2012
POLK COUNTY MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
Polk County, Texas
DECEMBER 10, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 A. Authorities ...... 1 B. Public Involvement ...... 1 C. Plan Purpose ...... 2 D. Population and Land Use/Development Trends...... 3 E. Plan Background ...... 9 F. Adoption by Local Jurisdictions ...... 15 II. VULNERABILITY AND RISK EXPOSURE ...... 21 A. Current Hazard Analysis ...... 21 B. Past Emergencies and Disasters ...... 21 C. Hazard Identification: Natural Hazards ...... 21 D. Hazard Identification Process...... 22 E. Natural Hazards of Polk County ...... 22 F. Risk Assessment: Vulnerable Groups ...... 23 G. People ...... 25 H. Housing Units ...... 28 I. Critical Facilities ...... 34 J. Other Facilities ...... 38 K. Infrastructure and Lifelines ...... 40 L. Hazmat Facilities ...... 46 M. Commercial Facilities ...... 46 N. Risk Assessment: Probability of Occurrence ...... 54 O. Risk Assessment: Vulnerability ...... 55 P. Risk Assessment: Extent/Impact ...... 56 Q. Risk Assessment: Potential Dollar Loss...... 57 R. Vulnerability: Future Buildings, Infrastructure, Critical Facilities ...... 58 III. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ...... 59 A. Hazard Mitigation Taskforce Membership (Plan Development) ...... 59 B. Planning Process ...... 60 C. Active and Proposed Public-Private Partnerships ...... 70 D. Role of Partners in the Development, Implementation and Maintenance of the Plan ... 70
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E. Information Sharing and Plan Update and Maintenance ...... 71 IV. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT ...... 72 A. Public Involvement in General ...... 72 B. Further Public Involvement ...... 84 V. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT AND COMPLETED MITIGATION ACTIVITIES ...... 89 VI. MITIGATION GOALS AND LONG-TERM STRATEGY ...... 99 A. Mitigation Goals ...... 99 B. Mitigation Strategies ...... 99 C. Mitigation Effects on Existing/Future Building and Infrastructure of Hazard Mitigation Actions ...... 100 VII. PRIORITIZED MITIGATION ACTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN ...... 101 A. Specific Hazard Mitigation Action Item ...... 101 B. Multi-JURISDICTIONAL Mitigation Action Items ...... 103 VIII. COMMITMENT, ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE ...... 111 A. Monitoring and Implementing the mitigation Plan ...... 111 B. Evaluating and Updating the Plan ...... 114 APPENDIX 1 – WILDFIRE ...... 115 A. Definition ...... 115 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 115 C. Vulnerability...... 118 D. Areas Identified as “at Risk from Wildfire” ...... 125 E. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 133 F. Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan ...... 140 G. Wildfire Mitigation Action Items ...... 142 APPENDIX 2 – FLOOD ...... 153 A. Description ...... 153 B. Location ...... 153 C. Extent ...... 155 D. Previous Occurrences ...... 162 E. Potential dollar loss ...... 168 F. Probability of Future Events ...... 169 G. Vulnerability...... 169 H. Secondary Hazards ...... 181
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I. Overall Summary of Vulnerability and Impacts ...... 182 J. Mitigation Strategies ...... 183 K. Flood Mitigation Action Items ...... 185 APPENDIX 3 – THUNDERSTORM ...... 196 A. Definition ...... 196 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 196 C. Vulnerability...... 196 D. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 201 E. Thunderstorm Mitigation Action Items...... 202 APPENDIX 4 – TORNADO ...... 207 A. Definition ...... 207 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 207 C. Vulnerability...... 207 D. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 211 E. Mitigation Strategies ...... 212 F. Tornado Mitigation Action Items ...... 214 APPENDIX 5 – HURRICANE ...... 221 A. Definition ...... 221 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 221 C. Vulnerability...... 221 D. Previous Occurences ...... 222 E. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 227 F. Hurricane Mitigation Action Items ...... 229 APPENDIX 6 – SEVERE WINTER STORM ...... 235 A. Definition ...... 235 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 235 C. Vulnerability...... 236 D. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 237 E. Mitigation Strategies ...... 237 F. Severe Winter Storm Mitigation Action Items ...... 239 APPENDIX 7 – DROUGHT ...... 243 A. Definition ...... 243 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 243
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C. Vulnerability...... 243 D. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 251 E. Drought Mitigation Action Items ...... 252 APPENDIX 8 – EXTREME HEAT ...... 256 A. Definition ...... 256 B. Risk/Probability of Occurrence ...... 256 C. Vulnerability...... 256 D. Potential Dollar Loss ...... 258 E. Extreme Heat Mitigation Action Items ...... 259
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Texans are at risk to and may experience a variety of natural hazards that can cause damage to property and infrastructure or even loss of life. Although we cannot prevent destructive forces of nature, we must find ways to protect life and property through various measures of preparedness, response, and recovery. Hazard mitigation is a method used to prepare for natural hazards. Hazard mitigation is defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as any sustained action taken to reduce long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards. The purpose of this plan is to expose the vulnerability and potential risks within Polk County in order to reduce the effects of natural hazards on life and property. The Polk County Hazard Mitigation Planning Taskforce (HMT) and the public will work together to develop both short- term and long-term mitigation actions that will reduce the cause or occurrence of hazards, reduce exposure to hazards, or reduce the effects of hazards. These actions will reduce the adverse impact and costs of future disasters. In January 2010, the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) assumed the role of the HMT.
This plan is a Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan for the unincorporated areas of Polk County and the incorporated cities of Livingston, Onalaska, Corrigan, Goodrich, and Seven Oaks. The Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Action Plan will be referred to throughout this document as the “Mitigation Plan” or “Plan”.
A. AUTHORITIES
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act), is the primary authority for providing federal disaster recovery and hazard mitigation financial assistance to state and local governments. The Stafford Act was last amended on October 10, 2000 by Public Law (PL) 106-390 also known as the (Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000) which incorporated the hazard mitigation-related program requirements included in 44 CFR, Parts 78, 201 and 206. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 reinforced the importance of mitigation planning and emphasized planning for disasters before they occur (FEMA 386-1). Section 322 of the Stafford Act enacted by Section 104 of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, identifies new requirements that allow Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) funds to be used for planning activities, and increases the amount of HMGP funds available to states that have developed a comprehensive, enhanced mitigation plan prior to a disaster (FEMA 386-1). States and communities must have an approved mitigation plan in place prior to receiving post-disaster HMGP funds (FEMA 386-1). In order to apply for federal aid for technical assistance and post- disaster funding, local jurisdictions must comply with DMA 2000 and its implementing regulations (44 CFR Part 201.6).
B. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Public Involvement is integral to the mitigation planning process. The HMT (comprised of representatives from all incorporated and unincorporated jurisdictions within Polk County) met several times during the development of the Mitigation Plan. Public Notice was provided for
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 1 December 10, 2012 each of the meetings, and members of the team were encouraged to not only invite members of the public to future meetings, but also to simply carry on a dialogue outside of the formal meetings to help develop a more comprehensive picture of the needs of Polk County citizens as related to natural hazards and mitigation planning. Details of the public involvement process can be found in Section IV below.
Polk County Office of Emergency Management
C. PLAN PURPOSE
Polk County public officials and first responders want to ensure that residents, visitors, and businesses in Polk County, Texas are safe from natural hazards by reducing their risk of exposure through hazard mitigation and public outreach and education. Throughout the development of this Mitigation Plan, we will identify and assess risks and develop projects that will reduce loss from natural disasters. The following objectives will be addressed in the Plan:
Hazards could occur Frequency of occurrence Impact of hazards on the community and severity of impact Vulnerability to each hazard Hazards with greatest risk Prioritized mitigation actions
Hazard Mitigation is any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk and effects that can result from a specific hazard.
Hazard Mitigation Planning is the act or process of making or carrying out plans; specifically the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.
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D. POPULATION AND LAND USE/DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
As of the 2010 census, there are 45,413 people living in Polk County. According to 2005-2009 Census data there are 16,937 households and 11,022 families residing in the County. With the influx of the vastly growing Houston Metropolitan area Polk County is expected to grow even more in the future.
POPULATION GROWTH IN POLK COUNTY: 2000 - 2010 Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Jurisdiction 2000 Census 2010 Census Percentage of Growth Polk County 41,133 45,413 10.40 City of Livingston 5,433 5,335 -1.80 City of Corrigan 1,721 1,595 -7.32 City of Onalaska 1,174 1,764 50.25 City of Goodrich 243 271 11.52 City of Seven Oaks 131 111 -15.26
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CITY OF LIVINGSTON Livingston is the county seat with an area of 8.634 square miles or 5,525.76 acres and a population of 5,335. Livingston is located at the intersections of U.S. Highway 59, U.S. Highway 190, and State Highway 146, approximately 75 miles north of Houston.
Livingston staffs and operates a monthly Trade Days event at scenic Pedigo Park that opened in 1999 as part of an initiative to promote tourism to the area. About 200 vendors sell a variety of food, arts and crafts, collectibles, and antiques. Trade Days welcomes families, day-trippers and outdoor enthusiasts. Local motels and restaurants report a significant increase in business on Trade Days weekends, and increased tourism has resulted in a renewed interest in the remodeling and renovation of buildings in the downtown business district. As a result, several antique malls and specialty shops have opened in the area.
Livingston has experienced a diversification of its economic base with the construction of two maximum-security prisons located approximately five miles outside Livingston. The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates a 2,850-bed unit that employs approximately 835 people, and the IAH Detention Center, which opened in 2006, is a 1061-bed unit that employs approximately 250 people.
Livingston has also benefited from a tremendous growth in the health-care services industry in the past few years. In July 2000, Memorial Medical Center-Livingston opened its $25,000,000 state-of-the-art hospital located on the U.S. Highway 59 bypass. Several new medical office buildings and medical office subdivisions have also been constructed in the area. Completion of a new nursing home, an assisted living and independent living retirement facility and plans for a gated residential community for senior citizens is evidence of a growing elderly population in the area.
To accommodate the ever-increasing number of students moving into the area, the Livingston Independent School District (LISD) constructed a new $17,000,000 junior high school campus for grades 7 thru 9 and remodeled and expanded both an existing elementary school campus and an intermediate school. In 2010, LISD began construction of a $57,000,000 high school that was completed in July 2011. Community leaders and Polk County officials have also assembled funding for an Angelina College Satellite Campus/Community Civic Center on the US Highway 59 bypass in Livingston. Construction is set to begin in June 2012.
The continuing financial success of the community is tangible. A new financial institution and a new branch banking institution opened within the past few years, and several new auto parts stores, general merchandise stores, and fast food restaurant chains have opened for business. The Holiday Inn Express, La Quinta Inn & Suites, Hampton Inn, and Best Western were built to handle increased tourism, and the community benefited from the new construction and/or expansion of three of the largest churches in the area. New manufacturing plants include an asphalt plant, a propane bottle refurbishing plant and a valve refurbishing plant. Lumbering, ranching and the production of gas and oil continue to be important economically to the community.
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CITY OF GOODRICH Goodrich has a population of 271 and encompasses an area of 0.7351 square miles or 470.46 acres. The town is located 8 miles south of Livingston on Loop 393 just off of U.S. Highway 59 and borders along the Trinity River. The population of Goodrich increased by 11.52% between the years 2000 and 2010. New manufacturing includes a railcar refurbishing facility. There is no significant new residential and commercial construction activity in the area.
CITY OF CORRIGAN Corrigan has a population of 1,595 and encompasses an area of 2.120 square miles or 1,356.8 acres. The town is located 22 miles north of Livingston on U.S. Highway 59 and U.S. Highway 287 and about 100 miles north of Houston.
Although small sawmills and farms had been established in the area, completion of the Houston East & West Texas Railway in 1881 brought with it real community settlement. The town incorporated in 1938 and was named after Pat Corrigan, conductor of the first train to pass through the area upon completion of the line. The Trinity and Sabine Railway came though the next year in 1882. These rail connections attracted new businesses and residents, and by the end of 1882 there were seventeen sawmills in the area. But Corrigan also developed other aspects of its economy, and this economic diversification helped the town when the lumber industry hit periodic rough spots. There are only two large lumber mills left and several small lumber mills.
Population in Corrigan has declined by 7.32% between 2000 and 2010. As a result, there is no significant new residential and commercial construction activity in the area.
CITY OF ONALASKA Onalaska has a population of 1,764 and encompasses an area of 2.185 square miles or 1,398.4 acres. The city is located on a peninsula extending into Lake Livingston, and both residents and tourists alike are attracted to this picturesque area surrounded by Lake Livingston and the Piney Woods in all directions. Onalaska is located 13 miles west of Livingston and 28 miles east of Huntsville on US Highway 190, and 80 miles north of Houston.
Lake Livingston was completed in 1969, and with the coming of the water, new life sprang into the little town. Almost overnight Onalaska blossomed with new shops and businesses. The population in Onalaska has grown by 50.25% between 2000 and 2010.
With weekend visitors, the population numbers often increase to between 10,000 to 15,000 or more. The Onalaska area has become a popular vacation and retirement community, and despite its growth, still retains a village quality and country atmosphere that offers wilderness and recreational activities for all ages. Visitors and residents will find a great selection of campgrounds, RV parks, motels, marinas, and golf courses, and with a mild winter climate, caters to Winter Texans.
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CITY OF SEVEN OAKS Seven Oaks has a population of 111 and encompasses an area of 1.391 square miles or 890.24 acres. The town is located 12 miles north of Livingston on U.S. Highway 59. Population in Seven Oaks has declined by 15.26 % between 2000 and 2010. As a result, there is no significant new residential and commercial construction activity in the area.
MINORITY POPULATION 2010 Census Minority Population counts in Polk County are as follows:
Race Number Percent Hispanic or Latino 5,959 13.1 Black or African American 5,211 11.5 American Indian or Alaska Native 1,762 13.5 Asian 188 0.4 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific 10 0.0 Some Other Race 3,280 7.2
The following minority population maps were prepared by Allison, Bass & Associates, LLP, based on 2010 Census statistics. The maps plot the locations of Black and Hispanic populations within the county and calculate the percentage of each population per Census Block.
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Corrigan
Seven Oaks
Onalaska
Livingston
Goodrich
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Corrigan
Seven Oaks
Onalaska
Livingston
Goodrich
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AT RISK POPULATION Three vulnerable population groups within the County were identified that would be more susceptible to hazard events than the general population. These groups are:
1) the elderly, 65 years of age or older, that make up approximately 20% of the population; 2) the disabled or incapacitated, either by physical or mental injury, that make up approximately 20% of the population; and 3) the disadvantaged whose average income per capita is $16,435 (somewhat less than the average for the state), that make up approximately 22.6% of the population. The percentage of persons living below poverty level is 5.5% higher than the State average. The diversity of Polk County makes it difficult to identify certain areas as economically depressed (i.e. in any area you will find expensive homes intermixed with intermediate to very low priced homes).
