Concord Review

THE CONCORD REVIEW I am simply one who loves the past and is diligent in investigating it. K’ung-fu-tzu (551-479 BC) The Analects Proclamation of 1763 Samuel G. Feder Ramaz School, New York, New York Kang Youwei Jessica Li Kent Place School, Summit, New Jersey Lincoln’s Reading George C. Holderness Belmont Hill School, Belmont, Massachusetts Segregation in Berkeley Maya Tulip Lorey College Preparatory School, Oakland, California Quebec Separatism Iris Robbins-Larrivee King George Secondary School, Vancouver, British Columbia Jackie Robinson Peter Baugh Clayton High School, Clayton, Missouri Mechanical Clocks Mehitabel Glenhaber Commonwealth High School, Boston, Massachusetts Anti-German Sentiment Hendrick Townley Rye Country Day School, Rye, New York Science and Judaism Jonathan Slifkin Horace Mann School, Bronx, New York Barbie Doll Brittany Arnett Paul D. Schreiber High School, Port Washington, New York German Navy in WWI Renhua Yuan South China Normal University High School, Guangzhou A Quarterly Review of Essays by Students of History Volume 24, Number Two $20.00 Winter 2013 Editor and Publisher Will Fitzhugh E-MAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: http://www.tcr.org/blog NEWSLETTER: Click here to register for email updates. The Winter 2013 issue of The Concord Review is Volume Twenty-Four, Number Two This is the eBook edition. Partial funding was provided by: Subscribers, and the Consortium for Varsity Academics® ©2013, by The Concord Review, Inc., 730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24, Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776, USA. All rights reserved. This issue was typeset on an iMac, using Adobe InDesign, and fonts from Adobe. EDITORIAL OFFICES: The Concord Review, 730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24, Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776 USA [1-800-331-5007] The Concord Review (ISSN #0895-0539), founded in 1987, is published quarterly by The Concord Review, Inc., a non-profit, tax-exempt, 501(c)(3) Massachusetts corporation. Subscription rates: $60 + s&h ($10 US / $50 international) for four printed copies ($70/$110), or $40 for one year of ebooks (PDF). Orders for 26 or more subscriptions (class sets) will receive a 40% discount. Subscription orders must be paid in advance, and change-of-address information must be sent in writing. TCR SUBSCRIPTIONS: Subscribe at www.tcr.org, or by check mailed to 730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24, Sudbury, MA 01776 USA; email: [email protected] The Editor will consider all manuscripts received, but can assume no respon- sibility regarding them. All submitted manuscripts become the property of The Concord Review for one year from the date of receipt. Essays may be on any historical topic, should generally be 4,000-6,000 words or more, with Turabian (Chicago) endnotes and bibliography, may be submitted in hard copy and in RTF format in Microsoft Word, with a submission form and a check for $40 (or through PayPal). Essays in the Review are the sole property of the Review and, as provided by Article One, Section Eight, of the Constitution of the United States, “to promote the progress of the useful arts,” may not be republished, photo- copied, or reproduced without the express written permission of The Concord Review, Inc. Authors will be notified the month before their essay is published. THE CONCORD REVIEW Volume Twenty-Four, Number Two Winter 2013 1 Samuel G. Feder Proclamation of 1763 19 Jessica Li Kang Youwei 43 George C. Holderness Lincoln’s Reading 75 Maya Tulip Lorey Segregation in Berkeley 95 Iris Robbins-Larrivee Quebec Separatism 143 Peter Baugh Jackie Robinson 159 Mattie Glenhaber Mechanical Clocks 173 Hendrick Townley Anti-German Sentiment 191 Jonathan Slifkin Science and Judaism 219 Brittany Arnett Barbie Doll 233 Renhua Yuan German Navy in WWI 272 Notes on Contributors ® VARSITY ACADEMICS Since 1987, The Concord Review has published 1,088 history research papers, averaging 6,000 words, on a wide variety of historical topics by high school students in thirty- nine countries. We have sent these essays to our subscribers in thirty-two countries. This quarterly, the only one in the world for the academic work of secondary students, is tax-exempt and non-profit, and relies on subscriptions to support itself. The cost of a yearly subscription is $40. Orders for 26 or more [class sets] will receive a 40% discount. Schools in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Singapore, Thailand, Vermont, and Virginia now have class sets, and we hope you will consider ordering one. We are listed with the major subscription services, and you can also place your order for issues online through them. Subscribe at www.tcr.org [visit our website/blog at http://www.tcr.org/blog] We are a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt Massachusetts corporation. l DONATE TCR is the only journal in the world to publish the academic research papers of