TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
REPORT 230
WATER OUALITY OF LIVINGSTON RESERVOIR
ON THE TRINITY RIVER, SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS
By
Jack Rawson United States Geological Survey
This repOrt was prepared by (he U,S. Geolog.cal Survey under coo~ral'lIe agreement wIth (he Texas Depanmenl of W,l1er Resources and the Tm"tv RIVer AuthOrity.
April 1979 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
Harvey Oa,.s, Executive Director
TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD
A. L. Black, Chairman John H. Garrett, Vice Chairman Milton Potts Glen E. Roney George W. McCleskey W. O. Bankston
TEXAS WATER COMMISSION
Felix McDonald, Chairman Dorsey B. Hardeman, Commissioner Joe R. Carroll, Commissioner
Authorization for use or reproduction of any original material contained in this publicatiun, i.e., not obtained from other sources, is freely granted. The Department would appreciate acknowledgement.
Published and distributed by the Texas Department of Water Resources Post Office Box 13087 Austin, Texas 78711
" TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ..
INTRODUCTION 3
Purpose of Study. 3
Standard International Units and Conversion factors . 3
DESCRIPTION OF LIVINGSTON RESERVOIR AND ITS ENVIRONMENT. 3
ANALYSIS OF WATER·QUALITY DATA 5
Stream Aecords ... 5
Reservoir Water Quality 7
Thermal Stratification 7
Dissolved Oxygen 9
Dissolved Iron and Dissolved Manganese 10
Nitrogen and Phosphorus . 11
Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Sulfate, and Hardness 14
SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS 14
SelECTED REFERENCES .. 17
TABLES
1. Concentrations of Selected Dissolved Constituents and Hardness for the Trinity River Near Crockett (Station 08065350)...... I. 2-16. Chemical·Quality Survey of Livingston Reservoir:
2. October 15. 1969 19
3. March 6, 1970 20
4. August 26·27.1970. 21
5. October 20, 1970 23
iii TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued
Page
6. February 25·26, 1971 25
7. May 19, 1971 . 27
8. February 10, 1972 29
9. June 20, 1972 . 31
10. August 15·16, 1972 33
11. February 27, 1973 35
12. May 15, 1973 . 37
13. August 30, 1973 ...... 39
14. February 12, 1974 41
15. April 30·May 1, 1974 43
16. August 28·29, 1974 . 45
FIGURES
1. Map Showing locations of Water·Quality Data-Collection Sites 4
2. Graphs Showing Water Discharges and Concentrations of Dissolved Solids for Trinity River Near Crockett. Water Years 1965·74 . 5
3. Graphs Showing Relations of Dissolved Solids and Percentages of Ions to Water Discharge, Trinity River Near Crocken . 6
4. Graphs Showing Variations of Air and Water Temperatures at Selected Sites, October 1969·August 1974 8
5. Graphs Showing Seasonal Profiles of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen for Site Ac 9
6. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen During Summer and Winter Surveys 10
7. Graphs Showing Sea50nal Profiles of Dissolved Iron, Manganese, and Oxygen for Site Ac 10
8. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Iron During Summer and Winter Surveys 11
9. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Manganese During Summer and Winter Surveys . 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued
Page
10. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Iron and Manganese at Site AC. October 1969-August 1974 12
11. Graphs Showing Seasonal Profiles of Total Inorganic Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, and Water Temperature for Site AC 13
12. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Total Phosphorus During Summer and Winter Surveys 14
13. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen During Summer and Winter Surveys 14
14. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus at Site AC. October 1969-August 1974 15
15. Graphs Showing Variations of Average Concentrations of Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Sulfate, and Hardness, October 1969-August 1974 16
16. Graphs Showing Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Solids During Summer and Winter Surveys 16
,
WATER QUALITY OF LIVINGSTON RESERVOIR
ON THE TRINITY RIVER, SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS
By
Jack Rawson U.S. Geological Survey
ABSTRACT
The concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, manganese from bottom sediments in the deep parts of and sulfate in Livingston Reservoir on the Trinity River the reservoir. At site AC' a deep site near livingston in southeastern Texas usually average less than 250 mgtl Dam, dissolved-iron concentrations in water near the (milligrams per literl. 40 mg/l. and 50 mg/l. respectively. bottom of the reservoir during summer have ranged from The water is usually hard or moderately hard (61 to 80 to 2,300 pg/I (micrograms per liter) and have 180 mgtl as calcium carbonate). The concentrations of averaged about 750 pg/I_ The concentrations of dissolved principal dissolved constituents in the reservoir are manganese in water near the bottom of the reservoir at usually maximum during summer and fall when this site during summer have ranged from 230 to 4,700 evaporation is high and inflow is low. pg/I and have averaged about 2,600 pg/1. Water near the surface of the reservoir throughout the year and water Thermal stratification of the reservoir usually near the bollom during periods of winter circulation begins in March and persists until September or October. usually contain less than 100 pg/I of dissolved iron and Neither the seasonal variation of dissolved constituents 100 pg/I of dissolved manganese. in inflow to the reservoir nor thermal stratification has resulted in significant stratification of the principal The concentrations of total phosphorus and dissolved constituents. However, thermal stratification inorganic nitrogen in water near the bottom at deep sites has resulted in significant seasonal and areal variations of near Livingston Dam are usually maximum during dissolved oxygen, which results in higher concentration periods of summer stagnation when decay of aquatic of dissolved iron, dissolved manganese, total phosphorus, organisms and chemical reduction of bollom sediments and total inorganic nitrogen. release phosphorus and nitrogen to the water, The concentrations of phosphorus in the bollom stratum of Oxygen utilized in the stabilization of unoxidized water at site AC average about 2.0 mg/I. The material from upstream sources, decaying algae, and concentrations of inorganic nitrogen in the bottom and pre-existing organic material along the bottom of the surface strata at this site during summer average about reservoir is not replaced during periods of summer 4,0 mg/I and 0.1 mg/I, respectively_ stagnation; and water below depths of 25 to 35 feet (8 to 11 meters) usually contains less than 1.0 mg/I Seasonal temperature and dissolved oxygen cycles dissolved oxygen. have resulted in significant quantities of dissolved iron, dissolved manganese, total phosphorus, and total During periods of summer stagnation, reducing inorganic nitrogen being trapped and recycled within the conditions often result in the solution of iron and reservoir.
