CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Integrated Management of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in India R 8089/8440 (ZA 0493/0664) Final Technical Report 1 January 2002 - 31 December 2005 Date FTR completed: February 2006 Project Leader: Professor John D Mumford, Imperial College London Indian Fruit Flies illustrated in Maxwell-Lefroy, H: Indian Insect Life: A Manual of the Insects of the Plains, Tropical India (Calcutta and Simla: Thacker, Spink, 1909). “This report is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID.” Executive Summary Tephritid fruit flies cause serious damage to fruit and vegetables in South Asia and throughout much of the world. This Project assessed the power and economic efficiency of IPM controls using minimum pesticide doses. Flies affecting orchard fruit such as mangoes are attracted to the parapheromone lure methyl-eugenol, which is available from specialist suppliers as a food additive. Blocks soaked in lure and insecticide obtain good control of flies in mangoes, but the traps in use previously in India, either of soaked cotton wool, water or using extracts from Ocimum (Holy Basil), obtain levels of kill substantially inferior to soaked wooden blocks, which also have the key advantage of ease of disposition and not requiring weekly replacement. Lures may not provide full control in all cases, however, as when farms are small and pressure intense infestation is still substantial, and other controls need to be held in reserve. Flies affecting cucurbit vegetables are attracted to cue-lure, which is much more expensive than methyl-eugenol and available only in small and weak preparations, so for small farmers these flies are most economically controlled by liquid baits mixed with insecticide, which attract a wide range of flies but require more frequent replacement than lure blocks. Studies concluded that the attraction of the same species of fly in different parts of the county to different baits was not consistent, with Southern flies tending to favour banana baits to jaggery baits, whereas North-Western flies tended to favour jaggery, with Eastern and Central flies in an indeterminate position. Weekly applications of baits can obtain control as good as cover sprays, and their ease allows them to be carried out more frequently, and locally-sourced baits of bananas or jaggery are as effective as imported and expensive protein hydrolysate baits. Bait application and lure blocks do not obtain complete protection, and many farmers may find they may be profitably used together -when used in combination the two methods did not interfere with each other, and their effects in combination were multiplicative. Both bait application and lure blocks benefited substantially from being used over areas of a whole village rather than a single farm, and village-level cooperative control offers great advantages. Cooperative control is most easily introduced where there are already in existence cooperatives or similar bodies around which groups of farmers organise, and which can provide a channel for the distribution of lures and advice on how to use them. Large scale trials were conducted on the use of lure blocks in fruit orchards over extensive areas with the help of a cooperative in Gujarat. In 2005 1,000ha was treated by the cooperative, yielding returns of approximately $250,000 in extra fruit production, compared to an adjacent area with a mix of conventional individual farm treatments or no treatment. In 2006 this cooperative, at its members‟ expense, expects to treat 7,000ha, covering approximately 7,000 of its members‟ farms, along with surrounding non-fruit areas. Eight local agricultural input supply firms in India had taken up the production and sale of lure blocks by October 2005. The Project has supported the establishment of a cooperative international association of fruit fly scientists and practitioners, the South Asia Fruit Fly Network, based on an open-access website (www.southasiafruitfly.net) and producing a regular Newsletter to spread word of developments in fruit fly management. The first issue of the Newsletter, accessible on the website, contains a summary description of the activities and achievements of the Project. Contents Executive Summary Contents Project Staff I. Project Activities 1. Problem Definition 2. Farm-Level Fruit Fly Management 3. Village-Level Fruit Fly Management 4. Fruit Fly Management Plans 5. The South Asia Fruit Fly Network II. Project Outputs 1. Problem Definition Introduction A. Key Informant Survey B. Studies of Ecology and Abundance C. Semi-Structured Interview Survey 2. Farm-Level Fruit Fly Management Introduction A. Experimental Studies of On-Farm Management of Fruit Flies 1: The Nature and Assessment of Fruit Fly Infestation and Damage 2: