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Les Dessous De La Confédération Canadienne: Politicailleries Et Tractations 2 Luc Guay, Ph.D Didactique De L’Histoire UTA, Mai 2018 Plan

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Les Dessous De La Confédération Canadienne: Politicailleries Et Tractations 2 Luc Guay, Ph.D Didactique De L’Histoire UTA, Mai 2018 Plan Les dessous de la Confédération canadienne: politicailleries et tractations 2 Luc Guay, Ph.D didactique de l’histoire UTA, mai 2018 Plan Le Canada-Uni: 1848-1864 1. Une union…instable 2. Des alliances …impensables et indispensables! De 1847 à 1851: Lafontaine et Baldwin De 1851 à 1854: Morin et Hincks De 1854 à 1864: crise politique, pcq pas double majorité 3. Deux Conférences préparatoires tenues à huis clos 1. Instabilité politique au Canada-Uni 1854 à 1864 10 élections en 10 ans au Canada-Uni! Pourquoi? Pcq: Les 2 anciennes « provinces » même réunies, administraient les affaires comme si elles étaient séparées Ainsi, si une loi était votée et qui touchait aux deux « provinces », elle devait recevoir l’appui majoritaire des députés des deux « régions »: c’est ce qu’on appela la double majorité À partir de 1857, les Clear Grits sont majoritaires au Haut- Canada: impossible d’obtenir double majorité pcq les Rouges du Canada-Est ne s’entendent pas avec eux… Les capitales changent…souvent 2 Premiers Ministres (un pour le Canada-Est et un pour le Canada-Ouest. En 1856 il y avait 130 députés (65 dans chaque section). Changements de capitales Kingston (1841-1844) Montréal (1844-1849) Toronto (1849-1852, 1856-1858) Québec (1852-1856, 1859-1866) Ottawa (1866-1867) Double majorité avait permis: 1841-1849 : - alliance réformiste (les Bleus) entre LaFontaine (Canada- Est) et (les Tories, Liberal-Conservative Party) Baldwin (Canada-Ouest) - Membres provenaient de la bourgeoisie d’affaires et professions libérales - Montréal, Toronto - Envisageaient de lucratifs contrats pour infrastructures - Chemins de fer, canaux, construction domiciliaire… Avaient obtenu « double majorité » 1848: Obtention responsabilité ministérielle Crise politique 1854-1864 1851: après le retrait vie politique de deux politiciens: LaFontaine et Baldwin Après eux: les nouveaux réformistes souhaitaient des réformes plus importantes dont: Rep By Pop Principe non acceptable par les Canadiens-français Suffrage universel Réformistes radicaux: les Rouges Canada-Est Parti minoritaire Souhaitaient: Suffrage universel Séparation de l’Église et l’État Abolition du système seigneurial Abolition de l’Acte d’Union Annexion aux É.U. Chefs de file: Louis-Joseph Papineau, Antoine-Aimé Dorion, Wilfrid Laurier, Alexander Galt Wilfrid Laurier Réformistes radicaux: les Clear Grits Canada-Ouest Parti majoritaire Souhaitaient: Mêmes principes que les Rouges ainsi que: Écoles non confessionnelles (Réformistes sont anti- catholiques) État laïc Scrutin secret L’élection du gouverneur général, des conseils législatifs la REP BY POP Chef de file: George Brown George Brown, chef des Clear Grits et fondateur du Globe and Mail de Toronto - Anti-catholique - Anti-francophone - En faveur de la Rep by Pop - Contre ce qu’il appelle la « French domination » Wikipedia « fusion des races » selon G. Brown Brown brassant la marmite afin que les Canadiens-français perdent leur identité. 1864. Dans Great Canadian Political Cartoons. Les Conservateurs MacDonald qui souhaitait une union législative et non pas d’une union fédérale: grand centralisateur Cartier: - Avocat du Grand Tronc qui a grand besoin des subventions gouvernementales; - Avocat des Sulpiciens qui ont investi dans les chemins de fer; - Souhaitait union fédérale Réformistes modérés (mais considérés comme des Conservateurs) le Liberal Conservative Party et le Parti Bleu Membres: ancien parti réformiste de Baldwin et LaFontaine Parti Bleu = majoritaire au Canada-Est Opposé à la REP BY POP Opposé à l’annexion aux É.U. Liberal Conservative Party = Minoritaire au Canada-Ouest Opposé à la REP BY POP pcq veut maintenir alliance avec le parti Bleu… Chefs de file: John A. MacDonald, Étienne P. Taché, George-Etienne Cartier = avocat du Grand Tronc et des Sulpiciens de Montréal Instabilité politique Raisons: 1. choix de la capitale Alternance depuis l’incendie parlement de Montréal (1849) Entre Kingston, Toronto, Québec Choix effectué par reine Victoria: Ottawa en 1857 (31 déc.) pcq mésentente… Cela provoqua chute gouvernement MacDonald-Taché… Instabilité politique 2. sur des questions linguistiques, religieuses Anglais-français, protestants-catholiques Dualité difficile à accepter par les « conquérants » britanniques Solution évoquée: réorganisation colonies d’Amérique du Nord Britannique…voulue par les Britanniques 2. Des alliances impensables et indispensables Coalition entre les « Bleus » du Canada-Est (majoritaire au Canada-Est) et les « Liberal Conservative Party » (minoritaire au Canada-Ouest): apporte majorité au Canada-Uni Souhaitent la construction d’un chemin de fer