E. PLAN BACKGROUND
Polk County public officials and citizens are well aware of the natural hazards that can affect our community by disrupting or interfering with daily living activities. These hazards range from severe thunder or winter storms, changes in climate or temperature, to tropical weather that brings strong winds and heavy rains with the potential to destroy homes, businesses and other valuable property. As outlined in the table below, Polk County has had ten Presidential Disaster Declarations.
PRESIDENTIAL DISASTER DECLARATIONS FROM 1973-2008
Constant Declaration # County Date Disaster Description 2009 ($) President Severe Storms & 398 Polk 7/11/1973 Flooding $8,861,371 Nixon
Severe Storms, 828 Polk 5/19/1989 Tornados & Flooding $53,836,626 G HW Bush
Severe Storms, 863 Polk 5/2/1990 Tornados, & Flooding $38,918,221 G HW Bush
930 Polk 12/26/1991 Severe Thunderstorms $38,168,436 G HW Bush
Severe Thunderstorms 1041 Polk 10/18/1994 & Flooding $233,891,675 Clinton
1239 Polk 8/26/1998 Tropical Storm Charley $37,955,276 Clinton
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Constant Declaration # County Date Disaster Description 2009 ($) President 1257 Polk 10/21/1998 TX-Flooding 10/18/98 $184,673,340 Clinton
1606 Polk 9/24/2005 Hurricane Rita $2,120,536,475 G W Bush
1624 Polk 1/11/2006 Severe Wildfire Threat $46,966,613 G W Bush
1791 Polk 9/13/2008 Hurricane Ike $3,479,373,023 G W Bush Source: www.peripresdecusa.org *Costs shown are statewide totals for the incident and are adjusted to 2009 dollars.
ORIGINAL PLAN ADOPTION
Disaster Mitigation Act 2000 (DMA 2000) requires states, tribal governments, planning districts, and local jurisdictions to develop, and maintain a mitigation plan as a condition of receiving pre-disaster and post-disaster assistance.
This multi-jurisdictional plan was reviewed by representatives from Polk County, the Cities of Corrigan, Goodrich, Livingston, Onalaska and Seven Oaks and was formally adopted by these jurisdictions in 2004. Listed below is each the jurisdiction’s original adoption date.
Polk County: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004
City of Livingston: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004
City of Seven Oaks: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004
City of Corrigan: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 21, 2004
City of Onalaska: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004
City of Goodrich: Passed and Approved, 1st Reading: September 13, 2004 Passed and Approved, 2nd Reading: October 27, 2004 Passed and Approved, 3rd Reading: November 11, 2004 Final adoption of this Plan was completed by each jurisdiction in 2006 after the final version was approved by FEMA.
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ADOPTION OF PLAN UPDATE
FEMA’s publication, Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning (FEMA386-1), states that adoption of the Plan solidifies the local governments’ commitment to implement the Plan and keep it alive with updates. It is important that each jurisdiction adopt the updated Plan, and offer its support and effort in every update process. The update for this Plan was submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer and then to FEMA for approval. During the approval process the Plan was made available in the County Emergency Management Office and the County Clerk’s Office for public review.
ORIGINAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The original Mitigation Plan was developed by the Polk County Hazard Mitigation Taskforce (HMT). This committee was formed to serve as the guiding structure to facilitate Plan development and ensure the Plan met the requirements of DMA 2000. This team was responsible for gathering information for the Plan, acting as a liaison for Polk County Communities, and approving Plan contents. This coordinating committee had many responsibilities including administration, content organization, and text development. The HMT included representatives from all participating jurisdictions within the county and representatives from various agencies (i.e. fire departments, county offices, etc.).
In addition to the HMT, the County formed a Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee (“Advisory Committee”) that consisted of members from local agencies, organizations, and citizens, and included the following: Office of Emergency Management; Polk County Sheriff Department; Polk County Rural Addressing; Polk County Fire Marshal; Cities of Corrigan, Seven Oaks, Onalaska, Goodrich, and Livingston; Polk County Precinct Road and Bridge Offices; Polk County Social Services; Red Cross; Texas Forest Service; Trinity River Authority; International Paper Company; Memorial Medical Center-Livingston; Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce; and the Polk County Enterprise.
The goal of the Advisory Committee was to provide an opportunity for progress by discussing action items included in the Plan, maintain partnerships for the sustainability for the Plan, and to overall implement the plan.
A Convener was selected by the HMT to facilitate the HMT meetings and to assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Plan to the members of the Advisory Committee.
A Hazard Mitigation Coordinator was selected by the HMT to arrange future team meetings, and ensure that an adequate cross-section of city and county interests and population were invited to the meetings.
UPDATED ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The Polk County Office of Emergency Management (“OEM”) reorganized the existing Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) in 2008. LEPC meetings, which are open to the public,
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 11 December 10, 2012 consist of academia, nonprofits, businesses and representatives from local jurisdictions and various local and state agencies within Polk County. The LEPC meets quarterly to discuss natural and manmade hazards for the purposes of planning and mitigation. After careful review of the current organizational structure for the implementation and care of the Mitigation Plan, the Office of Emergency Management decided to ask the LEPC to assume the responsibility of updating the Mitigation Plan at a LEPC quarterly meeting on February 16, 2011. At this meeting, a motion was made to give the responsibility of updating the Mitigation Plan to the LEPC, and the motion carried. Therefore, the LEPC will assume the responsibilities of the HMT. The goals and strategies as outlined by the original HMT remain the same.
The responsibilities of the Advisory Committee will also remain the same; however, in the future, the Advisory Committee will consist of one or two representatives from each jurisdiction.
The Convener’s responsibilities will remain the same, except the role of assigning tasks to update and present Plan information to the Advisory Committee will be given to the Hazard Mitigation Coordinator (HMC). The LEPC Chairman will serve as the Convener to facilitate the Mitigation Plan meetings.
The HMC’s responsibilities will remain the same, except the role of arranging future Mitigation Plan meetings will be given to the Convener, and the HMC will now assign tasks to update and present Mitigation Plan information to the Advisory Committee. The Polk County Emergency Management Coordinator will serve as the HMC.
The updated summary of responsibilities for both individuals is as follows:
Convener: To facilitate and arrange Mitigation Plan meetings
HMC: Assign tasks to update and present Plan information to the LEPC and ensure that a cross-section of city and county interests and population are invited to these meetings.
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ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL (for Development and Updates)
CONVENER (LEPC Chair)
Coordinates Plan Preparation & Participation
LOCAL EMERGENCY PLANNING Information COMMITTEE (LEPC) Education
Direct Representation
LIVINGSTON CORRIGAN ONALASKA SEVEN OAKS
LOCAL & STATE GOODRICH POLK COUNTY AGENCIES
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ORGANIZATION MODEL (Plan Update and Implementation)
HAZARD MITIGATION COORDINATOR (County EMC)
Assign tasks such as updating the Plan & presenting Plan information
LOCAL EMERGENCY PLANNING COMMITTEE (LEPC)
Send to Advisory Committee for Plan Implementation
HAZARD MITIGATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE
(Representatives from each Jurisdiction)
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F. ADOPTION BY LOCAL JURISDICTIONS
Polk County
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City of Livingston, Texas
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City of Onalaska, Texas
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City of Corrigan, Texas
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City of Goodrich, Texas
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City of Seven Oaks, Texas
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II. VULNERABILITY AND RISK EXPOSURE
A. CURRENT HAZARD ANALYSIS
This Mitigation Plan covers the entirety of Polk County and the incorporated communities named above. The county’s hazards analysis is created and incorporated herein. This geographic scope of the Mitigation Plan also corresponds with the reach of the Polk County Emergency Operations Plan. The Mitigation Plan includes an analysis of each of the natural hazards affecting Polk County. Discussion of the maintenance and updating process for the Mitigation Plan is set forth in Section VIII.
B. PAST EMERGENCIES AND DISASTERS
A list of past emergencies and disasters affecting the Polk County area is included in each of the related hazard sections in the Appendices. This list includes information on past occurrences, damage information, and areas affected. Probability of future occurrences is included in each hazard section as well as risk assessment and potential damage for each vulnerable group.
C. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: NATURAL HAZARDS
Natural hazards for Polk County and the subsequent section where each is discussed are as follows:
Wildfire (Appendix 1) Flood (Appendix 2) Thunderstorm (Appendix 3) Tornado (Appendix 4) Hurricane (Appendix 5) Severe Winter Storm (Appendix 6) Drought (Appendix 7) Extreme Heat (Appendix 8)
Included below are hazards that are either extremely infrequent or considered a secondary effect of other identified hazards.
Land subsidence is not addressed in this document due to a lack of data indicating a history of impacts to buildings, public safety, or infrastructure. While subsidence is a concern in the metropolitan areas along the gulf coast, its causes are not present to a significant degree in the Polk County region. These causes include down-warping or tilting of the earth’s crust due to loading (increased surface pressure associated with major urban development such as high rise buildings), large-scale groundwater withdrawal and oil and gas production.1
1 http://www.beg.utexas.edu/coastal/presentations_reports/hazardsatlas_v1_2000.pdf
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Lightning and windstorm are discussed as components of thunderstorm activity in Appendix 3.
Dam failure is not discussed as a separate category from flooding, but rather regarded as a secondary component of a flood event of serious enough magnitude to cause mechanical failure or breaching. Discussion of such flood events and dam failure occurs in Appendix 2.
Earthquakes were not addressed, since there has been only one series of minor quakes (3.2 – 4.4 magnitude in April to June of 1964) in Polk County since 18472. As the Institute for Geophysics indicates:
“while Texas does face some earthquake hazard, this hazard is very small in comparison to that in many other states, including California, Missouri, Montana, South Carolina, and Washington. In most parts of Texas earthquake hazard is also small compared to the hazard attributable from other natural phenomena, such as hurricanes, tornados, and floods. Thus there is no need for Texas to enact sweeping changes in construction practices, or take other drastic measures to mitigate earthquake hazard.”3
D. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
When this Mitigation Plan was developed, the HMT identified several hazards that are addressed in the Plan. These hazards were identified through an extensive process that utilized input from HMT members, public input, and researching past circumstances of natural hazard occurrence in the County. The Mitigation Plan was developed over a six-month period.
E. NATURAL HAZARDS OF POLK COUNTY
Hazard How Identified Input from residents & Fire Marshals Wild Fires Fire reports Review of FIRM's Floods Public Input Review of past weather occurrences Review of past weather occurrences Thunderstorms Public Input Review of past weather occurrences Tornados Public Input Review of past weather occurrences Hurricane Public Input
2 http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/eq/compendium/DEM_Northeast.htm 3 http://www.ig.utexas.edu/research/projects/eq/compendium/earthquakes.htm#Figure%2012A
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Hazard How Identified Review of past weather occurrences Severe Winter Storms Public Input National Weather Service Review of past weather occurrences Drought Public Input Drought Indices Review of past weather occurrences Extreme Heat Public Input National Weather Service
F. RISK ASSESSMENT: VULNERABLE GROUPS
The following vulnerable groups are affected equally by indiscriminate natural hazards such as windstorms, tornados, drought, severe winter storm, extreme heat events, hail, and to a large extent wildfires:
People Housing units Critical facilities Special facilities Infrastructure and lifelines Hazmat facilities Commercial facilities
The overall value of structures within Polk County is estimated at $1,515,755,403.00.4 Rather than using this number to generate a fictional methodology for potential loss to the collective vulnerable groups, loss estimates were generated based on historical data inflated to 2011 dollars and then averaged over the number of years for which data is available. This information is located in the Potential Dollar Loss section of each hazard in its respective Appendix below. Polk County was originally divided into twelve (12) separate areas known as Emergency Service Number (ESN) zones. However, each incorporated city has been assigned an ESN that is located within the original ESN, which brings the total number of ESN’s to seventeen (17). However, the original twelve (12) ESNs were utilized to break vulnerable groups/assets into smaller geographic reaches. The following map shows the geographic reach of each ESN:
4 http://www.txcip.org/tac/census/profile.php
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G. PEOPLE
According to the 2000 Census, Polk County's population changed 34% from 1990 to 2000. The County's population was 30,687 in 1990 and 41,133 in 2000, an increase of 10,446. According to the 2010 Census, the population of Polk County is 45,413 which is an increase of 10.4% since 2000.
In 2000, Polk County was ranked as the sixteenth fastest growing county in the State of Texas with a growth rate of 34% as projected in 2000, by the U.S. Census Bureau. This growth brought the population from 30,658 in 1990, to 41,133 in 2000. Of that population, over 78.8% lived in the rural unincorporated areas of the county. The county continues to grow. At one time, it was estimated that by the year 2015 the population would swell to over 100,000 permanent residents, with the weekend and tourist population growing to over 200,000 on any given weekend during the summer vacation months. In 2010, new information showed Polk County ranked as the thirty-ninth fastest growing county in Texas.5 The following table outlines 2010 Census statistics for Texas and Polk County”
CENSUS 2010 POPULATION BY RACE STATISTICS Polk Polk County Group County (%) Texas Texas (%) White 35,082 77.3 17,701,552 70.4 Black 5,211 11.5 2,979,598 11.8 Hispanic 5,959 13.1 9,460,921 37.6 Asian 188 .04 964,596 3.8 American Indian and Alaska Native 881 1.9 170,972 0.7 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 10 0 21,656 0.1 Note: Numbers may add up to more than the total population and more than 100 percent because individuals may report more than one race."
Many residents of Polk County commute to Houston. They can access urban diversity while living in the safety and serenity of rural East Texas, enjoying a cost of living that is significantly below the U.S. and State of Texas averages. These trends are expected to continue because Polk County’s close proximity to Houston makes commuting a feasible alternative. Polk County has a large retirement community. Persons age 65 and over make up approximately 20% of our population.
HEAVY POPULATION AREAS The following table outlines Emergency Service Number (ESN) Zones throughout the County where People congregate.