WATER QUALITY OF LIVINGSTON RESERVOIR
ON THE TRINITY RIVER. SOUTHEASTERN TEXAS
INTRODUCTION selected chemical constituents and characteristics of the water in Livingston Reservoir during the 1970-74 water years. Other reports containing results of water-quality Purpose of Study surveys for Livingston Reservoir are cited in the list of references. As part of a continuing cooperative program with State, federal, and local agencies to inventory the surface-water resources of Texas, the U.S. Geological Standard International Units Survey has made comprehensive water-quality surveys of and Conversion Factors selected reservoirs in Texas periodically since October 1961. During the 1970 water year, in cooperation with Most units of measurements in publications of the the Trinity River Authority and the Texas Water Geological Survey before 1973 were those of the English Development Board, the program was expanded to system. Reports published after July 1, 1973, have Include periodic water-quality surveys of livingston contained both English units and International System Reservoir. of Units (SI). Factors for converting English units to equivalents of the International System are given in the The purpose of this report is to summarize the following table: water-Quality records and to explain the variations of
From To obtain Abbrevi· Multiply Abbrevi Unit ation by Unit ation acres 4,047 square meters m' acre·feet 1,233 cubic meters m' cubic feet cubic meters per second .02832 per second feet .3048 meters m miles 1.609 kilometers km
DESCRIPTION OF LIVINGSTON area consists predominantly of densely forested rolling RESERVOIR AND ITS ENVIRONMENT hills with wide flood plains along the Trinity River.
Livingston Dam is on the Trinity River about 6 Livingston Reservoir, which is owned and operated miles (10 km) southwest of Livingston in southeastern by the city of Houston and Trinity River Authority, was Tell:as. The reservoir ell:tends across parts of Polk, San designed to conserve water for municipal supply, Jacinto, Trinity, and Walker Counties (Figure 11. The industrial use, and irrigation. Construction of the project
- 3- •I • ••., I• I • f: ~Y~ I { ' ~.J , ) z I . . ,2 ~ ~ • • • • • ~.! I! M ! y .• • I • • • ! •" ,• • > , • c I • l i • [y) I i / .. , ,• I -.0.,. o> " -J ,
1-",0 "(3'-"-rr~ -' .....-...../
,..
,
0 u, 0 '0 a ,~ >- a 0 ~ '" C, ~ / m -0 3= -0 c 0 'z 0 u 0 ~
·4· was started in May 1966 and was completed in August 1964. Streamflow records for this station, which is 1969. Deliberate impoundment of water began in about 136 miles (219 km) upstream from Livingston October 1968, and the first achievement of the normal Dam, and records of reservoir contents and outflow capacity occurred in November 1971 (Trinity River from Livingston Reservoir indicate that more than 80 Authority of Texas, 1974, sec. 8). percent of inflow to the reservoir sirlC1! deliberate impoundment began in October 1968 has originated in The reservoir has a total capacity of 1,750,000 the drainage area upstream from the station near 9 J acre·feel (2.16 X 10 m ) and a surface area of 82,600 Crockett. 2 acres (3.34 X 10"m ) at the top of the conservation pool at elevation of 131.0 feet (40.0 m). Other data Samples for the determination of principle regarding the dam and reservoir have been compiled by inorganic chemical constituents have been collected Dowell and Petty (1973, p. 08-25.0A) and are given in dally from this station since 1964. To supplement the the following table: information being obtained on the inorganic quality of the water, determinations of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), dissolved oxygen, selected nutrients, and El....ation several other properties or constituents have been made lI..t above mean A~. F.atur. sea 1....11 lacres' at monthly or bimonthly intervals since 1968.
Top of dam 145.0 Streamflow and water-quality data are published annually in the U.S. Geological Survey series Water Top of llillel 134.0 2.045.000 88.900 Resources Data for Texas: Part 1. Surface·Water Records Top of c;onsenlallon and Part 2. Water-Quality Records. Selected streamflow SID'. 131.0 1,750,000 82,600 and inorganic chemical water-quality records are 99.0 161.000 17,700 summarized in Table 1 and on Figures 2 and 3.