Varietal Resistance 3: Spatial Positioning of Point Controls 4: Attraction to Colours 5: Food Baits 6A: Parapheromone Lures: Attractants, Insecticides and Traps 6B: Parapheromone Lures: Soaking Substrates 6C: Parapheromone Lures: Soaking Solvents and Additives 6D: Parapheromone Lures: Shelf-Life and Persistence 6E: Parapheromone Lures: Effects of Dose and Density 7A: IPM: Gourds 7B: IPM: Mangoes B. Semi-Structured Interview Survey 3. Village-Level Fruit Fly Management Introduction: Issues for the Wide-Area Management of Fruit Flies in India A. Quantification of Returns to Farm-Level and Village-Level Management B. Patterns of Extinction in Wide-Area MAT Control C. Survey: Issues Determining the Scale and Sustainability of Cooperative Control 4. Fruit Fly Management Plans 5. The South Asia Fruit Fly Network III. References and Bibliography IV. Appendices 1. Key Informant Survey Questionnaire - [iy5fkit] 2. Photographic Record of Wide-Area Study Villages [iy5fwi2] 3. Photographic Record of Laboratory Cages [iy5ffr2] 4. South Asia Fruit Fly Network Newsletter - First Issue [iy5bnws] 5. Poster Presentations at the IAEA Conference in Vienna, May 2005 - 5a - Overview of the IMFFI Project [iy5evns] - 5b - Issues Determining the Scale and Sustainability of Cooperative Control [iy5evnb] 6. Semi-Structured Interview Survey file [isxxssi.wpd] 7. IMFFI reports produced:- - 7a - Project Document (2002) [iy2lprj] - 7b - 2003 Workshop - New Delhi I: Programme and Round-Table Proceedings [iy39int] - 7c - 2003 Workshop - New Delhi IIa: Fruit Fly Research and Management in India [iy39prs] - 7d - 2003 Workshop - New Delhi IIb: Research Results from 2002 [iy39exp] - 7e - 2003 Workshop - New Delhi III: 2003 Workplan [iy39wkp] - 7f - 2004 Workshop - Thiruvananthapuram I: Programme and Summary [iy4iint] - 7g - 2004 Workshop - Thiruvananthapuram II: Incidence and Management Studies [iy4ii55] - 7h - 2004 Workshop - Thiruvananthapuram III: Knowledge Review [iy4idkr] - 7i - 2004 Workshop - Thiruvananthapuram IV: 2004 Workplan [iy4iiwk] - 7j – 2005 Workshop – Goa: Provisional Recommendations for Fruit Fly Control [lx5jrec] 8. List of published, submitted and planned publications Project Staff This project was undertaken by a coordinated team effort involving the following scientific staff:- Project Director: Professor John D Mumford, Imperial College London Senior Country Coordinator: Dr G Kalloo, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi Project Manager: Dr John M Stonehouse, Imperial College London Country Coordinator: Dr SN Pandey, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi Project Coordinator: Dr A Verghese, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore Principal Investigators: Prof Amerika Singh, National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi Professor RC Jhala, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat Dr RK Patel, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Aricultural University, Gujarat Dr ZP Patel, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat Dr RP Shukla, Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Dr S Rai, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi Professor Jim Thomas, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur Dr Jiji Rajmohan, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrivananthapuram Dr HS Singh, Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Bhubaneswar Dr Omveer Singh, Mother Dairy, New Delhi Administrator: SK Chauhan, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi Statistical Advisor: Dr Murdoch McAllister, Imperial College London The project staff would like to acknowledge the invaluable support provided by farmers, students and academic colleagues in the conduct of the tasks outlined in this report. I. Project Activities Activities were divided into a number of modules of research, which varied in the level of centralisation of control over the disparate group of research centres. For this reason, and to allow all write-ups to be prepared as future publications, in the conventional format of - Introduction - Materials and Methods - Results and Discussion - all activities and outputs are prepared as self-contained reports, which are presented in sequence. Each individual experiment, whether written up alone or as a synthesis with others, is introduced by a unique identifier code. The first part of this is numeric such as “03/03" which indicates the date of reporting and number of study, allowing reference to be made to the earlier presentation of the same experiments in previous Project Reports. The second part is three letters such as “MRR” to identify the original data file. The questions addressed by each Output were also addressed in the Knowledge Review, conducted
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