5 Source: www.stats.indiana.edu.
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ESN ZONE Facility Livingston Zones Polk County Courthouse ESNs 359, 361 & 364 Livingston City Hall Area Churches Pedigo Park American Legion Hall Veterans of Foreign Wars Hall (VFW) Senior Citizens Center Livingston ISD Campuses Matthews Street Park Polk County Fire Training Facility Area Community Centers (POA Halls) Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce Leggett ISD Campus Escapees Community Center Camp Cho-Yeh Onalaska Zones Polk County Sub-Courthouse ESNs 360 & 363 Onalaska City Hall Area Churches Area Marinas Senior Citizens Center Onalaska ISD Campuses Area Community Centers (POA Halls) Onalaska Volunteer Fire Dept. Goodrich Zones Area Churches ESNs 350 & 356 Goodrich ISD Campuses Area Community Centers (POA Halls) Woody Hollow Community Center South Polk County Zone South Polk County VFD Station ESN 354 Area Churches Area Community Centers (POA Halls) Ace Community Park Scenic Loop Zone Scenic Loop VFD Station ESN 357 Area Churches Area Marinas Area Community Centers (POA Halls)
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ESN ZONE Facility Corrigan Zones Polk County Sub-Courthouse ESNs 358 & 362 Senior Citizens Center Corrigan City Hall Corrigan-Camden ISD Campuses Corrigan Community Center Area Community Centers (POA Halls) Veterans of Foreign Wars Hall (VFW) Area Churches Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation Zone Cultural Center ESN 351 Area Churches Alabama-Coushatta Gymnasium Alabama-Coushatta VFD Station Alabama-Coushatta Health Center Big Thicket Lake Estates Zone Area Churches ESN 355 Big Thicket POA Hall Holiday Lake Estates Zone Clubhouse, Pool, Boat Ramps ESN 403 Holiday Lake Estates VFD Station Segno Zone Area Churches ESN Zone 352 Area Schools Segno VFD Station Park Indian Springs Zone Area Churches ESN 353 Indian Springs VFD Station Indian Springs Community Center Chester Zone ESN 169 Area Churches *Property Owners Association Halls (POA Halls)
PERSONS WITH FUNCTIONAL NEEDS - POPULATIONS The 2010 Census calculates Polk County’s population at 45,413 permanent residents. Of that number, 8,646 or 19% are over the age of 65. Although 2010 Census information on disability statistics is not yet available, the 2000 Census states 9,222 persons age 5+ have a disability. Polk County has double the state’s percentage of persons over the age of 656; and is primarily a retirement and recreational community. The majority of the senior population and the persons with disabilities live throughout the county; however, the county has several projects designated by HUD for low income, very low income, elderly seniors and people with disabilities.
Livingston Housing Authority:
Pine Street Addition, housing for low income
6 Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
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Hudman Street Addition, housing for very low income Livingston Seniors Apartments
Farmer Home Authority:
North Houston Street Addition, housing for the elderly
Corrigan Housing Authority:
S. Mathews Community Ctr. Addition, housing for low income
Watson Enterprises: Low-Income Apartment Complexes
Ridgecrest Apartments Livingston Plaza Apartments Timbers Apartments Garden Ridge Townhouses, housing for the elderly
Rood Woodhollow, LLC:
Woodhollow Apartments, low-income apartments
H. HOUSING UNITS
The following table sets out the number of occupied and vacant housing units in Polk County and each of the incorporated cities. 7
Vacant Housing Housing Units Location No. Units Occupied Housing (seasonal, recreational, occasional use) Housing units, 2010 Polk County 22,683 16,503 6,180 Housing units, 2010 City of Livingston 2,281 1,958 323 Housing units, 2010 City of Corrigan 698 597 101 Housing units, 2010 City of Onalaska 1,207 755 452 Housing units, 2010 City of Goodrich 123 99 24 Housing units, 2010 City of Seven oaks 58 44 14 Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2005-2009 Census Data: $64,600
ADDITIONAL HOUSING STATISTICS According to 2009 Census information, the homeownership rate in Polk County is 79.3%. The Polk County housing units in multi-unit structures according to 2005-2009 Census data is 4.3%.
Average Age of Housing: Polk County began to develop in the late 1960s when Lake Livingston was first developed. As the lake area developed many subdivisions began to spring
7 U.S. Census Bureau FY 2010
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 28 December 10, 2012 up around the lake. Most subdivisions were developed during this period making the average age of housing 25 to 30 years old. In the 1990s an influx of manufactured and mobile homes sprang up all across the County. Approximately 65% of the mobile and manufactured homes are an average of 10 years old.
Insurance: In 2011, 555 of the home and business owners whose property is located within the 100-year floodplain have flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). It is unknown at this time as to how many home owners have home owners or liability insurance.
The Livingston Zone8 has an area of 212 square miles or 135,744 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 12,100 people. There are over 8,200 homes in 74 subdivisions located in this Zone9. Below is a listing of the subdivisions which range in size from several hundred residents to as few as forty residents.
LIVINGSTON ZONE Alexander Acres Green Acres Rolling Woods B.E.& O. Hardwood Hills Schwab City Acres Beechcreek Woods Hidden Valley Estates Skyview Blue XX Holly Hills Soda Oaks Bonnie Hills Estates Knob Hill Southland Plantation Brentwood L.K. Walker Spring Creek Briar Bend Lake Livingston Air Park Spring Creek Business Park Brock Lake Livingston Estates Springwood Bulfrog Basin Lake View Stones Throw Campbell Woods Lakeside Village Sugar Hills Chesswood Longhorn Valley Estates Sunrise East Copeland Creek Mangum Estates #1 Sunshine Acres Country Charm Mangum Estates #2 Tempe Timbered Terrace Country Oaks Marston Heights The Retreat Country Place Menard Creek Thunder Mountain Country Wood Mills Forest Town And Country Creekbend Estates North Glen Town Forest Crystal Creek Forest Oak Forest Two Forty Crystal Lakes Oak Hollow Villagebrook Davis Woods Oak Terrace Estates Weavers Cove Dogwood Lake Estates Oakhill West End Dove Acres Oates 271 West Leggett Easton Oaks Pebble Creek West Providence Enchanted Forest Pine Valley Westwood Forest Springs Putnam's Landing Wiggins Ridge Fox Hills Rainbow's End Wiggins Village #2
8 Includes the City of Livingston 9 Source/Polk County GIS Data Base
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LIVINGSTON ZONE Garden Acres Raintree Woodway Acres Garden City Rob 164
The Onalaska Zone 10has an area of 131 square miles or 83,968 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 7,500 people with over 4,500 homes in 57 subdivisions located within this Zone.
ONALASKA ZONE Alabama Point Hideaway Ridge Pine Ridge Allen Woods Idlewilde Plaza North Beaver Bend Impala Woods Ponderosa Ridge Bentwood Bend Kickapoo Estates Sandy Creek Branchwood Kickapoo Forest New Sandy Ridge Bridgeview Kickapoo Village Sandy Shores Brushy Creek Campgrounds Kickapoo Wildlife Club Scenic Cove Bully Hill Lake Forest Shady Shores Canyon Park Lake Livingston Reel And Rifle Sportsman Retreat Cedar Point Leisure Wood Stowaway Bay Creek Lake Cove Nikki's Landing Tanner Meadows Creekside Oak Ridge Texas Acres Dickens 44 Onalaska 360 The Point Emerald Bay Onalaska North Tree Farm Tracts Forest Hills Onalaska Wood Twin Hills Cove Fountain Lake Paradise Acres Wells Landing Garden Villa Paradise Point Yaupon Cove Harbor Light Pine Harbor
The Goodrich Zone11 has an area of 55 square miles or 35,462 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 3,000 people. There are over 1,500 homes in 18 subdivisions located in this Zone.
GOODRICH ZONE Ballas 343 Holiday Lake Estates River Lake Estates Country Settlement Holleyfield 100 Shawland Country Sunrise Hoot Owl Hollow Shiloh Ridge Creekwood Lake Livingston Estates I Siesta Country 1 & 2 Goodrich Acres Magnolia Village Siesta Country 4 & 5
10 Includes the City of Onalaska 11 Includes the City of Goodrich
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GOODRICH ZONE Goodrich North Pennington Sleepy Hollow
The South Polk County Zone has an area of 20 square miles or 12,864 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 1,200 people. There are over 600 homes in 5 subdivisions located in this Zone:
SOUTH POLK COUNTY ZONE Ace Acres Six Lakes Wild Country Lake Estates Eagles Nest Taylor Lake Estates
The Segno Zone has an area of 113 square miles or 72,320 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 1,100 people. There are over 550 homes in 5 subdivisions located in this Zone:
SEGNO ZONE Cochran 45 Ellis Woods Segno Ranchettes Davis Magnolia Woods
The Scenic Loop Zone has an area of 39 square miles or 24,973 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 7,000 people. There are over 3,000 homes in 40 subdivisions located in this Zone:
SCENIC LOOP ZONE Apache Terrace Indian Hill Heights Pinwah Pines Bayhaven Jennings Cove Pinwah Pines Estates Cedar Ridge Kalita Point Pinwah Pines Estates II Cherokee Forest Lake Livingston Village Reily's Landing Commodore Cape Lake Livingston Village Resort Country Copper Cove Lakeland Hideaway Shelter Cove Cotton Hill Estates Lakeshore Estates Shelter Cove Cresent Shores Lakewood Sundance Forest Dickens Landing Memorial Point Sundance Forest Forresters Retreat Natasha Heights Sunset Shadows Glen Cove Nugents Cove Texas Landing Hickey Ridge Estates Pats Point The Oaks Indian Hill Estates Pine Shadows Timberland Cove Indian Hill Harbor
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The Corrigan Zone12 has an area of 324 square miles or 207,296 acres. This service area has a population of over 3,400 people. There are over 1,400 homes in 18 subdivisions located in this Zone:
CORRIGAN ZONE Asia Eden Heights Moscow Acres Bulay 85 Hardins Hide Out Old Stag Ridge Carmona Estates Hood 207 Pine Hollow Corrigan Heights Hunters Paradise Reilly Village Corrigan West Jones Moscow Acres Reinhardt 60 Damasus Woods Laurelie Estates Tanner 131
The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation has an area of 110 square miles or 70,336 acres. This service area has a population of over 1,100 people. There are over 500 homes located in this Zone. There are no subdivisions located within this area. Much of the area belongs to the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation and the remainder is predominantly rural forest land east of the reservation to the Polk/Tyler County line.
The Big Thicket Lake Estates Zone has an area of 23 square miles or 14,854 acres. This service area has a population of over 800 people. There are over 350 homes in 5 subdivisions located in this Zone. This area is located at the southern region of the county and borders Liberty and Harden Counties. Big Thicket Lakes Estates is the largest subdivision in the area with over 700 residents living in both Polk and Liberty Counties.
BIG THICKET LAKE ESTATES ZONE Big Thicket Lake Estates Magnolia Springs Estates Plum Pudding Acres Cactus Jack Estates Outlaw Bend
The Indian Springs Zone has an area of 61 square miles or 38,758 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 1,900 people. There are over 950 homes located in 3 subdivisions in this Zone:
INDIAN SPRINGS ZONE Double A Lake Estates Indian Springs Wilson Lake Estates
The Holiday Lake Estates Zone has an area of 9.541 square miles or 1.090 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 1,100 people. There are approximately 450 homes in the Holiday Lake Estates subdivision.
12 Includes the City of Corrigan
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HOLIDAY LAKE ESTATES ZONE Holiday Lake Estates
The Chester Zone has an area of 9.114 square miles or 5,832.96 acres. This service area has a population of approximately 300 people. There are over 160 homes in 3 subdivisions located in this Zone:
CHESTER ZONE Chester 100 Deer Country Shoeshine Terrace
HOUSING SUMMARIES
Location Number of Houses Appraised Value The Livingston Zone 8,206 $335,116,628.00 The Onalaska Zone 4,140 $169,069,320.00 The Goodrich Zone 1,571 $64,156,498.00 The South Polk County Zone 581 $23,726,878.00 The Segno Zone 541 $22,093,358.00 The Scenic Loop 2,916 $119,083,608.00 The Corrigan Zone 1,386 $56,601,468.00 The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation 513 $20,949,894.00 The Big Thicket Lake Estates Zone 232 $9,474,416.00 The Indian Springs Zone 949 $38,755,262.00 The Chester Zone 142 $5,798,996.00 Total Housing for County and Cities 21,177 $864,826,326.00 Statistics from Census Bureau 2010 Quick Facts (http://quickfacts.census.gov) Housing units in Polk County 2010 22,683 Homeownership rate, 20005-2009 79.3% Housing units in multi-unit structures, apartment buildings, percent, 2005-2009 4.3% Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2005-2009 $64,600 Note: The values of the houses listed above are an average estimate of property values in that area, actual figures may vary somewhat, however these figures are in line with the appraised values recorded at the Central Appraisal District.
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I. CRITICAL FACILITIES
Facilities critical to government response and recovery activities (i.e., life safety, property and environmental protection) include: 911 centers, emergency operations centers, police stations, fire stations and critical communication towers and facilities. POLICE/LAW ENFORCEMENT Local law enforcement agencies in Polk County have the primary responsibility for enforcing laws and protecting lives and property during emergencies. County law enforcement resources include:
Law Enforcement Agency Address Phone Number 208 West Church St Livingston Police Department Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 327-3117 203 N. Collins Corrigan Police Department Corrigan, TX 75939 (936) 398-2551 372 S FM 356 Onalaska Police Department Onalaska, TX 77360 (936) 646-5376 Polk County Sheriff Department 1733 N Washington & County Jail Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 327-6810 (For additional information concerning law enforcement see Annex G, Law Enforcement, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
FIRE DEPARTMENTS The fire service has the primary responsibility of protecting our community from the hazards of fires and also has primary responsibility for dealing with hazmat spills and radiological incidents. Our firefighting resources include:
Polk County Fire Departments Volunteer Fire Department ESN Address Phone Number 571 State Park Rd 56 Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation 351 (936) 563-4701 Livingston, TX 77351 City of Corrigan 358 101 W. Ben Franklin (936) 398-2551 Corrigan 362 Corrigan, TX 75939 City of Goodrich 350 954 St Highway Loop 393 (936) 365-2121 Goodrich 356 Goodrich, TX 77335 210 Pichetto Trail Indian Springs 353 (936) 563-2323 Livingston, TX 77351 City of Onalaska 360 392 FM 3565 (936) 646-5000 Onalaska 363 Onalaska, TX 77360 1406 FM 3277 Scenic Loop 357 (936) 967-4760 Livingston, TX 77351
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Volunteer Fire Department ESN Address Phone Number 157 Magnolia Hills Rd Segno 352 (936) 685-7195 Livingston, TX 77351 3036 FM 2610 South Polk County 354 (936) 685-7115 Livingston, TX 77351 224 Drews Landing Rd Holiday Lake Estates 403 (936) 365-3131 Goodrich, TX 77335 City of Livingston 359 119 West Abbey St Livingston 361 (936) 327-8655 Livingston, TX 77351 City of Seven Oaks (Livingston VFD) 364 Chester 169 Tyler County (936) 969-2222 (For additional information concerning firefighting see Annex F, Fire Fighting, and Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
COMMUNICATIONS The Polk County emergency communications system is operated by the Sheriff’s Office and includes a variety of government-owned and operated equipment as well as equipment owned and operated by certain volunteer groups. The following departments, agencies, and groups are part of our communications system:
The City of Livingston emergency communications system is operated by the Livingston Police Department and includes a variety of government-owned and operated equipment.