intercolonial « French Domination » s’écrient leurs adversaires (Clear Grits de George Brown) Le clergé catholique supporte cette coalition pcq: Craint victoire des Libéraux anticléricaux qui souhaitaient en plus l’annexion avec les É.U. Ultramontains: les évêques du Bas-Canada Mgr Bourget (Montréal), Laflèche (Trois-Rivières), Larocque (St- Hyacinthe), Langevin (Rimouski), Cazeau (Québec) Suprématie de l’Église sur l’État (encyclique Pie IX, 1864) John A. MacDonald et les Canadiens-français « …Aucun homme sensé ne peut prévoir que ce pays pourra être gouverné dans le siècle à venir, par un gouvernement d’où serait absent l’élément français. Si un Britannique du Bas-Canada désire la victoire, il doit « composer pour vaincre ». Il doit se faire des amis chez les Canadiens français: sans sacrifier le statut de sa race ou de sa lignée, il doit respecter leur nationalité. Traitez-les comme une nation et ils agiront comme un peuple libre le fait généralement, c’est-à-dire généreusement. Considérez-les comme une faction et ils deviendront factieux… …Aussi longtemps que les Français auront 20 votes, ils détiendront un certain pouvoir dont nous devrons tenir compte. Et je doute fort que les Français perdent rapidement leur majorité numérique dans le Bas- Canada… » (MacDonald, lettre à G. Brown, datée du 21 janvier 1856, reproduite dans Histoire 1534-1968, Éd. Boréal l’Express p. 361) Une nouvelle capitale …à Ottawa Le caricaturiste a été emprisonné pour avoir publié cette caricature J Guerre de Sécession…aux É.U. Guerre de Sécession aux Etats-Unis 1861-1865 Guerre civile entre le Nord et le Sud Question de l’esclavage Nord: anti-esclavagiste Sud: esclavagiste Canada-Uni: anti-esclavagiste Angleterre supporte le Sud et ses champs de cotons… Victoire du Nord Nord reluque le Canada-Uni et les territoires de l’Ouest Londres exige que les colonies paient les coûts reliés à la défense du territoire… Les colonies d’Amérique du Nord britannique estiment que les coûts sont trop élevés… à moins d’être … fédérées… Population des colonies d’Amérique du Nord Britannique 1867 Canada-Ouest: 1 396 091 Canada-Est : 1 111 566 Nouveau-Brunswick: 252 047 Nouvelle-Écosse: 330 857 Ile-du-Prince-Édouard: 80 857 Total: 3 171 418 ha. Population des États-Unis 31 443 000 ha. 2. Des alliances…impensables Après la perte du pouvoir des réformistes modérés (Conservateurs) de MacDonald-Taché: Clear Grits de Brown et les Rouges de Dorion remportent élections de 1858: durée = 1 journée! 34 députés Libéraux C.O. + 15 du C.E. = 49 24 députés Conservateurs C.O. + 15 du C. E. = 39 5 députés Réformistes C.O. + 33 « Bleus » C.E. = 38 1 député indépendant C.O. Difficile de gérer ainsi une colonie Des alliances vont se créer… De plus: Crainte de voir le Canada-Uni annexé par les Etats-Unis… Guerre de Sécession aux Etats-Unis faisait rage : 1861-1865 Caricature tirée de la revue Punch illustrant une attaque contre l’annexion aux É.U. Papineau sous l’engin: l’auteur prétend que les Canadiens – Français vont perdre tous leurs privilèges accordés par la Grande-Bretagne s’ils optent pour l’annexion aux É.U. Caricature montrant l’importance de construire le chemin de fer pour contrer l’annexion aux É.U. Comment sortir de l’impasse politique? Solution? Effectuer une grande coalition comprenant plusieurs partis politiques qui n’ont pas les mêmes orientations…politiques: La Grande Coalition de 1864: G. Brown chef des Clear Grits = radicaux, propose coalition avec Conservateurs de MacDonald et Cartier Principaux objectifs: Concevoir une fédération des colonies Construire chemin de fer intercolonial Contrer l’annexion avec les États-Unis La grande Coalition de 1864 Les Bleus et les Conservateurs et les Liberal Conservative Party acceptent cette coalition Même si leurs opinions ne se rejoignent pas sur bien des sujets! Mais ça leur donne le pouvoir: De mettre de l’avant l’idée de la Confédération De minoriser les francophones Réactions à la Grande Coalition de 1864: Les Rouges du Canada-Est sont isolés et ne digèrent pas cette alliance improbable…pcq Clear Grits= Anti-catholiques Anti-francophones Le clergé catholique est embarrassé pcq = Clear Grits sont anti-catholiques et anti-francophones Mais c’était moins pire à ses yeux que de voter pour les Rouges… Les investissements du clergé dans les travaux du chemin de fer étaient si importants, qu’il fallait tenter sa chance… avec les Conservateurs et leur projet de chemin de fer… Une union fédérale qui plaît À la Grande-Bretagne Les colonies d’Amérique sont devenues un fardeau économique pour elle Au Canada-Ouest On souhaite la REP BY POP et se défaire de l’emprise des Canadiens- français Aux colonies des maritimes et Terre-Neuve Se sentent « éloignées » des autres Se sentent minorisées Au Canada-Est Hommes d’affaires britanniques: Transport Bateaux à vapeur Trains à vapeur Canaux Banques Une union fédérale qui déplaît Au Parti Rouge Crainte de la minorisation des Canadiens-français dans
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