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Vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page Vi Vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 1 vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page vi vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 1 Unit 1 Confederation anada became a country in 1867, over 130 years ago. That may seem like a long time ago, but Canada is a Cyoung country compared to many other nations in the world. In 1867, four provinces joined to form the new Dominion of Canada—Ontario, Québec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The country was much smaller than it is today. Since 1867, it has grown and changed tremendously. Today, it is still growing and changing. Before 1867, what we know as Canada today was just a scattering of colonies and territories known as British North America. The colonies and territories were part of the vast British empire under British rule. Many factors eventually brought the colonies together and led to the birth of the nation. The path was not without conflict, delay, and upheaval. But Canada was a country forged peacefully, without major bloodshed. July 1, 1867 was a day of celebration. vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 2 Unit 1 Timeline 1841 - Union of Upper and Lower Canada into the new province of Canada 1864 - Coalition Government is formed in Canada Charlottetown Conference on Confederation is held Québec Conference drafts the Seventy-Two Resolutions for Confederation 1866 - Fenians invade British North America Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia unite London Conference drafts the British North America Act 1867 - British North America Act is signed Confederation is won; Canada becomes a nation 1868 - Assassination of D’Arcy McGee by a Fenian 1869 - Canada gains the North-West Territories from Britain and Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay Company 1870 - Manitoba joins Confederation 1871 - British Columbia joins Confederation 1873 - Prince Edward Island joins Confederation 1880 - Britain transfers the Arctic Islands to Canada Focusing In! After studying this unit, you will be able to answer the following questions: 1. What were the main reasons for Confederation? 2. Who were some of the key people involved in making Confederation happen? 3. Why did some people favour Confederation? Why did others strongly oppose it? 4. What were the advantages and disadvantages of Confederation for each colony? 5. What type of government is a confederation? Why was it chosen for Canada? 6. How did Confederation eventually grow to include more provinces and territories? 7. What are some of the recent changes in Confederation? 8. How does each region of Canada contribute to Confederation today? 2 vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 3 Chapter 1 Just Before Confederation A Time of Change In the summer of 1820 at Québec City, a five- We are a great country, and shall year-old boy ran down the gangplank of a sail- become one of the greatest in the ing ship and stepped onto North American universe if we preserve it; soil. The ship had been on the Atlantic Ocean We shall sink into insignificance and for 42 days. It was carrying new immigrants to adversity if we suffer it to be broken. Canada. Among them was a poor family from Scotland hoping to find a better life for them- selves in the New World. The young boy was John Alexander Macdonald. John A. Macdonald was only one of many immigrants who came to British North Amer- ica in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Many immigrants were from Great Britain. Others were Loyalists from the United States who came after the American Revolution. They were of English, Irish, Scottish, German, Dutch, French, and African origin. British North America was also populated with Aboriginal peoples who had lived on the land for thousands of years. The mid 1800s were a time of great change in British North America. Confederation (the union of the colonies under a central gov- ernment) was on the horizon. Many individu- als stepped forward to play an important role during this period. John A. Macdonald was one of them. Who could have known that this curly-haired boy from Glasgow would one day lead Britain’s North American colonies into a union called the Dominion of Canada? Predicting In 1861, Macdonald gave 1. What advantages do you think the British North an important speech. He was American colonies would gain by uniting into one talking about the united country? province of Canada, but his 2. What problems do you think they might face as they words also spoke to the try to unite? dream of a much larger new 3. What qualities do you think leaders like John A. Macdonald would have to have during this period nation. before Confederation? 3 vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 4 4 Unit 1: Confederation British North America in the 1860s— ASnapshot In 1858, British North America was a only to the united province of Canada West collection of scattered colonies and and Canada East, formed in 1841. territories.The word “Canada” referred BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, 1858 CROWN COLONIES RUSSIAN OTHER BRITISH TERRITORY TERRITORIES 0 250 500 750 km NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY N Pacific Ocean BRITISH NE Hudson Bay W COLUMBIA FO U N D LA N D VANCOUVER RUPERT'S LAND Victoria ST ISLAND EA A D RED RIVER A SETTLEMENT N PEI CANADA WES A C Québec Ottawa Montréal NOVA SCOTIA T Kingston NEW BRUNSWICK Toronto Atlantic Ocean UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Fort Garry is the centre of the fur trade in the Red River Settlement. vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 5 Chapter 1: Just Before Confederation 5 Aboriginal Peoples • population numbers about 100 000 • include a wide variety of different cultures • some live on reserves; others espe- cially in Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory hunt, fish, or are involved in the fur trade Vancouver Island and British Columbia • Vancouver Island (population about 800) is made a British crown colony in 1849 • British Columbia becomes a colony in 1858 after the discovery of gold and the arrival of thousands of gold seekers • Vancouver Island and British Columbia join in 1866 and become the united colony of British Columbia James Douglas is made governor of the new colony of British Columbia in 1858. The North-Western Territory • largely a vast wilderness region inhabited by Rupert’s Land Aboriginal peoples • Hudson’s Bay Company land (granted by • visited by fur traders and explorers seeking a royal charter in 1670), in which the northwest passage across the continent since Company has the right to trade the 16th century • inhabited mostly by Aboriginal peoples and fur traders Newfoundland • a loyal colony of Britain with a population of The Red River Settlement about 122 000 • established in 1811 by Lord Selkirk and • people live in tiny fishing villages along the settled by Scottish immigrants coast and travel by boat along the coastline • by the 1860s has a population of almost • over one-fifth of the population lives in the 12 000, 87% of whom are Métis (of mixed city of St. John’s Aboriginal and European heritage) The Maritimes Canada • about 331 000 colonists live in small farming • largest colony in British North America communities in Nova Scotia; Halifax is the divided into Canada East and Canada West most important port and commercial centre • most settlers in Canada West are English- • New Brunswick’s 252 000 people live in towns speaking and Protestant along the Saint John River and in the port city • majority of population in Canada East is of Saint John; the colony is mostly forest French-speaking and Roman Catholic • Prince Edward Island has 80 000 people who • united province of Canada is very much are farmers and fishers divided by language and religion vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 6 6 Unit 1: Confederation Culture Picture Gallery Link Life on the Eve of Confederation In the mid 1800s, Montréal is a bustling port city with a population of 100 000. It is the largest city in British North America. Towns and cities are growing rapidly, though most people still live on farms or in villages. King Street East in Toronto is a hub of activity. The “iron horse” has arrived. In the mid 1800s, there is a rail- way building boom. vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 7 Chapter 1: Just Before Confederation 7 Farms are no longer just little patches hacked out of the forest as they were in the pioneer days. 1. Choose one picture.Write a brief one- paragraph description or give a short talk about what you see in the picture. 2. What does the picture tell you about life in the mid 1800s? Lumbering is one of the most important industries in the colonies. Enormous gaps separate the rich from the poor in society.A few families like this one make fortunes in railway building or other businesses. vi 1-16 120820 11/1/04 12:51 PM Page 8 8 Unit 1: Confederation Politics in Canada ment. Since 1841, the Assembly had met at The push toward Confederation began in different times in Kingston, Québec City, Canada and the Maritimes. Politics in Canada Montréal, and Toronto. It was time for the in the mid 1800s was a stormy affair. The prov- government of Canada to have a permanent ince was divided by language, religion, and capital. In 1857, the government decided to different opinions on the direction the new leave the decision up to Queen Victoria. province should take.
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