The City of Corrigan emergency communications system is operated by the Corrigan Police Department and includes a variety of government-owned and operated equipment.
The City of Onalaska emergency communications system is operated by the Onalaska VFD.
All the emergency response agencies have interoperable communications and all the systems are compatible. The communications system includes VHF radio, cellular telephone, internet e- mail, telephone landline, computer networks and satellite internet are all part of the communications network in Polk County.
Communications Dispatch Centers Dispatch Center Address Phone Number Polk County Sheriff’s Department 1733 N Washington 911 Dispatch Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 327-6810 Livingston Police Department 208 W Church St Dispatch Center Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 327-3117
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Dispatch Center Address Phone Number Corrigan Police Department 203 N. Collins Dispatch Corrigan, TX 75939 (936) 398-2551 Polk County Emergency Management 602 E. Church St., Suite 165 EOC Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 327-6826 (For additional information concerning law enforcement see Annex B, Communications, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
Communications Network Cable TV Radio Local or Phone/ (Freq. Radio Cell Satellite Computer Internet FACILITY Satellite Fax TLETS RACES Band) HF Phones Phones Network E-mail Airport X X Department of Public Safety X X X X X Engineering X X X X EOC X X X X X X X X X X External Customers (Citizens, Private Industry) X X X X X X Fire Department & Mobile Units X X X X X Hospital X X X Municipal Utilities X X X X X National Weather Service X X X X Police Department & Mobile Units X X X X X X X Private Utilities X X X X Public Works X X X X Red Cross X X X X Shelters X Sheriff's Office X X X X X X X
Telephone Utilities Telephone Company Address Phone Number Eastex Telephone Coop 1704 US 59 Bypass (936) 327-5224 Livingston. TX 77351 Lake Livingston Telephone 229 Stevens Lane (936) 566-4242 Livingston, TX 77351
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Telephone Company Address Phone Number Livingston Telephone 701 Church St. (936) 327-4620 Livingston, TX 77351 Southwestern Bell Telephone P. O. Box 751 (936) 291-4404 (SBC) Huntsville, TX 77342
Communication Towers Lists of regulated communications towers and maps depicting their location are not provided in this document because information on these facilities is subject to continuous update and is maintained for planning purposes in the Polk County GIS database. Contact the Polk County Office of Emergency Management or the Polk County Sheriff’s Department, if you require further information. POLK COUNTY DIRECTION AND CONTROL FACILITIES Our direction and control structure for emergency operations includes an on-scene control system, the Incident Command System (ICS), and a centralized direction and control system, the Emergency Operations Center (EOC). These systems may be employed individually or in combination, depending on the situation.
During major emergencies and disasters, both the ICS and the EOC will generally be activated. The Incident Commander will manage and direct the on-scene response from the ICS. The EOC will mobilize and deploy resources for use by the Incident Commander, coordinate external resource and technical support, research problems, provide information to senior managers, disseminate emergency public information, and perform other tasks to support on-scene operations.
For some types of emergency situations, the EOC may be activated without activating an incident command operation. Such situations may include:
When a threat of hazardous conditions exists, but those conditions have not yet impacted the local area. The EOC may accomplish initial response actions, such as mobilizing personnel and equipment and issuing precautionary warning to the public. When the hazard impacts, an ICS may be established, and direction and control of the response transitioned to the Incident Commander
When the emergency situation does not have a specific impact site, but rather affects a wide portion of the local area, such as a severe winter storm.
For operational flexibility, both ICS and EOC operations may be sized according to the anticipated needs of the situation. The structure of the ICS is specifically intended to provide the capability to expand and contract with the magnitude of the emergency situation and committed resources. The EOC can also be activated on a graduated basis. The direction and control facilities in Polk County are at the following locations:
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Operations Center Address Phone Number Polk County Emergency Operations 602 E Church St Suite 165 (936) 327-6826 Center Livingston, TX 77351 Polk County Alternate Emergency 1733 N Washington (936) 327-6810 Operations Center Livingston, TX 77351 City of Livingston Emergency 208 W Church St (936) 327-3117 Operations Center Livingston, TX 77351 (For additional information concerning direction and control see (Annex N, Direction & Control), Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
J. OTHER FACILITIES
SCHOOLS According to the 2005-2009 Census data, 8,777 people in Polk County were enrolled in school. Countywide, 75.2 percent had a high school diploma or higher and 10.6 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. The equivalent statewide figures for a high school diploma or higher and a bachelor's degree or higher were 79.3 percent and 25.4 percent, respectively. 13
SCHOOLS Corrigan High School Corrigan Jr. High School Corrigan Primary/Elem. School 504 S. Home Street 502 S. Matthews St 1756 Hwy 287 W Corrigan, Texas Corrigan, Texas Corrigan, Texas Big Sandy High School Goodrich School District Leggett School District 9180 FM 1276 234 Katy Simpson St 254 FM 942 E Livingston, Texas Goodrich, Texas Leggett, Texas Livingston High School Pine Ridge Primary School Livingston Intermediate School 400 FM 350 S 1200 N. Platt St 800 W. Church St Livingston, Texas Livingston, Texas Livingston, Texas Livingston Jr. High School Timber Creek Elementary Dunbar Complex Gym US Highway 59 Bypass School 1103 Dunbar Ave. Livingston, Texas 701 N Willis Ave Livingston, Texas Livingston, Texas Onalaska Elementary Onalaska Jr./Sr. High School School District 1585 FM 3457 FM 356 South Onalaska, TX 77360 Onalaska, Texas
13 http://www.factfinder.census.gov
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School Enrollments and Educational Attainment (2005-2009) SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Number EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Number (Population 3 years and over) (Population 25 years and over) Nursery school, preschool 613 Less than 9th grade 2,873 Kindergarten 409 9th to 12th grade, no diploma 5,307 Elementary school (grades 1-8) 4,139 High school graduate 12,888 High school (grades 9-12) 2,407 Some college, no degree 6,606 College or graduate school 1,209 Associate degree 1,789 Bachelor's degree 2,291 Graduate or professional degree 1,219 Total 8,777 Total 32,973 HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
HOSPITAL/NURSING HOMES Memorial Medical Center- Livingston Memorial Health System of East Texas 1717 US Hwy 59 Bypass 1201 Frank St. Livingston, Texas 77351 Lufkin, Texas 75904 (936) 329-8700 (936) 634-8111 Pine Ridge Health Care Timberwood Nursing & Rehabilitation Center 1620 US Hwy 59 N 4001 Hwy 59 N Livingston, Texas 77351 Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 327-5415 (936) 327-4446 Corrigan LTC Partners, Inc. The Bradford at Brookside 300 E. Hospital 301 W. Park Drive Corrigan, Texas 75939 Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 398-2584 (936) 327-4341 The Gardens at Livingston 501 Garden Ridge Dr. Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 327-3141 (For additional information concerning health care and medical facilities see Annex H, Health Care and Medical Facilities, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
CLINICS Piney Woods Diagnostic Clinic Livingston Women’s Clinic 400 W. Church St. 1717 US Hwy 59 Bypass, Ste. C Livingston, Texas 77351 Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 327-2655 (936) 327-8844 Livingston Pediatric Clinic Polk Children’s Clinic 400 Ogletree Dr. 204 W. Park Dr. Livingston, Texas 77351 Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 328-8812 (936) 327-8661
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CLINICS The Heart Institute of East Texas Corrigan Rural Health Clinic 1717 Hwy 59 Bypass 103 E. Hospital Livingston, Texas 77351 Corrigan, Texas 75939 (936) 327-7733 (936) 398-4191 Livingston Chiropractic Clinic Calvary Medical Clinic 400 Bypass Lane, Ste. 103 Family Practice Pediatrics & Internal Livingston, Texas 77351 Medicine (936) 327-3140 309 US Hwy 59 Bypass Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 327-1055 (For additional information concerning health care and medical facilities see Annex H, Health Care and Medical Facilities, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan)
PRISON AND JAIL
DETENTION FACILITIES Polk County Sheriff Department Texas Department of Criminal Justice County Jail Institutional Division 1733 N. Washington Polunsky Unit Livingston, Texas 77351 3872 FM 350 S (936) 327-6822 Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 967-8082 IAH Detention Facility 3400 FM 350 S Livingston, Texas 77351 (936) 327-5400
K. INFRASTRUCTURE AND LIFELINES
WATER AND SANITARY SEWER FACILITIES
WATER AND SANITARY SEWER FACILITIES City of Livingston City of Corrigan Water Department Water Department Sanitary Sewer Department Sanitary Sewer Department 222 Pan American Dr. 101 W. Ben Franklin Livingston, TX 77351 Corrigan, TX 75939 (936) 327-8998 (936) 398-4126
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WATER AND SANITARY SEWER FACILITIES City of Goodrich Onalaska Water and Gas Supply Water Department 647 FM 356 N Sanitary Sewer Department Onalaska, TX 77360 Goodrich, TX 77335 (936) 646-5393 (936) 365-2228 (For more information concerning water and sewer facilities you may contact the cities that are listed above. The Polk County Office of Emergency Management for planning purposes has a database that contains general information concerning water and sewer facilities. Contact the Polk County Office of Emergency Management if you require further information.)
ONALASKA FRESH WATER SUPPLY DISTRICT #2 Polk County Fresh Water Supply District #2 is a Municipal Utility District serving the Onalaska Peninsula. The district is operated by a governing board, which is elected by the registered voters of the district. The terms of office are four years, with three elected one term and two at a different time, to enable staggering of terms. The day-to-day business of the district is directed by the General Manager, which is appointed by the governing board of directors. The district continues expanding service as work continues on the ongoing project in which first-time sewer service will be provided to the Canyon Park Subdivision. This expansion will add approximately 800 people to the system, for a total of approximately 4,500 people being served (based upon 2.5 persons per household).
The cost of the total project is $2,245,000. Phase I is being funded by a $250,000 grant received by the City of Onalaska through the Texas Community Development Program and Phase II is being funded by bonds the district sold. The grant will connect service to the houses that qualified under the low-income formula established by the program. The Canyon Park project, one of several large-scale projects the district undertook, was completed in 2003.
Since 1999, the district has:
Built a new spray irrigation plant;
Provided first-time sewer service to Sections 1 and 2 of Impala Woods, through a grant obtained by the City of Onalaska through the Texas Community Development Program; and
Provided first-time sewer service to Onalaska Woods, Onalaska East, Pine Ridge and various other short sections, including service to the new Junior-Senior High School complex.
LAKE LIVINGSTON DAM Built, owned and operated by the Trinity River Authority of Texas (TRA), Lake Livingston is the largest lake constructed for water supply purposes located totally within the State of Texas. The lake covers approximately 83,000 surface acres, with a normal pool elevation of 131 feet above mean sea level. The Livingston Dam, constructed across the Trinity River approximately seven miles southwest of the city of Livingston, is 2½ miles in length and has an average height
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 41 December 10, 2012 of 55 feet. The average base width of the Dam’s earthen embankment is 310 feet wide. The spillway is designed and constructed to pass flows of three times the maximum-recorded flow of the river at this site.
Rainfall amounts and current lake levels are of major concern to those who live in close proximity to a large body of water. By design, Lake Livingston has no flood control capabilities/flood storage capabilities, thus flows entering the lake, either from rainfall in the immediate area or from flows coming down the Trinity River, must be passed through the lake as the increased flows occur. Spillway operations at Lake Livingston mirror river flows. Within a relatively short period of time, as river flows increase, discharges increase, and as river flows decrease, discharges decrease.
Forecasting the possibility or probability for flooding in the Trinity Basin, as well as all other river basins in the US, is a responsibility of the National Weather Service (NWS). This data is routinely issued for the Lower Trinity Basin by the Houston/Galveston office in League City – http://www.srh.noaa.gov. In addition, the Authority maintains and operates a system of automated rainfall gauges and a system of automated lake level monitors.
Polk County has 37 smaller dams. Six dams are considered high hazard to the public. Most of the dams create small recreational lakes that serve subdivisions. Dam failure could damage or destroy roads serving as ingress and egress to a subdivision and leave residents stranded or unable to reach their homes.
ELECTRIC FACILITIES The loss of utility services, particularly extended utility outages, could adversely affect the capability of local personnel to respond to and recover from the emergency situation that caused the disruption of utility service and create additional health and safety risks for the general public. Below is a listing of the three (3) electric companies that service Polk County.
The City of Livingston Electric Department The City of Livingston14 owns and operates the electric system which was established in 1922 and consists of two substations interconnected to two separate lines of Entergy and approximately 150 miles of 13 kv distribution lines. The city currently provides electric service to 3,262 customers within the city limits.
While there are many advantages to public power, the greatest asset to the City's ownership of the electrical distribution system is that all the profits from the system remain within the community to benefit the local citizens by providing other facilities and services such as parks, library, fire, police protection, streets and drainage. Additionally, the City's ownership of the electric distribution system allows it to operate without an ad valorem property tax. The hallmarks of public power - local ownership, local control, community development, and reliable
14 City of Livingston website at http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com. Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 42 December 10, 2012 electric service - are a benefit to the citizens of Livingston and have allowed the city to grow and prosper.
The Electric Department can be reached by calling the City Hall at: (936) 327-4311. For additional information about the City of Livingston Utilities Department go to their web site at: http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com.
Sam Houston Electric Cooperative, Inc. Cooperatives were created to serve their member-owners’ interests rather than the monetary interests of a few investors. Sam Houston Electric Cooperative, Inc. was founded in Polk County on August 27, 1938 and received its state charter on May 16, 1939. Sam Houston Electric Cooperative ranks15 as one of the largest of the 67 electric cooperatives in Texas. It maintains more than 6,000 miles of line and serves over 67,716 members. To further accommodate growth, new substations in both Onalaska and Bold Springs were completed in 2000. The Bold Springs station serves the area of Livingston west of US Highway 59, including Memorial Medical Center, Eastex Telephone and Wal-Mart.
(For additional information concerning the Sam Houston Electric Cooperative you may visit their web site at: http://www.sheco.net or by the information supplied below.)