Data on Figures 2 and 3 show that the ANALYSIS OF WATER·QUALITY DATA concentrations of dissolved solids in the Trinity River near Crockett varies inversely with water discharge. At flows of greater lhan 1,000 ft3/S (28 m3 /s), the water is Stream Records usually of the calcium bicarbonate type. As the flow decreases, the percentages of sodium and chloride A daily streamflow station has been operated on increase. the Trinity River near Crockett (station 08065350) since
2830", m ~ 9 IOi•• ~.r9' 1000 IE " ,V ? "• " <1\ ~. " rf\ I, ?1 2 " , " ,I lA,, , 'f " '"r , ' ... 1q " q 1 I ,8 •" ,,, I ~ • ,, 2', ' I II ¢, """, 'iI ~ .' : ~ ~ ~: ~ :6 ¢ ,., b:' " , 9 l , r , , " '00 u , , \ ~, ~ I:, , , '" , •u , • ~ :i • • • u• '"f • • "• • " •". ; • • '" ..."'..... 01 doo~ ...'O! Figure 2.-Water Discharges and Coocentrations of Dissolved Solids for Trinity River Near Crockett, Water Yean 1965-74 ·5· WATER DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC METERS PER SECOND , '0 '00 ,"0 ',":'" W Ozo '0e _ '00 z z ~. • •• • ••~o '" 0 WoOz ~o ze w'uU •~~ ':t z '00 Q __ o 0 • W "ee. z" o-~ W...... o U w '00 ~. o cBoo-- Figure 3.-Relations of Dissolved Solids and Percentages of Ions to Water Discharge, TrinitY River Near Crockett Oil is produced in many areas in the Trinity River October 1964 to September 1968 and from about 35 to basin upstream from Crockett, and the disposition of 80 mg/l from October 1969 to September 1974. The oil-field brines has contributed to the deterioration of water usually was hard (121 to 180 mg/I as calcium water quality in the river (Leifeste and Hughes. 1967, carbonate) during both periods. p. 17·20). The duratioo data in Table indicate the The duration data in Table 1 show that the frequencies that specified conC1!ntralions of dissolved concentrations of dissolved constituents in the Trinity constituents were equalled or eXC1!eded without regard River near Crockett during the period from October to the sequence of occurrenC1!. The chronological 1964 to September 1968 ranged from about 200 to variation of discharge and monthly discharge·weighted 580 mg/l. The constituents that accounted for most of averages of dissolved solids for the Trinity River near the variations were sodium and chloride. Sodium ranged Crockett are shown on Figure 2. These data show that from about 20 to 150 mg!1 and chloride from about 20 the monthly discharge during the 1965-74 water years to 160 mg/l. ranged from about 400 to 44,000 ft3 /s (11 to 1,250 m3 /s) and that the monthly discharge-weighted average SinC1! 1969, the Railroad Commission of Texas has of dissolved solids ranged from about 160 to 630 mg/l. prohibited the disposal of oil-field brine in open pits. During 8 of the 10 years, the minimum monthly This ban on open·pit disposal has reduced the quantity discharge and maximum monthly discharge·weighted of brine entering the Trinity River and has decreased average of dissolved solids occurred in July, August. or significantly the variations in concentrations of sodium, September. chloride. and dissolved solids. During the period from October 1969 to September 1974, dissolved solids Dry-weather flow of the Trinity River between the ranged from about 200 to 460 mg/l; sodium ranged from Dallas-Fort Worth area and Livingston Reservoir COflsists about 20 to 100 mg/l; and chloride ranged from about predominantly of effluent from wastewater treatment 20 to 100 mg/1. Reductions in concentrations of other plants (Trinity River Authority of Texas, 1974, sec. 26). constituents were less significant. The concentration of A gradual decrease of oxygen·demanding wastes and sulfate usually ranged from about 35 to 95 mg/l from nutrients and an increase of dissolved oxygen occurs as -6- the water moves downstream from the Dallas-fort Temparature Density Worth area. However, during some periods, the rei hi/mil concentrations of oxygen-demanding wastes and '0 0.999992 nutrients are high, and the dissolved oxygen is low in the Trinity River near Crockett, which is more than 200 10.0 .999728 miles (320 km) downstream from the Dallas-Fort Worth 15.0 .999129 area. 20.0 .998234 The BOD of 55 samples collected at monthly or 25.0 .997075 bimonthly intervals ranged from 0.6 to 33 mg/I and 30.0 .995678 averaged 6.6 mg/1. The BOD of 28 samples was greater 35.0 .994063 than 3.0 mg/l. The dissolved oxygen in 56 samples ranged from A change in temperature from 29° to 30°C results 1.1 to 11.6 mg/I and averaged 7.0 mg/l. Six of the in a change in density of about 0.0003 g/ml (grams per samples contained less than 5.0 mg/I dissolved oxygen. milliliter). whereas, a change in temperature from 10° to 11°C results in a density change of about 0.0001 g/ml. The concentration of total inorganic nitrogen Stable stratification is common in lakes and reservoirs (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen) in 55 samples where the density of the upper and lower strata of water ranged from 0.00 to 10 mg/I and averaged 2.8 mg/1. differs by about 0.001 to 0.002 g/ml. Thus, temperature differences of 3° to 4°C during the summer may result Total phosphorus in 55 samples ranged from 0.11 in stable stratification. to 7.1 mg/I and averaged 1.4 mg/1. Thermal stratification may assume many patterns, Many of these samples were