secondary students. A donation now in any amount will help us continue to recognize exemplary academic work. Click here to contribute. Copyright 2013, The Concord Review, Inc., all rights reserved THE proclamation OF 1763: LIMITS ON westward EXpansion IN COLONIAL AMERICA Samuel G. Feder After the Seven Years’ War, Great Britain acquired territory from France in what was known at the time as “the Ohio.” The British proceeded to issue the Proclamation of 1763 which established a line to the west of their colonies in America beyond which colonials were not permitted to settle, a line that would eventually cause unease and discontent within colonial America. Contrary to widespread belief, both then and now, the goal of the Proclamation was neither the protection of colonial settlers nor the assurance of Indian well-being, and it did not lead to a large outcry from the colonists in America. Rather, the Proclamation’s purpose was to contain the colonists on the eastern coast of America for economic reasons, which colonial speculators found intolerable. The Seven Years’ War, which began in 1754, came to an end on February 10, 1763, when the belligerents—Great Britain on one side and France and Spain on the other—signed a treaty in Paris. The British obtained Canada, Florida, the neutral islands in the West Indies, and all land east of the Mississippi River (aside from New Orleans), along with political control of Bengal.1 The British Board of Trade undertook the task of deciding what to do Samuel G. Feder is a Senior at the Ramaz School in New York City, where he wrote this paper for Dr. Jon Jucovy’s American History course in the 2012/2013 academic year. 2 Samuel G. Feder with the territory that the British had acquired from the French. The Board suggested encouraging colonials to settle in Nova Scotia, East Florida, and West Florida, and governing the territory to the west of Great Britain’s colonies by military rule. These recommendations led to the Proclamation of 1763, which King George III issued on October 7, 1763, and which outlined a border roughly along the Appalachian Mountains to serve as a boundary for colonial settlement. A few months prior to the issuance, Na- tive American frustration had led to Pontiac’s Rebellion, which broke out on May 7, 1763 when a group of Chippewa attacked a detachment of British soldiers and sailors near Detroit.2 Fighting did not die out until the end of 1764.3 Historians differ on the significance of the West in American history and British policies at the time of the Proclamation. While L. M. Hacker says that the mercantile system the British imposed on the colonies (which prevented them from spreading out into the West) caused the American Revolution, Lawrence Henry Gipson argues that neither the Proclamation, nor the actions of those trying to acquire western land, nor British attempts to man- age western Native Americans explicitly caused the Revolution. Gipson maintains that the Revolution resulted from the British attempts to establish a more efficient administration in their colonies in North America and to require those colonies to support the British government directly because of the government’s new acquisitions of territory and because of the war debt. Furthermore, Gipson argues, the colonies’ demand for more autonomy after 1760—when their dependence on Britain for protection against enemies in America vanished—also contributed to the beginning of the Revolution.4 Opposing Gipson, Clarence Walworth Alvord contends that the main issue between the British and the colonies was westward expansion even though, in the end, the 11 years the British spent establishing a definitive plan for the West amounted to nothing.5 Bernhard Knollenberg makes the argument that the British positioned troops in the western lands—as part of the plan for the West that Alvord discusses—in order to keep the backwoods settlements under the control of the Empire, and not necessarily to protect colonists from Native Americans.6 THE CONCORD REVIEW 3 With the French and Indian War victory, the British acquired a substantial amount of territory from the 1763 Treaty of Paris, including Ohio, Canada, and Florida. Inhabiting the vast fertile area were approximately 25,000 Indians in the north, 14,000 Indians in the south, fewer than 10,000 whites in Louisiana, fewer than 90,000 whites in Canada, and a negligible white population in Florida.7 The largest of these expanses of land was what is known today as the Mid-West. When the British obtained the territory, it was known as “the Ohio Country”—300,000 square miles of land south of the Great Lakes between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River.8 The British triumph, however, was bittersweet because while the area was vast, it posed a significant problem for Britain. After years of colonial reliance on Britain for protection against France and the Indians, the need for that protection had evaporated with the removal of the threat of the French.

Load more