Livingston Branch P.O. Box 1121 1501 East Church Livingston, TX 77351 Local Phone: (936) 327-5711 Fax: (936) 328-1244 Main Number: 1-800-458-0381
Entergy Texas Entergy Corporation is an integrated energy company engaged primarily in electric power production, retail distribution operations, energy marketing and trading, and gas transportation. Entergy owns and operates power plants with about 30,000 megawatts of electric generating capacity, and it is the second-largest nuclear generator in the United States. Entergy delivers electricity to 2.7 million utility customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas and 40,000 in Polk County.
(For additional information concerning the Entergy Texas you may visit their web site at http://www.entergy.com or by the information supplied below.)
Entergy Services, Inc., Suite 300 10055 Grogans Mill Rd. #150 The Woodlands, TX 77380 Phone: (281) 297-3554 Fax: (281) 297-3735
15 Sam Houston Electric Cooperative website at http://www.sheco.net
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(For additional information concerning electric utilities see Annex L, Utilities, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan.)
NATURAL GAS FACILITIES Natural gas, in itself, might be considered a very uninteresting gas - it is colorless, shapeless, and odorless in its pure form. Quite uninteresting - except that natural gas is combustible, and when burned it gives off a great deal of energy. Unlike other fossil fuels, however, natural gas is clean burning and emits lower levels of potentially harmful byproducts into the air. We require energy constantly, to heat our homes, cook our food, and generate our electricity. It is this need for energy that has elevated natural gas to such a level of importance in our society, and in our lives.
Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed primarily of methane, it can also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The composition of natural gas can vary widely.
Complete lists of regulated facilities and maps depicting their location are not provided in this document because information on these facilities is subject to continuous update and is maintained for planning purposes.
(For additional information concerning pipelines and hazardous materials see Annex Q, Hazardous Materials, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan.)
PIPELINES Pipelines are really the energy lifelines of almost every daily activity. Pipelines play a role in everyone's lives and are essential to the nation's industries. Yet few people are aware of the work done by the country's 200,000-mile petroleum pipeline network that delivers the products that are integral parts of America's economy. It is a network that delivers the nation's crude oil and petroleum products (such as gasoline, jet fuel, home heating oil) reliably, safely, efficiently, and economically.
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Polk County is aware of approximately 32 pipeline companies that have lines crisscrossing the county in almost every direction; however, pipeline ownership is constantly changing, and new pipelines are continuously added. It is estimated that the actual number of pipelines crossing the county may be far greater than depicted on the following map.
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Lists of regulated facilities and maps depicting their location are not provided in the Mitigation Plan, because information on these facilities is subject to continuous update and is maintained for planning purposes.
(For additional information concerning pipelines and hazardous materials see Annex Q, Hazardous Materials, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan.)
L. HAZMAT FACILITIES
Businesses and facilities that store large amounts of hazardous materials on site are required to file a Tier II report with the Texas Department of State Health Services, Hazard Communication Branch, the LEPC, and their local fire department. The Office of Emergency Management receives new Tier II reports in March of each year; and these documents are on file in hard copy at the Emergency Management Office.
(For additional information concerning pipelines and hazardous materials see Annex Q, Hazardous Materials, Polk County Emergency Operations Plan.)
M. COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
Polk County, and especially the Highway 190 corridor west of Livingston to Huntsville, is one of Texas’ fastest growing areas. Nestled in the Piney Woods of Deep East Texas, Livingston is one hour from Houston Intercontinental Airport and Houston’s north side business districts.
Polk County’s economy is diverse. Timber-related industries, tourism, oil, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Polunsky Unit, and the IAH Detention facility are the local economic mainstays. Polk County is the number one timber producing county in Texas. Livingston is also the regional headquarters for the Sam Houston Electric Cooperative and home to over one thousand (1,000) small businesses.
POLUNSKY UNIT PRISON AND IAH DETENTION FACILITY Located on FM 350 South, subsequent expansion and employment opportunities have played a major role in the county's growth. The swelling population has helped boost retail sales and prompt new business starts.
LIVINGSTON
Livingston, the county seat of Polk County, serves as an economic hub for a population of more than 30,000 residents living in a 20-mile radius. Sales Tax receipts have increased for nine of the last ten years and, since there is no ad valorem property tax, provides significant revenue for many municipal services. In addition to the sales tax revenue, the municipally owned electric, water and sewer systems provide revenue to fund the numerous services provided by the City. In 2010, 76 building permits were issued for residential and commercial construction at a value of $24,685,605. In 2011, new retail businesses have continued to locate in Livingston along the US Highway 59 Bypass and the U.S. 190 West corridor, a trend expected to continue.
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ONALASKA Onalaska is the major business and shopping area on Lake Livingston, and two large RV parks attract tourists to the area. The Onalaska City Council is actively pursuing continued annexation of the adjacent peninsula area in hopes the increased population will draw industry and open the door for future grant monies for development and enhancement of the area.
CORRIGAN Corrigan is the major retailing center in the northern section of the County and growth is the focus for city planners. The completion of their new primary school is the hallmark of their focus on community development.
LAKE LIVINGSTON Lake Livingston is a major contributor to the growth of Polk County. Constructed to furnish water to nearby Houston, the lake is a major attraction for retirees and recreational visitors. A mere 12 miles from Livingston, the recreational opportunities provided by the lake are unlimited. Its beauty, accessibility and affordability greatly enhances the quality of life in Polk County.
POLK COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT
The Polk County School districts offer students the advantage of a small town environment with a quality education. They provide students individual attention including an opportunity to participate in numerous extracurricular activities. The curriculum is structured to offer students educational opportunities through vocational training and preparation for the college of their choice.
ESCAPEES, INC.
Escapees claims Polk County as its national headquarters. This is a 34,000-member organization of recreational vehicle owners who list Livingston as their home. At any one time, five hundred (500) Escapees are in residence at their headquarters south of Livingston. The Escapees organization offers numerous services to its members including mail service, health care services, and an adult day care center.
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ALABAMA-COUSHATTA INDIAN NATION
The Indian Reservation is home to the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas. It is nestled deep in the Big Thicket of East Texas16 and is Texas' oldest Indian reservation. A community 1,000 strong, some 560 tribal members call these 9,000 acres of timberland near Livingston in Polk County their home. The Reservation is located about 18 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Highway 190. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe goes to great lengths to honor their heritage while they carefully consider how decisions made today will affect the Tribe and its families seven generations forward and seven generations back. This traditional philosophy, combined with a faith-based focus on daily living, helps them stay committed to bettering themselves and their community. The Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas hosts its Annual Indian Powwow in Livingston, Texas. Thousands of visitors attend each year. LAKE LIVINGSTON STATE PARK The Lake Livingston State Park is eight (8) miles southwest of Livingston and is comprised of 635.5 acres along Lake Livingston, an 83,000-acre water reservoir. The property was acquired
16 Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation website, http://www.alabama-coushatta.com/
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TRADE DAYS
Livingston's 3rd Monday Trade Days is located in beautiful Pedigo Park on US Highway 59 in Livingston.18 Trade Days take place on over 200 acres in a park-type atmosphere with two covered pavilions and plans for over 800 vendor spaces. It's a great place to bring the entire family.
POLK COUNTY BUSINESSES/COMMERCIAL FACILITIES BY ZONE
Location Number of Businesses Commercial Value ($) The Livingston Zone 619 130,485,200 The Onalaska Zone 340 64,902,600 The Goodrich Zone 128 24,294,400 The South Polk County Zone 62 3,769,600 The Segno Zone 51 10,750,800 The Scenic Loop 127 22,961,600 The Corrigan Zone 180 17,424,000 The Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation 106 19,164,800 The Big Thicket Lake Estates Zone 8 646,400 The Indian Springs Zone 51 4,120,800 Total 1672 298,520,200 Source: Central Appraisal District. The values of businesses listed above are an average estimate of the business values in that area, actual figures may vary somewhat; however, these figures are in line with the appraised values recorded at the Central Appraisal District.
MAJOR EMPLOYERS
Name of Employer Type of Business No. Employees
Georgia Pacific Wood Products 1,000 Texas Department of Criminal Justice State Prison System 900
17 Lake Livingston State Park, http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/park/lakelivi/ 18 City of Livingston, http://www.cityoflivingston-tx.com/
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Name of Employer Type of Business No. Employees
Livingston Independent School District Education 642 Wal-Mart Supercenter Retail Sales 400 Memorial Medical Center Health Care 400 County of Polk Government 295 IAH Detention Facility Prison System 235 Corrigan-Camden Independent School District Education 225 Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation Tourist Attraction 206 Sam Houston Electric Cooperative, Inc . Electric Utility 157 Onalaska Independent School District Education 157 Brookshire Brothers Grocery Retail Grocery 148 The Bradford at Brookside Healthcare 135 Lowe’s Home Improvement Retail Sales 120 Timberwood Nursing & Rehab. Healthcare 115 Pine Ridge Healthcare Healthcare 115 First National Bank Financial Institution 91 Escapees, Inc. Recreational Club 90
First State Bank Financial Institution 89
City of Livingston Government 80 Source: Polk County Economic & Industrial Development Corporation www.users/livingston.net/~pcidcorp
UNIQUE HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND OTHER RESOURCES Locations in each of the following categories have a historical marker listed with the Texas Historical Commission. HISTORICAL CHURCHES Bethel Baptist Church, Bold Springs – From Livingston, take FM 350 north about nine miles to Bold Springs, church is located just north of intersection with FM 942. Damascus Missionary Baptist Church – seven miles northeast of Corrigan on FM 1987. First Baptist Church, Moscow – on Loop 177 just north of FM 350, a quarter mile west of U.S. Hwy. 59 in Moscow.
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First United Methodist Church of Livingston – relocated to new church just west of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190. Sunflower Baptist Church – go 12 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190, then 1.4 miles south on FM 1276 to Camp Ruby Road, then 3.5 miles west to Sunflower Road and 5.5 miles to the church. Union Springs Baptist Church – across the street from Corrigan City hall is Union Springs Drive, go one mile to the church.
HISTORICAL CEMETERIES Feagin Cemetery – From Livingston, take U.S. Hwy. 59 north about nine miles to FM 942, go 12 miles east on FM 942 and 1.4 miles south on Clamon Country Road. Old City Cemetery, also known as Founders’ Cemetery – 300 E. Church St. in Livingston. Midway Cemetery – From Livingston, go 18 miles east on U.S. Hwy. 190, then south on Midway Center Road to the cemetery. Nelson Henry Rice Cemetery – Go seven miles east of Leggett on FM 942, then a quarter mile south on cemetery road. Wheeler Cemetery – From Corrigan, go north on U.S. Hwy. 59 seven miles to FM 357, west 1.2 miles to Wheeler Road at the railroad tracks, go north two miles to cemetery. Nettles Cemetery – From Livingston, go east on US Hwy 190 3.5 miles, and turn left on Nettles Cemetery Rd, 2.8 miles at the end of the road. McCaghren Cemetery – from U.S. Hwy. 190 in Livingston, U.S. Hwy. 59 south to South Washington Ave. to Liberty Ave., left, right .8 miles to gate, right in pasture .3 miles, on left. West Tempe Cemetery – south on FM 3156 from U.S. Hwy. 190 west of Livingston, .6 miles to dirt road, left one mile. Forest Hill Cemetery – south from intersection of U.S. Hwy. 190 and U.S. Hwy. 59, 1.1 miles on South Washington Avenue.
SPECIFIC GRAVESITES Major Henry W. Augustine (fought in the Cherokee Indian War in Nacogdoches) – Magnolia Hill Cemetery, Segno Community, 21 miles southeast of Livingston. James Burch (fought in the Texas Revolution with Sam Houston in the Battle of San Jacinto), Moscow, grave marker on private property. John Wesley Hardin (famous outlaw) – near boyhood home in Moscow; in front of Holhausen- Darby Cemetery, four miles west of Moscow on FM 350. William Barnett Hardin (was in the Republic of Texas) – grave marker in Holhausen Cemetery in Moscow, four miles west of Moscow on FM 350. Roscoe D. Holliday (Texas Ranger) – in Peebles Cemetery on FM 1988 near Goodrich. Capt. Hardy B. Purvis (famous lawman) – in Peebles Cemetery on FM 1988, 2.5 miles northeast of Goodrich. Chief John Scott – Indian Reservation Cemetery at Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation 16 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190.
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Captain Isaac Newton Moreland Turner, Confederate States of America – from Livingston, go 18.4 miles east on U.S. Hwy. 190 to Midway Center Rd., then two miles north to a dead end, go east to cemetery sign and follow it to Turner Cemetery.
HISTORICAL HOMES Augustus Darby Home (early pioneer family) – five miles west of Moscow on FM 350, private property. Magee-Love Log House – private property in Goodrich. E.C. Matthews Home – Loop 177 south of FM 350, a quarter mile west of U.S. Hwy. 59 in Moscow. P.B. Maxey – from Corrigan, take U.S. Hwy. 287 west one mile to Eden Street, then go south to Maxey Road, take a right and follow the road up, house is on the right. G.G. Nettles Home – 400 block of E. Young St. in Livingston. The Sawyer House – 110 Oak St. in Livingston.
MARKER ONLY Old Andress Inn site at 109 W. Mill St. in Livingston. Confederate Service of Alabama and Coushatta Indians – Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation, 16 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190. Early Indian Trails – on Murphy Memorial Library grounds at corner of West Church and Drew streets in Livingston. Birthplace of Margo Jones – 517 S. Washington Ave. in Livingston. Confederate States of America Polk County – Polk County Courthouse square.
HISTORICAL COMMUNITIES Village of Alabama and Coushatta Indians – 16 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190 at Indian Reservation entrance. Menard Chapel Church, School and Cemetery – from Livingston, go 10 miles south on S.H. 146, two miles east on FM 942 and two miles north on Menard Chapel Road. Moscow – on FM 350 about a quarter mile west of U.S. Hwy. 59. Site of Smithfield – 13.2 miles south of Livingston on S.H. 146, then four miles southwest on FM 2610 in Ace Community. Town of Swartout site – FM 1988 in front of a church.
OTHER Polk County Courthouse - located in the 100 block of West Church Street. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also designated as a State Archeological Landmark. Courthouse Annex, formerly known as the Campbell-Foreman Building - located next to the Polk County Courthouse in the 100 block of West Church Street. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also designated as a State Archeological Landmark.