collected during low depending upon the geographical location, climatological flow, and the averages for BOD, nitrogen, and conditions, depth, surface area, and configuration of the phosphorus probably are considerably higher than lake or reservoir. During the Winter, many deep discharge-weighted averages. However, available data reservoirs in the temperate zone are characteristically indicate that the discharge·weighted averages of BOD, isothermal-that is, the water has a uniform temperature nitrogen, and phosphorus exceed 3.0 mg/I, 1.5 mg/I, and and density and circulates freely. With the onset of 0.7 mg/I, respectively. spring, solar heating warms the incoming water and the water at the reservoir surface and causes a decrease in density. This warm surface water overlies the colder and Reservoir Water Quality denser water. As the surface becomes progressively warmer, the density gradient steepens and the depth to which wind can mix the water is diminished. Thus, water Thermal Stratification in the reservoir often is separated into three fairly distinct strata: Impoundment of water in a reservoir may result in significant changes in the quality of the water. Some of (1) The epilimnion-a warm freely circulating the changes are beneficial; others are detrimental. Many surface stratum, of the detriments are related to thermal stratification-layering of the water due to (2) The hypolimnion-a cold stagnant lower temperature-induced density differences. stratum, and The following table (Weast, 1975, p. F·5) shows (3) The metalimnion-a middle stratum that pure water reaches its maximum densitY at a characterized by a rapid decrease in temperature of about 4°C and that the difference in temperature with increase in depth. density per 1°C is must greater at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Thermal stratification in deep reservoirs usually persists until fall, when a decrease in atmospheric Temperilture Density temperature cools both the surface water in the reservoir fOe) 19fmll and inflow from streams. When the temperatures and densities of the epilimnion and metalimnion approach 0.0 0.999868 those of the hypolimnion, the resistance to mixing is '.0 1.000000 ~ " ~ ~ ~ '0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 25 > ~" ~ u ~ ~ 20 ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ 15 ~ ~ 4 C ~ z ~ 10 ~ , " SlllOe '0 ~ 2 25 ~ ~ "u 20 ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ c 10 ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ Site At p., ~ '0 , tl ,q > , , , , ~ p ~ , ' ,, ', , 25 ,, ', , , , , ,, ~ , , ," \ , , ~ , , , , ~ , . , , (1' 20 , d " , , ~ , , " , , , ,,. "" , , ,, . ' , ,, ,, ,.. '' , 10 LL.L.L.L.L.L.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLDLLLLLLLLLLL"'-LLLLLLLLLLCLLLw...W o J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Figure 4.-Variations of Air and Water Temperatures at Selected Sites, October 1969-August 1974 reduced, and wind action produces a complete mixing or the faU overturn usually occurs in September or oyerturn of the water in the lake or reservoir. October, and that the water in the reservoir is nearly isothermal from October through February. During The depth throughout most of livingston March, April, and May, warming of the surface water Reservoir, outside the drowned enannel of the TrinitY results in a gradual vertical temperature gradient. The River, usually is less than 50 feet (15 mI. The pattern of temperature gradient usually steepens during June, thermal stratification in the reservoi r often varies from the July, and August and results in three fairly distinct classical three-layered pattern because of shallow depths. layers in deep areas of the reservoir. However, the temperature and density of water near the bottom in Water-temperature data for the reservoir during shallow areas during the warm weather months may water-quality surveys are shown in Tables 2 to 16 and on approach those at the surface and prevent significant Figure 4. These data, supplemented by air-temperature stratification. data for the cit'{ of Livingston (Figure 41, indicate that . B· Dissolved Oxygen However, during spring and summer, thermal stratification results in a reduction of vertical circulation Fish and other aquatic organisms require oxygen of the water. Oxygen utilized in the decomposition of to maintain the metabolic processes that produce energy organic material is not replaced in the deep stratum of for growth and reproduction. Moreover, dissolved the reservoir, and a vertical dissolved-oxygen gradient oxygen is related to the cycles of some of the chemical develops. constituenu dissolved in water and thus is one of the most important factors that influence the quality of Dissolved-oxygen data for Livingston Reservoir are water in a reservoir. given in Tables 2 to 16 and on Figures 5 and 6. These data show that the dissolved-oxygen gradient usually is Water entering a reservoir contams organic large at deep sites during periods of summer stagnation material both from natural sources and from man's when algal growth in the near-surface stratum is prolific. waste. Bacterial stabilization of this organic material The gradients at all sites decrease greatly during periods requires oxygen. Decaying