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First National Bank – 300 block of West Church Street in Livingston. First State Bank – 122 W. Polk St. in Livingston. Texas Statesman William Pettus Hobby picnic area on U.S. Hwy. 59 in Moscow. Livingston City Hall – corner of West Church and Jackson streets in Livingston. Livingston Telephone Company – 501 N. Houston Ave. in Livingston. Locomotive No. 5 – in Heritage Park at West Church and Drew streets in Livingston. Moscow, Camden and San Augustine Railroad – at railroad depot at intersection of FM 62 and FM 942. Polk County Enterprise – at the intersection of Calhoun and Tyler streets. Early roads in Polk County – FM 1988 at Park Road 5, six miles southwest of Livingston. Trinity Lodge No. 14 AF & AM – 1105 West Church St. in Livingston. Paddle Wheels on the Trinity.
CULTURAL CENTERS Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation Cultural Center 571 St Park Road 56 Livingston, TX 77351 (936) 563-4391
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS The Big Thicket Preserve is located in the far southeast portion of Polk County. Two of the preserve’s 12 units -- the Big Sandy Creek Unit and the Menard Creek Corridor -- lie within Polk County. Livingston Golf Course, an 9-hole, par 70 course, is located on Matthews St. in Livingston. Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation is located on about 4,600 acres approximately 16 miles east of Livingston on U.S. Hwy. 190 Polk County Memorial Museum is located in The Webster House at 514 W. Mill in Livingston. Lake Livingston State Park is a 635.5-acre park on Lake Livingston. Southland Park is a 14-acre park along the Trinity River just under the Lake Livingston Dam. Tigerville Park is located on FM 3126. Pedigo Park is a 100-acre city park on the west side of the U.S. Hwy. 59 Bypass in Livingston. Matthews Street Park is a city park located on Matthews Street in Livingston. Northshore RV Resort is located at 168 Butler on Lake Livingston in Onalaska. Lakeside RV Park is located at 15152 US Hwy. 190 W. on Lake Livingston in Onalaska. Heritage Park Complex is located at West Church and Drew streets in Livingston that consists of three major attractions – a log cabin, an authentic old fashioned steam engine and a vintage Victorian home. Polk County Courthouse Gazebo is located on the southeast corner of the courthouse square. Livingston Rotary Club’s Anniversary Park is located on the corner of East Church Street and Tyler Avenue in Livingston.
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Miss Effie’s Cottage, home of the Polk County Garden Club, is located on the corner of Jackson Avenue and Mill Street in Livingston. Barney Wiggins Rodeo Arena is located at S.H. 146 at Fair Street. Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce Office and Visitors Center is located at the northern entrance road of Pedigo Park on the U.S. Hwy. 59 Bypass. Trade Days, City of Livingston’s Third Monday at Pedigo Park.
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (SEASONAL/ANNUAL) Fourth of July in Onalaska Civil War Battle Re-enactment in Pedigo Park in Livingston Firemen’s Fundraisers Easter Parade/Egg Hunts in Livingston and Onalaska Trinity-Neches Livestock Show and Rodeo Lake Livingston Birthday Party Juneteenth Celebration Multicultural Festival honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Polk County Youth Rodeo Alabama-Coushatta Indian Powwow Trail rides Heritage Society Quilt Show Christmas Events
N. RISK ASSESSMENT: PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
Probability of occurrence was determined through assessing statistical probabilities based on data from historical records. When possible, previous 10-year periods were chosen in order to reflect relatively recent patterns of hazard events. From the State of Texas Mitigation Plan, frequency of occurrence was reflected by rating the hazard according to the following definitions:
Highly Likely: Event probable in the next year Likely: Event probable in the next 3 years Occasional: Event possible in the next 5 years Unlikely: Event possible in the next 10 years
Risk from most natural hazards is countywide. With the exceptions of floods and wildfire, the meteorological hazards that affect Polk County are relatively indiscriminate, having an equal chance of affecting most portions of the county. It is easier to determine the types of assets that are at an increased risk of exposure or damage from the various hazards, though there is still considerable guess-work involved. Mobile home parks without tie-down requirements or poorly constructed buildings are at a higher risk from wind and tornado damage, though even an EF-1 tornado will have a substantial impact on almost any housing type that it directly hits. Generally speaking, severe winter storms, tornados, thunderstorms, hurricanes, drought and extreme heat can occur at locations throughout the county and region.
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Information on the areas of high risk in Polk County for each vulnerable group is included in the corresponding Appendix for each hazard. This information is only as complete as the Hazard Mitigation Team could determine. It is anticipated that this information will become more refined during future iterations and updates of this Plan.
O. RISK ASSESSMENT: VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability is relatively uniform throughout the jurisdictions of Polk County, with the notable exception of a slightly lower wildfire risk for the City of Livingston than the county overall due to a higher percentage of urbanized area within the city and a concentration of firefighting resources. This overall uniformity is due to a number of factors. Obviously, the close geographic proximity of the jurisdictions and the random nature of the hazards (as opposed to volcanoes and seismic fault lines that create site specific hazards), are primary reasons. Vulnerability of county assets is discussed in greater detail in each of the hazard sections, which are located in the following Appendices:
Wildfire (Appendix 1) Flood (Appendix 2) Thunderstorm (Appendix 3) Tornado (Appendix 4) Hurricane (Appendix 5) Severe Winter Storm (Appendix 6) Drought (Appendix 7) Extreme Heat (Appendix 8)
An overall summary of vulnerability in Polk County to the respective hazard is shown in the table below. Vulnerability of county assets is discussed in detail for each hazard in the Appendices.
City of Polk City of City of City of City of Seven Hazard County Livingston Corrigan Goodrich Onalaska Oaks Moderate Wildfire High High High High High to High Flood High High High High High High Thunderstorm High High High High High High Tornado Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Hurricane High High High High High High Severe Winter Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Storm Drought Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Extreme Heat Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
High vulnerability: People and facilities located in areas that have previously experienced impacts from hazards and/or in areas where impacts from hazards are
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possible and probable. Future damage to property and infrastructure is probable and/or a documented history of threat to public safety exists.
Moderate vulnerability: People and facilities located in areas that have low levels of historic occurrence of impacts from hazard and/or in areas where impact is possible but not probable.
Low vulnerability: Limited or no history of significant impacts to property, infrastructure and/or public safety.
Hazard Statistical Occurrences and Impact Locations Hazard Previous Occurrences Probable Location Wildfire 264 Events from 2004 - 2011 Random throughout the County Flood 26 Events from 1994 - 2010 Random throughout the County Thunderstorm 71 Events from 1959 - 2011 Random throughout the County Tornado 26 Events from 1959 - 2011 Random throughout the County Hurricane 6 Events from 1989 - 2008 Countywide Severe Winter Storm 6 Events from 1994 - 2011 Countywide Drought 9 Events from 1959 - 2011 Countywide Extreme Heat 7 Events from 1995 - 2009 Countywide (Note: Reporting to the Texas Forest Service is voluntary; therefore, wildfires are severely underreported, and according to local fire department records the number of wildfires may be as high as 200 per year for Polk County.)
P. RISK ASSESSMENT: EXTENT/IMPACT
According to FEMA, extent is the magnitude or severity of potential hazard agents. Magnitude or severity is a measure of the strength of a hazard event. The charts below detail the extent and potential severity of the impact each hazard would have on Polk County and the jurisdictions therein. To determine the ratings for extent, impact, and probability of future occurrence, the Polk County Office of Emergency Management staff relied on historical data and information from the National Weather Service.
Polk City of City of City of City of City of Hazard County Livingston Corrigan Goodrich Onalaska Seven Oaks Wildfire Major Major Major Major Major Major Flood Major Major Major Major Major Major Thunderstorm Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Tornado Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Hurricane Major Major Major Major Major Major Severe Winter Storm Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Drought Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Extreme Heat Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited Limited
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Potential Severity of Impact Ratings • Multiple deaths Substantial • Complete shutdown of facilities for 30 days or more • More than 50 percent of property destroyed or with major damage • Injuries and/or illnesses result in permanent disability Major • Complete shutdown of critical facilities for at least 2 weeks •More than 25 percent of property destroyed or with major damage • Injuries and/or illnesses do not result in permanent disability Minor • Complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than 1 week • More than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major damage • Injuries and/or illnesses are treatable with first aid Limited • Shutdown of critical facilities and services for 24 hours or less • Less than 10 percent of property destroyed or with major damage
Probability of Future Occurrence Polk City of City of City of City of City of Hazard County Livingston Corrigan Goodrich Onalaska Seven Oaks Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Wildfire Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Flood Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Thunderstorm Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Tornado Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Hurricane Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Severe Winter Storm Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Occasional Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Highly Drought Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Extreme Heat Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Likely Probability of Future Occurrence Ratings Highly Likely Event probable in the next year Likely Event probable in the next 3 years Occasional Event probable in the next 5 years Unlikely Event possible in the next 10 years
Q. RISK ASSESSMENT: POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
Information on the potential dollar loss to Polk County from the different types of hazards is included in the corresponding Appendix for each hazard.
Included in each Appendix are emergencies and disasters that have occurred. Historical information plays a large part in the estimates for potential dollar loss. A description and table
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can be found in each hazard Appendix for potential dollar loss. The estimates for potential dollar loss were determined using information obtained from the National Weather Service except for the potential dollar loss estimates in the Wildfire Appendix which were obtained from the Texas Forest Service and the Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office. In some Appendices, dollar figures were converted into 2011 dollars using an inflation calculator located at www.usinflationcalculator.com. It is anticipated that potential dollar loss amounts will become more refined during future iterations and updates of this Mitigation Plan.
R. VULNERABILITY: FUTURE BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, CRITICAL FACILITIES
According to data provided by the Polk County Permits Department, over a five-year period, it can be estimated that approximately 401 new residential structures and 22 new commercial structures will be built in the unincorporated areas of the county each year. Construction on the Angelina College Satellite Campus/Community Civic Center on the US Highway 59 bypass in the City of Livingston is scheduled to begin in June 2012. At this time, there are plans to also construct a hydroelectric plant at the Lake Livingston Dam. With current data, it can be assumed that each new structure will be susceptible to all hazards identified by this Mitigation Plan. All proposed new structures to be developed in the floodplain in the unincorporated areas of the county are monitored and regulated by the county’s Permit Department and the Certified Floodplain Manager. There is no data on plans to construct new major roads or bridges.
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III. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
A. HAZARD MITIGATION TASKFORCE MEMBERSHIP (PLAN DEVELOPMENT)
The table below lists the Polk County HMT membership for the Mitigation Plan’s development. Please note that these were the formal members of the team, and that each of these team members in turn did consult with a wide range of individuals within Polk County to ensure that the Plan was as inclusive as possible given time and budgetary constraints.
The function of the HMT members was to serve as sources of information gathered in the field from past experience, liaisons for members of the Polk County communities, and corroborators of information posed by other team members.
Name Title Organization John P. Thompson County Judge Polk County Bobby Smith County Commissioner Polk County Lisa Andreas Inspector, GIS Specialist Polk County 9 1 1 Rural Addressing GIS Dick Cooley Branch Manager American Red Cross John McDowell Coordinator DETCOG Diane Kimberlin Administrative Assistant Polk County Emergency Management Darla Overstreet Department Head Polk County Department of Aging Lezli Myers Social Services Coordinator Polk County Social Services Don Maxwell Department Head Polk County Maintenance Engineering Billy Ray Nelson Sheriff Polk County Mike Nettles Chief Deputy Polk County Sheriff’s Department Jay Barbee Fire Marshal Polk County Environmental, Fire Marshal Don Northrup Coordinator Polk County SKYWARN William Sylestine Fire Chief Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation Ricky Holbrook Fire Coordinator Texas Forest Service Sam Gordon City Manager City of Livingston Mark Taylor Fire Marshal City of Livingston Bud Carr Owner Escapees, Inc. Kenneth Hambrick Fire Chief Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department Mike Farrar Chief of Police City of Corrigan Mandy Risinger City Manager City of Corrigan J.R. Jones Chief of Police City of Onalaska Eric L. Garrett Mayor City of Onalaska Roy Newport Fire Chief Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department Calvin Cooper Mayor City of Seven Oaks Corky Cochran Fire Chief Livingston Volunteer Fire Department Robert Alston Police Officer Livingston Police Department Sgt. Nita Bowen District Sergeant Texas Department of Public Safety THP
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Name Title Organization Jim Sewell Transportation Supt. Livingston Independent School District Emily Banks News Editor Polk County Enterprise Richard Gilbert Texas Railroad Commission Spencer Karr Emergency Coordinator Trinity River Authority of Texas Beverly Whitten Office Manager Polk County Chamber of Commerce Dennis Clifton Chief of Police City of Livingston
B. PLANNING PROCESS
The HMT participated in a series of meetings pursuant to the development of this Plan. During these meetings the HMT reviewed and discussed natural hazard studies and historical data applicable to the county and incorporated this information into the Plan. Technical documents, studies and reports proved valuable in the development of the Plan, and are referenced in the footnotes throughout the document. Additionally, each team member also input personal information on specific vulnerable areas within the county and their respective municipalities in regard to each hazard type.
The HMT also made a review of existing planning tools and codes (Section VII) and incorporated applicable information from this survey of documents and studies into the planning process. Each team member participated in the development of the hazard mitigation action items that were subsequently developed to address the impacts of each hazard on the identified vulnerable areas and the county in general. These mitigation action items were ranked by representatives from each jurisdiction to ensure that they were prioritized according to the needs of each individual municipality, when different from the needs of the county as a whole.
MEETING #1: AUGUST 14, 2002 The Polk County HMT was formed and met for the first time. Dennis Clifton, Chief of Police, Livingston Police Department was appointed by County Judge John Thompson as the HMT Coordinator. The HMT divided the county into five (5) districts and presented the basic framework and methodology for the Mitigation Plan. Existing documentation was examined to decide if any of the old mitigation plans were usable. It was decided that the HMT could serve as an all hazard group and that all phases should be addressed by the HMT. Hazards were addressed as:
Natural Hazards: Floods Thunderstorms/tornados Wildfire Droughts Severe Winter Storms Hurricanes
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MEETING #2 NOVEMBER 22, 2002 Dennis Clifton called the meeting to order. John McDowell presented the project methodology and the draft framework for the Mitigation Plan. HMT members were asked to provide input on key stakeholders to be included in the planning process. A brainstorming process was then conducted to develop the goals for the Mitigation Plan. The HMT was asked to identify goals for risk reduction, and potential outcomes for how the plan could be used in the future. The resulting goals and ideas are outlined below.
Goal Areas and Ideas Property Protection:
Reduce insurance losses and repetitive claims for chronic hazard events while promoting insurance coverage for catastrophic hazards.
Focus resources on activities involving property owners and that assist in protecting homes, structures, or property from natural hazards.
Natural Systems:
Evaluate and make recommendations for county guidelines and permitting processes in addressing natural hazard mitigation and development in vulnerable areas.
Link watershed planning, natural resource management, and land use planning with natural hazard mitigation activities to protect vital habitat and water quality.
Preserve and rehabilitate natural systems to serve natural hazard mitigation functions.
Public Awareness:
Develop and implement education programs that will increase property owners’ and developers’ awareness of natural hazards.
Develop and conduct outreach programs to increase the number of local, county, and regional activities implemented by public and private sector organizations.
Partnerships:
Strengthen communication and coordinate participation in and between public agencies, citizens, non-profit organizations, business, and industry.
Document the process and resources that will reduce the administrative burden on the requestors/recipients of grant funds.
Provoke legislature attention by identifying mitigation priorities.
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Emergency Services:
Establish policy to encourage mitigation for critical facilities, services, and infrastructure.
Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among public agencies, non-profit organizations, business, and industry.
Implementation:
Promote leadership within public agencies to implement natural hazard mitigation activities.
Attain participation and funding to implement mitigation activities by creating a dynamic document, which is continually updated and revised.
Guide Development and Use of Vulnerable Areas
Identify a clear process by which planners can identify and illustrate to potential developers the natural hazards that are present, the threat they pose, and how their development will be mitigated, regulated, and possibly limited.
Improve hazard identification, assessment and summarize hazards data and possible mitigation strategies to address those hazards in a palatable format.
MEETING #3: JANUARY 22, 2003 The HMT used this meeting as a work session to revise the goals identified in the previous meeting. The HMT worked through the structure of the plan, and agreed on the final organizational framework. Dennis presented a preliminary agenda and explained the role of the taskforce during the workshop.
MEETING #4: MARCH 19, 2003 During this stage of plan development, the focus of the plan moved from goal development to development of action items. Using information from the public process, action items for the Multi-Hazard and Flood sections were created. The committee brainstormed potential action items for these two hazard sections and suggested potential partners and coordinating organizations for the implementation of the proposed action items.
MEETING #5: MAY 8, 2003 The committee discussed action items for the Wildfire, Severe Winter Storm, and Tornado/Wind sections and submitted final revisions for the Plan during this meeting. The HMT discussed the final draft of the Mitigation Plan and decided to include public hearings at the next HMT meeting.
MEETING #6: JULY 22, 2003 This was the final meeting for the development of the Polk County Mitigation Plan. The committee discussed a preliminary agenda for the first Hazard Mitigation public hearing meeting
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 62 December 10, 2012 and how we planned to hold the meeting. Present were five (5) members of the HMT executive committee.
STAKEHOLDERS INTERVIEWS Stakeholders interviewed for the Mitigation Plan represented agencies and organizations throughout the county. Cindy integrated information provided by stakeholders into the sections of the Plan relating to current mitigation activities, new action items and in the resource directory. Stakeholders that John interviewed during development of the mitigation plan are as follows:
MITIGATION PLAN STAKEHOLDERS Trinity River Authority Polk County Road and Bridge Pct. #2 Livingston Volunteer Fire Department Polk County Sheriff’s Department Polk County Permitting Department Deep East Texas Council of Governments (DETCOG) USDA - Resource Conservation and Development, (RC&D) Livingston Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Texas Forest Service Escapees Inc. International Paper Inc.
PUBLIC MEETINGS Polk County coordinated two public workshops in the County to gather public ideas and opinions about the Mitigation Plan goals and activities.
FIRST PUBLIC WORKSHOP - JULY 31, 2003 The first public workshop provided information on the Mitigation Plan to workshop participants and gathered input on issues related to natural hazards in the community. The draft copy of the proposed plan was handed out to all participants. John McDowell presented the documents to the taskforce and citizens that were in attendance. It was asked that each participant carefully read the draft and come up with any new ideas or any corrections. It was asked that each participant act as technical reviewers to ensure accuracy and readability.
The meeting was successful: approximately 5 citizens and 25 HMT members were in attendance. John asked that any new additions, deletions or corrections be e-mailed to him so corrections and additions could be prepared for the next meeting. The meeting was then opened for any discussion from members or citizens.
Invitation Process:
Barbara White, Editor of the Polk County Enterprise, posted an article in the paper announcing the meeting and inviting the public to attend. (See attached article).
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PAGE 2A - POLK COUNTY ENTERPISE, SUNDAY, JULY 27, 2003
Hazard mitigation meeting Thursday
LIVINGSTON - Public input is being sought by the Polk County Hazard Mitigation Task Force. The task force will meet at 1 p.m. Thursday in the Polk County Emergency Management office at 602 E Church St. Suite 400 in Livingston (the former hospital emergency room).
The task force, mandated by the federal government, was formed by the County Judge and Mayors in Polk County to identify and mitigate natural hazards - such as floods, tornados and other weather-related events - in the county.
The public is encouraged to attend Thursday's meeting according to the Polk County Emergency Management Coordinator John McDowell.
Results:
The meeting lasted approximately 3 hours and had a very good turnout. The public and taskforce members took an active part in reviewing the mitigation plan draft copy. John received several e-mails that referenced about fifty corrections and changes that needed to be made. The second draft will be ready for the next meeting that was scheduled for August 7, 2003. This meeting will also include public participation. We hope our Mitigation Plan will be ready for Commissioners Court approval by the August 26, 2003 court date.
SECOND PUBLIC WORKSHOP - AUGUST 7, 2003 Thursday, August 7, 2003 Minutes from Hazard Mitigation Meeting Emergency Management Office Livingston, Texas – Polk County
Called to order by: Dennis Clifton, Livingston Police Dept. – Hazard Mitigation Task Force Coordinator
Dennis welcomed everyone to the meeting.
Dennis briefly went over last week’s meeting and explained that we viewed & corrected the plan with everyone’s ideas and suggestions. Dennis explained that John compiled the information provided form our last meeting and updated the Hazard Mitigation Action Plan (MAP).
John McDowell introduced the visitors, Kenneth Hammack, Bryan Dopp and Jed Truitt.
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He also talked about burn bans, and making burning safer. Lisa Andreas let us know that she found out that if you have your own water well that you would not have to worry about not using too much water in a drought.
John explained that he changed things that people recommended in the Hazard Mitigation plan and that he appreciated the input from everyone. He went over the corrections that he had made. He noted that the percentage on wildfire and what caused them was changed.
Everyone agreed to read the Mitigation Measures. John explained that we had until September 1st was the deadline for turning the plan in to Commissioner’s Court for them to approve; He also said that he would add something to Hazmat and Bio-Terrorism.
Dennis asked for everyone to read the plan by August the 29th and said we would have our next meeting on September 4th at 9:00 am. John said that he appreciated everyone working together on the plan.
Dennis asked for a motion to adjourn the meeting John made a motion and Mike Farrar 2nd, meeting adjourned.
Invitation Process:
Emily Banks, News Editor, invited the general public to participate in this meeting through an article in the Polk County Enterprise asking for public participation. No one from the general public participated in this meeting.
Results:
The meeting lasted about one hour with 17 members of the taskforce present and 3 visitors from the Deep East Texas Council of Governments (DETCOG). All the recommendations from the previous meeting were discussed; the second draft of the Mitigation Plan was handed out to all the members to review. We would like to have our Mitigation Plan ready for approval by the City Councils and Commissioners Court by the September 4th deadline. After review of our progress this might not be possible.
THIRD PUBLIC WORKSHOP Minutes from Hazard Mitigation Meeting Emergency Management Office Livingston, Texas – Polk County
Called to order by: Dennis Clifton, Livingston Police Dept. – Hazard Mitigation Task Force Coordinator
Dennis welcomed everyone to the meeting.
Dennis turned over the meeting to John. John went over the floodplain in the new Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan that he revised with everyone’s suggestions. He noted that we have had 5
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Presidential Disasters in the past few years. He discussed that he needed to get more information on where it floods in the county from past. Emily Banks asked if he would like for her to go over past newspaper articles to help him and he accepted the help.
John talked about Mitigation Measures of floods on the Trinity River. Bill Holder with TRA said that the river could cause a lot of problems with flooding. Bill is going to give John some input on a disk to help out with this part of the flooding mitigation. John also talked about MAP, Floodplain in Seven Oaks and in Goodrich and said that there was not anything in these areas of the county that would be hurt by flooding.
Dennis introduced “Crosswalk” to everyone and John went over it. Dennis recommends that he and John sit down and go over “Crosswalk”. Then Dennis suggested that there should be a committee to go over it and everyone agreed with a show of hands.
John let everyone know that he is still working on Annex P and that he is also helping out with Trinity County to break away from us. At this time John said that they are working on their own mitigation plans. John said that he is hoping that they will be able to be on their own by the middle of next year.
John said that he looked at all of the suggestions the he received about changing things in the Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. Some of these he agreed and changed and some he did not.
Dennis let everyone know that we are applying for a six month extension of Annex P and that all of the city mayors and Judge needed to sign it. Mark Taylor reminded everyone that if it is not signed by them, we could lose federal money.
Dennis asked if there were any more items to talk about or if there were any questions.
Jed Truett let us know that our strategies were almost where they needed to be, but we need to address the criteria. John asked him if we needed to pull out the cities and do their assets separate. Mr. Truett said that this was an idea for separating in sectors, along with, fire departments, city police departments, rural communities, etc. Some of the other suggestions of sectors could be, getting with the postmaster, schools, zip codes and electric company. It was discussed about after we did our sectors that we could see what their assets were, risk factors and how much damage it could cause. Jed said that we needed to address all of our criteria in the “Hazard Section” of our plan.
Invitation Process:
Emily Banks, News Editor invited the general public to participate in this meeting through an article in the Polk County Enterprise asking for public participation. One (1) person from the general public participated in this meeting
Dennis asked when we could schedule the next meeting and it is 1:00 pm, September 18, 2003 at TRA.
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Mike Nettles made a motion to adjourn the meeting and J.R. Jones seconded.
Meeting adjourned.
The attendants at this meeting were:
Mike Solomon Michael Morrow Don Maxwell Dick Cooley Nita Bowen Dennis Clifton Mark Taylor Mike Farrar Bill Holder Ricky Holbrook Lezli Myers Lisa Andreas Calvin Cooper Emily Banks Bob Diebler Don Northrup Jay Barbee Kenneth Hammack Diane Kimberlin Judge Thompson J. R. Jones Kenneth Hambrick John McDowell Cleburne Swilley
From this meeting there was a Committee put together for a Special Meeting next week on September 9, 2003 all day. The committee consists of:
J.R. Jones Mike Farrar Dennis Clifton Mark Taylor John McDowell Kenneth Hambrick Emily Banks Bill Holder Jed Truett
SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING Minutes from Special Committee Hazard Mitigation Meeting Emergency Management Office Livingston, Texas – Polk County
Called to order by: Dennis Clifton, Livingston Police Dept. – Hazard Mitigation Task Force Coordinator. Dennis welcomed everyone to the meeting.
Dennis turned the discussion over to John – he went over the changes of the Mitigation Plan that he had done. He showed everyone where he added Appendix D to the plan. This is where he did changes in reference to “miles, homes and dollar values” including businesses. Everyone went over the Crossroads.
There were suggestions to incorporate the Appendix D into Section II of the mitigation plan instead of having an Appendix D. Also suggestions were to use heading in the book, Housing, Special locations, Commercial locations and Water plants. John let everyone know that the Highways were covered, damageable water ways, Lake Livingston, Trinity River, etc. John asks Bill Holder of TRA to get USGS map of water ways in Polk County.
Jed told us that we needed to mention everything where they ask us to mention it and not to reference to another part of the Mitigation Plan. Emily suggested making it simple so it would be easy to find anything in the plan and that it was okay to be listed more than once. It was also suggested that we list the Housing Projects, Ethic groups and Minority groups and where they were located in the county. Mark said that he will get a list of them in Livingston. It was also
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The meeting for September 18, 2003 was rescheduled until September 25, 2003. The meeting is still scheduled to be at TRA at 1:30 PM.
Meeting adjourned.
The attendants at this Special meeting were:
Diane Kimberlin Emily Banks Dennis Clifton Bill Holder John McDowell Jed Truett Kenneth Hammack Mark Taylor J.M. Farrar J.R. Jones
Special Hazard Mitigation Meeting Minutes Friday, September, 19, 2003 Emergency Management Office Livingston, Texas, Polk County
Called to order by: Dennis Clifton, Livingston Police Dept. – Hazard Mitigation Task Force Coordinator
Dennis & John went over the Crosswalk and compared what we have on our Hazard Mitigation plan and what is required. Dennis noted that John has made numerous changes on the plan. John explained that he was having problems with the Special Needs people. John explained that he had gone to talk with Nita Gokey and CAD to get the cost of houses in Polk County. He said that he used that 2000 Census to get a count of people in the county. He noted that he left the cities out, used Fire Zones, and GS System to get some of his information for the plan. John went over all of the changes that he had made and where and how he got the information in order to make these changes. He said that the Tribal information was not ours and that the Indian Reservation was working on its own Hazard Mitigation plan. Legally we could not put them in our plan without going through the state. John said that he forgot to mention in the plan, Blue Rhino where they have propane. He explained that the prison presented a Special Problem, but that they have their own plan and that they were on their own. J.R. Jones mentioned about the water plants and where were they listed in the plan. John explained to him that they were listed in the Appendix of the plan. He explained that the Gas companies and Pipelines were on 218 and noted that they changed hands about once a year. John talked about Annex Q and Tier II, Cameo and explained what Cameo was. He explained about maps in the back of the plan and what they showed, Major Highways, Evacuation Routes, Telephone exchanges, Dam sites, etc. John talked about bridges in the county, and where there is a map in Section 3, but did not identify all the bridges. He also explained that when the bridges have to be replaced that some of them are replaces with culverts. It was noted that PCT # 3 has most of the bridges in Polk County.
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Bill Holder brought John information about Rivers and he included them in Appendix D, and Navigable waterways. Bill noted that the information about the Dam was not correct. John explained that he got his information from the internet and that he would appreciate getting the correct information. It was decided to leave the information about Housing & Business the way it was.
Dennis said that the plan was not ready to be presented to the rest of the members of the Hazard Mitigation Plan and that we needed another meeting to go over the plan with Crosswalk. John explained that he wanted to go Formal with Annex P and try and get Trinity County on its own by next year. Dennis suggested that we have another meeting with the small group next week. Emily suggested that we meet on Thursday at TRA with just the small group and everyone agreed.
The next meeting will be on Thursday, September 25, 2005 at TRA. It was decided that it would be strictly Crosswalk.
Jed Truett made some suggested changes in the plan; Risk Assessment pages 2-20 – 2-22 be moved to Chapter 3. He also so explained that we needed to have the age of the housing units. John will put a sentence stating the ages of the average houses.