trees, brush, and other of winter circulation. pre·existing oxidizable material within the area inundated by the reservoir and decaying algae and other The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the organic material produced within the reservoir also exert reservoir varies seasonally and areally. Although the an oxygen demand. concentration usually increases and the vertical gradient decreases at most sites during the winter, seldom is the The distribution of dissolved oxygen in a reservoir water saturated with respect to dissolved oxygen. The is related to thermal stratification. Oxygen enters the depth-integrated concentration of dissolved oxygen at surface stratum of a reservoir by plant photosynthesis most sites in the downstream half of the reservoir and by absorption from the atmosphere. During the averages about 4.0 mgtl during periods of summer period of winter circulation, the water is exposed to the stagnation and about 9.0 mg!l during periods of atmosphere repeatedly, and dissolved oxygen utilized in winter circulation. The concentration at most sites in the decomposition of organic matter is replenished. the headwaters of the reservoir averages less than >£110,"'2 Tt"M:~UU"E, I.. «",us CELSIUS 2' n 25 24 2' ~ 21 U H » " » " 21 22 U 24 2' ~ 2/ U ~ » ~ 0 " I " m ~ ., , ~ \ ·! ., • ro g ., , 10 0 • , , ",0"12 • • " , A....,l» ..AY I. ,,,. fEe 12."" iWGIIS I 2'-2'1. 19'. , m ,. ,. ,. D 0 " • " " " " " " "" '. I" " " • EXP\.ANATtON l• ~ , " I " • ~ ~ m I • OIS$Ot.VED OXYGEN I u • .... __ -6 TEMPElillTUR( ~ , j , ., ,I " • I • ~ , • ", ., ,I l m • ro , • , 0 " • " 0 • •••• • • " PISSOI.-VfO OUPfM, '" "'ll"~."S M:~ llTflI Figure 5.-Seasonal Profiles of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen for Site AC -9 - ~IVE~ ~'LOOOETE~S UPST~EAloi f~Olol L,VINGSTON DAM Dissolved Iron and Dissolved Manganese , 20 30 60 TO 80 90 • , 0, W'NTEIl , 0'.1" The occurrence and distribution of dissolved iron -, " '"'Q'"''' , ~--.;> • ---- -~, " ~GI Su,lo," and manganese in waters of Livingston Reservoir are • ",- closely related to the dissolved·oxygen content (Figure • • -, " 0, ------E,PLuoTtON , 7). During summer stratification, the hypolimnion is •> " " LBolio",", • "0 OUA-cCM.L[CTlON S'H··A"~ unable to replenish dissolved oxygen utilized in the • 4'0_" <,,"0,,"' 01 ... r".." -I- "~.' decomposition of organic matter, In the period of " = "'EUGE OIUOc Figure6.-Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved I,on , Oxygen During Summer and Winter Surveys 3.0 mg/l during the summer and less than 8.0 mg/! during the winter. \ " \ . As noted earlier, low flows of the Trinity River •~ \ consist predominantly of oxygen-demanding waste '" 20 ~ effluents, Thus, a large part of the headwaters of u <"' Livingston Reservoir during dry-weather periods consists ,• of these partially stabilized effluents. As the Trinity ALKiUS7 30.19n • River merges into Lake Livingston, the cross-sectional O~-t--"f-'""'t---i'-'""'--t'--+---j-7't--'''~o •; area increases, velocity decreases, travel-time increases, o ~ and the oxygen·demanding material in low flows and the ~ natural debris in high flows are partially stabilized before , • the water enters the downstream reach of the reservoir. • The stabilization of oxygen·demanding wastes in the headwaters permits an increase of dissolved oxygen in the downstream half of the reservoir. However, oxygen utilized in the stabilization of unoxidized material from upstream sources by decaying algae and by pre-existing organic material along the bottom of the reservoir is not replaced during periods of summer stagnation; and water below depths of 25 to 35 feet (8 CONCENTIlAT'ONS Of DISSOlVED IRON AND to 11 m) usually contains less than 1.0 mg/! dissolved MANGANESE. IN JoIICIlOG~AMS PER LITEIl oxygen. Figura 7.-SlIasonill Profiles of Dissolved Iro". MiingiinMe. B"d Oxygen for Site AC . 10· Throughout the year. water near the surface of the 1l1~[11 .'LOMET[RS U..STIt.... rllQ.. LIVlfOGSTOfI 0." 0 ro reservoir and water near the bottom during periods of • " " " " " WINHII " " winter circulation usually contain less than 100/Jg/l of ·'0,LOl"-u...UCT_...L··.....,,.·t..•_ dissolved iron and 100/Jg!1 of dissolved manganese :_- ---,0 .._ ...... "...... -..0_"""u'...__r•. -.. Of (Figures 8 and 9). However. during periods of summer " -- C""'" _~J~"'J:~'__ !i:5 _ ""J~ .Ie stagnation. the concentrations of both constituents near "" ,$.,,,,,. -- Pc 0 the bottom of the reservoir increase in the downstream 0 direction in response to increases in depth and decreases lo....:..,...... _ ..._ in the concentration of dissolved oxygen. su .. L~1l -'~- -J J- The iron concentrations near the bottom at , ~o,, site JC. a shallow site in the headwaters of the reservoir. , during the summer have ranged from a to 130 IJg/l and , have averaged about 60 IJg/l. Manganese concentrations ...... ",- near the bottom at this site during summer have ranged - "h ...... cot.Llc'_ .".--._ , from a to 220 IJg/l and have averaged about 150 /JglI, "-._._." ....- , _ ...... -._nn__ D..-.....,O-...._....u...... _,, At site AC. a deep site near Livingston Dam. the -l'~~~i~' conamtrations of iron in water near the bottom during 1'--- .' summer have ranged from 80 to 2.300 IJg!1 and have ~'- , , 0 averaged about 750 1Jg/1. The concentrations of 0 • " " " ~ " manganese have ranged from 230 to 4.700 /lg!1 and have averaged about 2.600 IJg!l. Fill'llr. 9.-V.ri.tiom of ConcenlT.tions of Dissolved The concentrations of both constituents at deep M.npnese During Summer lind Winter SunTi' sites during summer stagnation have increased significantly since the first achievement of normal capacity in 1971 (Figure 10). IltV£II ~ILO"£TtiltS ""STitt... rlto.. LIVINGSTON 0.0" 0 • " " " " " ro " " Samples collected at about quarterly intervals 'I Wll~tlt since 1970 from the Trinity River near Crockett have .. ~~ ...... "" -T contained from a to 4,700 /Jg!l of dissolved iron and from 0 to 350 /lg/l of dissolved manganese, but seldom 0 OU'-CO<.L(<<>O" 'IT(·_ ...... • _1 •• ,•• T...." 0'.., have contained more than 50 IJg/l of either constituent. _."'•••• OI..O<...... ·'~. COHC••' ..'>O..-· ,•• ",<0,." .... ' ••,••,." ""." •" However. data collected since November 1974 show that a:'t='>-t ,-, --~----- the concentrations of iron and manganese associated ;". - 0, ..,' with suspended sediment during high flows are much - 5,,10« , , " higher than dissolved fractions. The solution of iron and manganese associated with sediment deposited after high flows, supplemented by solution from pre-existing ...... J_ .,..1'"""" I,...~ ••&TiOJ.• I bottom material and from deposits precipitated during o ....·COurt"... S1f[: ••"" *_... - winter circulation, probably account for the increase of , ,_., '.. ".'" ..... , _ ••'"u.~...... _, _•••...... ,_,.,cc»IC'.'.'T1o.··,.ro, ...... dissolved iron and manganese in water at deep sites near ~ the bottom of the reservoir during periods of summer '~ ..,- $tagnation since 1971. , , ,, , Nitrogen and Phosphorus , --:,' A literature review by Greeson (1971. p. 75) has .. Ir~'- , ..--' , revealed that at lean 21 elements in some chemical 00 " combination are e$sential nutrients in the biological ,"V(II" "II.[S" URSTRf:."" rllO" U"''''GS1OII" "0 ... " productivity in waters of a lake or reservoir. Among these nutrients. dominant role$ in controlling F~.. 8.-V.ri.tiom of Concentl'8tiom of Dissolv" productivity in most lakes and reservoirs are assigned to Iron During Summer.OO Wint.r SU .....vs nitrogen and phosphorus because their concentrations in water are most likely to be in limited $upply. - 11 - , z , 0 3~OO "< • • z~oo ,A '..... I\R I" "z •e I 0, 'I , • " 'I , II ' ~ " 1500 I / \ / I I 0 • f\ ~ ~ • • : V-BO!lOm " \ : \ •z '00 I \ I\ '. I < •< I\ , \ I\, 0 • z g '00 '\ ' \ :II < ,I, ,\ ,,I\I • ,I \I\ <,• '00 ~ " \ I l' • "• I \ I \ I \ I ~ , , \I \' II 0 • 200 I"'\ I, "\ ",' "\ I • I' I \ I \..1. I , " 100 / '\ I \ I S~rfaCf \ /' \ ' o ko.;::;-1:j!r;:;':;:u:)';"l/..l~~~~~~~G\\:."rt;:;:'::'::;-;::J::~\k'~'~~....~~.L\~:~~-,-J 2>00 o 2000 ,I" Z ,I" Q ,I ,>00 ,I "< • , , ,, ,, ·"z""- '000 • • "101. Chan9' ,n 1(:01, :I o. ~ z· \ o. '00 , 'I : I ' o. i' rBollom \ / Z < , I , ~. '00 ,I,'/ - g ,I , ,I : \ d' 0 . 0 >00 ,I ,, "I, - ,I · ,I , \ ,- oz ,I 200 ,I "• ,I f \/~ •0 I ~ ,, '00 ,, /Sutlac:. '. / 0.._ " , --- 0 0 , • , 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 , . , 1969 1970 1911 1912 1913 197<1 Figure lO.-Variations of Concentrations of Dissolved Iron and Manganese at Site AC. October 1969-August 1974 Sources that may contribute nitrogen and the reservoir, and carry their cellular nitrogen and phosphorus to a reservoir include land drainage, sewage phosphorus with them. effluent, industrial wastes. precipitation, decomposing plant and animal debris, and bottom sediments. Both During periods of summer stagnation, deCay of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the inflow to a aquatic organisms and chemical reduction of bottom reservoir may consist of four major components, sediments reduce the concentration of dissolved oxygen dissolved and particulate inorganic forms and dissolved and release nitrogen and phosphorus to the hypolimnion and particulate organic forms. As the water enters the where they remain until fall overturn. As nutrients in the reservoir, most of the particulate nitrogen and infJowing water are incorportated into this seasonal phosphorus eventually settles to the bottom; whereas, cycle, most of the nitrogen and phosphorus may be part of the dissolved fractions is utilized by algae and trapped in the reservoir, and the concentrations available other aquatic organisms as primary sources of energy. for release from bottom materials during summer Eventually, these organisms die, settle to the bottom of stagnation may increase greatly as the reservoir ages . • 12 . The concentrations of total phosphorus and total concentration. The concentrations of these nutrients at inorganic nitrogen (summation of totat ammonia, nitrite, shallow sites near the head of the reservoir do not vary and nitrate nitrogen) in Livingston Reservoir vary significantly with depth. seasonally and areally (Figures 11, 12, and 13). During periods of winter circulation, total phosphorus and total The concentrations of total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen concentrations are usually maximum total inorganic nitrogen in both the surface and in the headwaters and decrease progressively toward bottom strata at site JC average about 1.6 and Livingston Dam. The concentrations of total phosphorus 1.4 mgtl respectively, during the summer. The and total inorganic nitrogen at site JC near the head of concentrations of phosphorus in the surface stratum the reservoir average about 1.0 mg/1 and 2.0 mg/l at site AC average about 0.2 mg/I during summer; respectively, during winter. At site AC near Livingston those of the bottom stratum average about 2.0 mg/1. Dam, the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations The COflcentratiOfls of inorganic nitrogen in the during the winter average about 0.2 mg/l and 0.7 mg/l, surface stratum at this site average about 0.1 mg/l respectively. during summer; those of the bottom stratum average about 4,0 mgtl. The phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in water near the bottom at deep sites near Livingston Dam The chronological increase of both nutrients in are usually maximum during summer when the water is the hypolimnion at deep sites during periods of thermally stratified. The seasonal variation of summer stagnation (Figure 14) indicate that phosphorus in water near the surface at these sites is significant quantities of the nutrients are being insignificant; but assimilation by aquatic plants during trapped and recycled within the reservoir. the summer months reduces the inorganic nitrogen HI 10,1912 JUNE 30, 1972 AUGUST 1$-16.1972 TEMPERATURE. IN DEGREES CELSIUS ~ ,. U U ~ II ~ 22 23 ~ ~ K V 2B " ~ ~ ," " " " I • I , "~ ~ A , ,"' " . ~ \ • \ \ \ " \ \, o 0$ 1 $ 2$ 3 0 0$ FEB 12, 1974 APRil ~-Mn 1,1974 .lUGUST 28-29,1914 011 12 13 18 19 20 21 23 24 2$ 26 21 28 ", I )} I •" I I , ,• EXPLA~ATlON I I ~ 0------<1 TOTAL INORGANIC ~ITROGE~ I " lr TOTAL PHOSPHORUS I . I • TUIPERATURE $ -; :; \ \ ~ ~ \ . \ • \ , § , " "0234 , . CONl;ENTR.lTIONS OF TOT.ll. INQRG.lNIC NITROGEN ...... 0 101.&.1. f'ttOSI'tIORUS, IN MlllIGRU.s ~ lITER Figure 11.-Seasonal Profiles of Total Inorganic Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, and Water Temperature for Site AC - 13· II'~EII K'LOIIIEl[1lS UPSTlIIU" fllO" LIVINGSTON 0." Dissolved Solids. Chloride. Sulfate. and Hardness Some of the more important properties or constituents that affect the utility of a reservoir as a water supply include dissolved solids. chloride. sulfate. and hardness. Because the concentrations of these properties or constituents and specific conductance of a water are , directly related, field measurements of specific ,, conductance can be used to detect and document ',.I, "J "~LO~"_"""" variations of the constituents in the water of a reservoir. \ '0 <1&10-';0,-"["0000 ."[--0_J.._ , • Therefore, during each reservoir survey. the specific 'I---.:::.: ~O":L'::;'::". (OOQK_ conductance of water at each data·collection site was \ ....0000--·....,...... __ ...... ' I),', , '·'i'·'·-TO determined at depth intervals of 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to , 3 mI. These data and results of analyses for dissolved ",1, ..,_ solids. chloride, sulfate. and hardness for samples / collected near the surface and bottom at selected sites • (Tables 2 to 16) were used to estimate average , 1/ ~- -~ , concentrations of the dissolved constituents during each • of the reservoir surveys (Figure 15). , /'F-s",'. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS , , f---t--+~~b.__ Thermal stratification in Livingston Reservoir usually begins to develop in March and persists until September or October. During June. July and August. thermal stratification usually results in three fairly IIIVEII ..ILES U~Sll1[." .11011 LIVIHGS'ON 010" distinct layers in deep areas: (1) the hypolimnion, a cold stagnant lower stratum. (2) the epilimnion, a Figure 13.-Variations of Con<:ent.ations of TOlal lno.pnic Nitrogen Du.ing Summ... and warm freely circulating surface stratum, and (3) the Winter Surveys . 14 . NOli chanQe in scole ..Q. rSudoce , ..... '( , ...... , " ,, ....- ,'"- , '0 rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrnrnrnrnrnrn-n-n-n-n-n-nTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTn Nole chonQe ,n scale )'\ ,, ,, ,/ ,0. _ ------00 o J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 0 J A J 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Figure 14.-Variations of Concentrations of Total Inorganic Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus at Site AC' October 1969-Auguu 1974 metalimnion, a middle stratum characterized by a rapid usually contain less than 1.0 mg/I dissolved oxygen decrease in temperature with increase in depth. during the summer. The concentrations and distribution of dissolved The occurrence and distribution of dissolved iron oxygen, iron, and manganese and total phosphorus and and manganese in Livingston Reservoir are closely inorganic nitrogen in livingston Reservoir are related to related to the dissolved·oxygen content of the water. the pattern of thermal stratification. Water throughout the reservoir during periods of winter circulation and water near the surface during periods of The depth-integrated concentration of dissolved summer stagnation usually contain less than 1oo/-lg/1 of oxygen at most sites in the downstream half of the dissolved iron and 1oopg/1 of dissolved manganese. The reservoir averages about 4.0 mg/l during periods of concentrations of both constituents in water near the summer stagnation and about 9.0 mg!l during periods of bottom at deep sites increase greatly during periods of winter circulation. The concentration at most sites in the summer stagnation. At site AC' a deep site near headwaters of the reservoir averages less than 3.0 mg!l Livingston Dam, the concentrations of iron in water near during the summer and less than 8.0 mg/I during the the bottom have ranged from 80 to 2,300 pg/I and have winter. Water below depths of 25 to 35 feet (8 to 11 ml averaged about 750 /-19/1 during the summer. Manganese . 15 . It!VlII ~ILO"lTlIIS Ul'$TIl(..... ntQM llY!NlOSTON D.o... 3000 10 zo XI 40 ~ 100 10 ~ ~ .... I u ...... I o O...·Clll.UC,"'" IIH __ ...... ' ••_ ._..," ,...,1.;., ",_ [;!O, ~.vtO\OGl ...__vtO_IO\.IO. CorocH'''r"", ~ -- r" ...." ...... ,••f " ", ,""-,. I," 0, "'... BO"_ " -- ~ --':?2:~, , ~ " ~ " • " ,~ '=";"~~~=\:=::'"",,;:~fu'"i""':="! 0"0"0"0"0'" FigurB 16.-V.ri.tions of Conceflu.tiom of Dissofnd "1\) "" 1912 ...11 "7. .~TVI yEt... Solids During Summer ...d Winter Surveys Seasonal temperature and dissolved-oxygen cycles Figure 15..-V...ial;ons 01 Ave... Concentrations of Dissolved Solids, Chloride, Sulfat•• and Hardness. have resulted in significant quantities of dissolved iron, October 1969·August 1974 dissolved manganese, total phosphorus, and total inorganic nitrogen being trapped and recycled within concentrations in water near the bottom at this site the reservoir. The concentrations of these constituents during summer have ranged from 230 to 4,700 pg/l and in water near' the bottom at deep sites in the have averaged about 2,600 pg/I. reser'oloir during periods of summer stagnation have increased progressively since the beginning of The phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in impoundment. water near the bottom at deep sites near Livingston Dam are usually maximum during periods of summer The concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, stagnation when the decay of aquatic organisms and and sulfate in Livingston Reservoir vary seasonally and chemical reduction of bottom sediments reduce the are usually maximum during the summer and fall when concentration of dissolved oxygen and release nutrients evaporation is high and inflow is low. Neither the to the water. The concentrations of total phosphorus seaSOflal variation of dissolved constituents in inflow nor and total inorganic nitrogen in the bottom stratum of that of water temperature has resulted in significant water at site AC during the summer i1verage about stratificalion of dissolved solids within the reservoir. The 2.0 mgtl and 4.0 mgtl, respectively. Total phosphorus concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate and total inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the usually average less than 250 mgtl, 40 mgtl, and 50 mgtl, surface stratum during the summer average about respectively. The water is usually moderately hard or 0.2 mgtl and 0.1 mg/l, respectively. hard (61 tei 180 mgtl as calcium carbonatel. - 16 - SELECTED REFERENCES Dowell, C. L., and Petty, R. G., 1973, Engineering data Rawson, Jack, and Davidson, H. J., 1975, Water-quality on dams and reservoirs in Texas, Part II: Texas Water records for selected reservoirs in Texas. 1972·73 Deve!. Board Rept. 126. 327 p. water years: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept.194, 135 p., 10 figs. Greeson, P. E., 1971, The limnology of Oneida lake with emphasis on factors contributing to algal Trinity River Authority of Texas, 1974, Trinity River blooms: U.S. Geol. Survey open·file rept., 185 p. basin water-quality management plan, basic information Trinity River basin, Texas: Trinity River leifeste, D. K., and Hughes. L. S., 1967, Reconnaissance Authority of Texas rept. of the chemical quality of surface waters of the Trinity River basin, Texas: Tell3s Water Devel. Board Weast, R. C., 1975, Handbook of chemistry and physics Rept. 67. 65 p., 12 figs. (56th ed.l: Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 2,350 p. Rawson, Jack, Kunze, H. L.. and Davidson, H. J., 1973, Water-quality records for selected reservoirs in Texas, 1970-71 water years: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 177. 102 p., 10 figs. - 17- Table l.--Concentrations of Selected Dissolved Constituents and Hardness for the Trinity River Near Crockett, Texas (S tation 08065350) Concentration of constituents, in milligrams per liter, that was equalled or exceeded for indicated percentage of days Date Constituent 10 25 50 75 90 Oct. 1964 - Sept. 1968 Sodium (Na) 150 110 55 30 20 (1461 days) Chloride (Cl) 160 115 50 25 20 Sulfate (SO,) 95 85 55 40 35 Dissolved Solids 580 480 320 240 200 Hardness (Ca, Mg) 170 160 150 140 120 Oct. 1969 - Sept. 1974 Sodium (Na) 100 80 55 30 20 (1826 days) Chloride (Cl) 100 80 50 25 20 Sulfate (SO,) 80 70 55 40 35 Dissolved Solids 460 400 310 240 200 Hardness (Ca, Mg) 170 160 150 140 120 . 18· 0000 0 ...... ••• 00 ...... ,,i,.,"': ...... ;,.;.; ,.,,i, ...... ,., ,., Ill .. "'...... "'co'" ...... ,.'0 ••• .. .. ••• ...... "0 ••• ...... '" ...... , ••• .., ...... "'., ., ...... .,...... dI...... ••• ...... 0000 '"•••... .g8~::...... 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