Jed also suggested that past Hazards be mentioned in the plan. He explained that it needs to be more informative and easily found.
Meeting was adjourned.
The Attendees were:
J. R. Jones Mark Taylor Dennis Clifton John McDowell Jed Truett Bill Holder Kenneth Hambrick Emily Banks Diane Kimberlin
Hazard Mitigation Meeting Minutes Thursday, December 11, 2003 City of Livingston City Hall Livingston, Texas – Polk County
Called to Order By: Dennis Clifton, Livingston Police Dept. – Hazard Mitigation Task Force Coordinator
Dennis discussed that we had formed a small Task Force and went over how we went over the Crosswalk guide lines for our Mitigation Plan. He mentioned that we needed to meet the criteria for the state. He asked that everyone that had read and proofed the plan if they had seen something that needed to be changed. John E. McDowell went over the pages that he had changed since the plan had been put together the last few days.
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John & Spencer Karr discussed what would happen if it rained a lot in a short time what would happen with the lake and the dam. Some changes were needed in the flood section 6 concerning riverine and flashflood problems, John made immediate changes that were approved by the taskforce.
Dick Cooley pointed out some things that needed to be changed on the plan as everyone went over them together. Dennis asked if there were any more changes, and that after John completed the changes that Dick Cooley pointed out would it be ok for it to be sent to the State.
Everyone agreed with a show of hands that it would alright to send the Final Draft to the State for approval after the few changes that would be made. Then it would have to go to commissioner’s court and the City Councils for approval and ratification.
Dennis asked for the meeting to be adjourned, J.R. Jones made a motion and Emily Banks seconded. Meeting Adjourned.
The Attendees were:
J. R. Jones Dennis Clifton Lisa Andreas Mark Taylor John McDowell Emily Banks Diane Kimberlin Don Northrup Jim Sewell Spencer Karr Dick Cooley J. M. Farrar Mike Nettles Corky Cochran Corky Cochran Roy Newport Jay Dickson
C. ACTIVE AND PROPOSED PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
During the course of development of this plan, several public and private representatives were invited to attend the HMT meetings. The HMT itself is made up of representatives from both the public and private sector. Public notice was posted 72 hours prior to each meeting to encourage participation by the public at large. Several important public organizations and private companies were identified as potentially valuable members for future membership in the HMT, including representatives from the Forest Service, Texas Fish and Game, private timber interests, and private chicken companies.
The HMT has provided for a multi-hazard mitigation action item below which will address the active recruitment of future members for the Hazard Mitigation from the groups listed above and others, in order to gain an increasingly detailed tool for hazard mitigation in Polk County.
D. ROLE OF PARTNERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PLAN
Active and future partners will play a vital role in the future development, implementation and maintenance of the Mitigation Plan. As noted above, representatives from public agencies and a few private companies are already on the team.
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The role of public partners will include the following tasks:
Ensure that public natural hazard issues are brought to the table
Be an active participant in following through with the seeking of funds for and the completion of relevant hazard mitigation action items for which their agencies are identified as implementers
Be an active participant throughout the year in generating new hazard mitigation action item ideas to add to subsequent iterations of the Mitigation Plan
Work actively to involve and collaborate with representatives from private organizations and companies
Meet annually to amend the Mitigation Plan as necessary, paying special attention to local, statewide, and national changing priorities and new problem areas
The role of private partners will include the following tasks:
Help identify possible synergies between public agencies and the respective private parties to collaborate on joint solutions to natural hazard issues
Volunteer to participate in the implementation of relevant hazard mitigation action items and/or provide funding grants to help with local matching funds
Meet annually to amend the Mitigation Plan as necessary, paying special attention to local, statewide, and national changing priorities and new problem areas
E. INFORMATION SHARING AND PLAN UPDATE AND MAINTENANCE
The Hazard Mitigation Coordinator will be responsible for reconvening the HMT to review and update the Mitigation Plan and ensure completion and formal adoption of the updated Plan within the required five-year cycle in accordance with 44CFR, Section 201.6. One of the key elements of these meetings will be to share information, invite active public and private participation as discussed above, and coordinate Plan development, implementation, and maintenance with neighboring local governments.
At the Plan update meeting and at any time during the five-year period the Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Management Coordinators should be available to discuss the Mitigation Plan with members of the public and neighboring jurisdictions, and should make every effort to invite interested parties to the HMT meeting and any other meetings set to discuss or update the Mitigation Plan. As usual, such meetings will provide the standard 72-hour notice for public involvement and participation opportunities.
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IV. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT
A. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN GENERAL
The Polk County HMT met several times during the original development of the Mitigation Plan, and public meetings were again held by the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) during the Mitigation Plan updates. During both the original development phase and update phase, Public Notices were provided for all of the meetings, and members of the team were encouraged to not only invite members of the public to meetings, but also to simply carry on a dialogue outside of the formal meetings to help develop a more comprehensive picture of the needs of Polk County citizens as related to natural hazards and mitigation planning.
Pursuant to the above approach for public involvement, public comments were taken into consideration at the formal hazard mitigation meetings and as relayed by team members. Such participation is represented in the contents of this Mitigation Plan as agreed upon by the members of the mitigation team.
PLANNING PROCESS FOR PLAN UPDATE The Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) participated in a series of meetings pursuant to the development of this Plan. During these meetings the LEPC reviewed and discussed natural hazard studies and historical data applicable to the County and incorporated this information into the Plan. Technical documents, studies and reports proved valuable in the update of the Plan. Additionally, LEPC members also input personal information on specific vulnerable areas within the County and their respective municipalities in regard to each hazard type.
The LEPC also discussed existing plans and codes/regulations (Section VII) and incorporated applicable information from this survey of documents and studies into the planning process. The Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan was used to develop the update of the Wildfire Annex of this Plan. The LEPC utilized and incorporated information from Annex P “Hazard Mitigation” of the Polk County Emergency Operations Plan to better understand their responsibility in the update process of the Plan and for hazard project development. Each team member participated in the review of the hazard mitigation action items that were subsequently developed to address the impacts of each hazard on the identified vulnerable areas and the County in general. These mitigation action items were ranked by representatives from each jurisdiction to ensure that they were prioritized according to the needs of each individual municipality, when different from the needs of the County as a whole. During the LEPC meetings for the Plan update members offered new ideas for projects.
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HAZARD MITIGATION TEAM MEMBERSHIP (PLAN UPDATE) The table below lists the LEPC members. The LEPC was responsible for the update process of the Mitigation Plan. Their goal was to consult with a wide range of individuals within Polk County to ensure that the Mitigation Plan was as inclusive as possible given time and budgetary constraints.
Justin Cude Ken Luck Americare EMS KETX Radio Station Ken Jobe Kenneth Hammack LEPC Vice Chairman & Memorial Medical Sheriff, Polk County Center - Livingston Courtney Comstock Kevin Harbuck Polk County Office of Emergency TXDOT Management Shannon Brooks John Thompson Boardwalk Pipeline Partners County Judge, Polk County Marcia Cook Lisa Ellis Assistant to County Judge, Polk County Certified Floodplain Manager, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Sydney Murphy Jan Shandley Director, Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Office Manager, County Judge’s Office Commerce Dennis Clifton Darrell Myers Police Chief, City of Livingston Police Superintendent, Livingston ISD Department John Haynes Mark Curry Little Beaver, Inc. & Livingston VFD Extension Agent, Polk County Extension Office Dr. Raymond Luna David LeMonte Polk County Health Officer Administrator, Memorial Medical Center- Livingston Brenda Anderson-Cole Doug Wilder Memorial Medical Center - Livingston Wanda Clamon Kayla Pitts Department of State Health Services Polk County Road & Bridge, Precinct #4 Cynthia Slade Tommy Overstreet EOC Manager, Polk County Office of Commissioner, Polk County Precinct #4 Emergency Management Jay Burks Willo Sylestine Maintenance Director, Polk County EMC, Alabama-Coushatta Indian Nation Ronnie Vincent Valarie Reddell Commissioner, Polk County Precinct #2 Editor, Polk County Enterprise Kellie Rossow Spencer Karr Escapees Care Center Trinity River Authority Nita Gokey Roy Newport Mayor Pro-Tem, City of Goodrich Mayor, City of Onalaska Kathy Nobles Jim Sherrill CERT Coordinator, Polk County Shelter Director, Polk County
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The function of the LEPC members is to serve as sources of information gathered in the field from past experience, liaisons for members of the Polk County communities, and corroborators of information posed by other LEPC members.
POLK COUNTY QUARTERLY LEPC MEETING Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce May 12, 2011 10 a.m. – 11:15 a.m.
This meeting was open to the public and the Notice of Public Meeting was advertised on the Polk County Emergency Management website, the Polk County website, and the Polk County Enterprise newspaper in the May 5th and May 8th editions and a copy was posted in the County Courthouse.
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Call to Order: Justin Cude, Polk County LEPC Chairman, called the Quarterly LEPC Meeting to order on May 12, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. at the Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce.
Roll Call:
Eva Perry Hec Long City Manager, City of Corrigan Public Works Director, City of Livingston Lew Vail Cecil Watt Mayor, City of Onalaska Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association Sydney Murphy Lisa Ellis Director, Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Polk County Emergency Management Commerce Justin Cude Kathy Nobles LEPC Chairman & Americare EMS Polk County CERT Ken Jobe Corky Cochran LEPC Vice Chairman & Memorial Medical Fire Chief, City of Livingston Center - Livingston David LeMonte Shannon Brooks Administrator, Memorial Medical Center- Boardwalk Pipeline Partners Livingston Larry Shine Boyd Dickens Polk County EMC, Polk County Emergency Americare EMS Management Cyndi Slade John Haynes Polk County Emergency Management Little Beaver, Inc. & Livingston VFD Dennis Clifton Guylene Robertson Police Chief, City of Livingston Superintendent, Goodrich ISD Courtney Comstock LEPC Secretary & Polk County Emergency Management
As in every LEPC meeting, all subcommittees which include HAZMAT, Floodplain, Shelter, Evacuation, Medical, Recovery, and Volunteers give reports on their progress over the past three months. The following reports are the highlights of the meeting discussing the update of the Mitigation Plan.
Minutes of Meeting:
Lisa Ellis gave the report for the Floodplain Subcommittee. Ms. Ellis stated that she is currently updating the flood portion of the Mitigation Plan. This portion of the Plan includes action items that will reduce the risk of residential/commercial flooding and prevent property loss from flood events. The flood project items include: developing a detailed engineered study of the floodplain to include bench marks, conducting dam repairs in the Indian Springs subdivision, subdivision buyouts (i.e., Hoot Owl Hollow), installing flood warning systems for high-risk areas, and installing flood gauges on roads in high-risk areas. Ms. Ellis also gave an update on the Forehand buyout project on River Rd. She stated that all the utilities have been removed and the demolition will begin soon.
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Larry Shine, Polk County EMC, gave a PowerPoint presentation to the LEPC members regarding the Mitigation Plan update and current requirements of the State of Texas and FEMA for the Plan. He asked all members in attendance to complete the following ten-question hazards survey form.
POLK COUNTY LOCAL EMERGENCY PLANNING COMMITTEE 10 QUESTION HAZARDS SURVEY
1. Please circle your 9-1-1 address zip code. (You may see the attached map for zip code boundaries)
77351 Livingston 75939 Corrigan 77335 Goodrich 75960 Moscow 77360 Onalaska
2. Please numerically rank from 1 to 3 the top three hazards you believe are the highest threat to your neighborhood:
__Tornado __Thunderstorm __Flood __Hail __Winter storm (Ice / Snow Storm) __Drought __Hurricane __Wild land/forest fires __Pandemic __Dam Failure
3. Is your home in a floodplain?
__Yes __No __I don’t know 4. Do you have flood insurance? __Yes __No 5. If you answered No to question #3, what is your reason for not purchasing flood insurance? You may circle more than 1 answer.
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I do not believe Polk County participates in a flood insurance program. I believe flood insurance is not available in this part of the county due to a lack of mapping. I tried but I cannot get flood insurance. Flood insurance is too expensive. I would like to purchase flood insurance, but do not know where to purchase it. My house is not in a flood zone. There has never been a flood in my area.
6. In your opinion, what are some additional steps your local government could take to reduce or eliminate the risk of future natural disaster damage in your neighborhood?
7. Have any natural hazards in your neighborhood increased in severity in recent years?
8. Is there another hazard not listed in this survey that you think is a wide-scale threat to your neighborhood?
9. Have there been developments in your neighborhood that make you believe your home is in more danger or less danger than it was previously? Briefly describe the changes.
10. Do you have a weather radio? You may have more than 1 answer.
__Yes, in my home __Yes, in my office THANK YOU! You may return your completed form to any of the following locations: 1. Polk County Office of Emergency Management 2. Livingston City Hall 3. Onalaska City Hall 4. Goodrich City Hall 5. Corrigan City Hall 6. Polk County Judicial Center (Front Desk) 7. Murphy Memorial Library 8. Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
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During the presentation, Mr. Shine explained the various types of funding that can be utilized for mitigation projects. The LEPC members received a list of the current MAP projects and were asked to review them. Polk County Emergency Management asked LEPC members to take a copy of the current Mitigation Plan and review it and mark any changes or additions that they feel should be included in the Plan. (LEPC members were asked to return marked copy of the Mitigation Plan to the Office of Emergency Management.)
Adjournment: Justin Cude concluded the meeting at 11:15 a.m. on May 12, 2011.
POLK COUNTY QUARTERLY LEPC MEETING Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce August 10, 2011 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
This meeting was open to the public and the Notice of Public Meeting was advertised on the Polk County Emergency Management website, the Polk County website, and a copy was posted at the County Courthouse.
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Call to Order: Justin Cude, Polk County LEPC Chairman, called the Quarterly LEPC Meeting to order on August 10, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. at the Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce.
Roll Call:
Justin Cude Kenneth Hammack LEPC Chairman, Americare EMS Sheriff, Polk County Ken Jobe Larry Shine LEPC Vice Chairman, Memorial Medical Polk County EMC Center -Livingston Jim Sherrill Eva Perry Polk County Red Cross City Manager, City of Corrigan Charles Holman Sydney Murphy Polk County Red Cross Director, Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
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Dennis Clifton Courtney Comstock Police Chief, City of Livingston LEPC Secretary, Polk County Emergency Management Lisa Ellis Polk County Emergency Management
Minutes of Meeting:
Larry Shine discussed the Mitigation Plan projects with LEPC members and asked for comments. Shine stated that he is working on scheduling meetings with each jurisdiction’s representative to revise projects. Chief Clifton mentioned that each winter the City of Livingston’s road crew has to hand shovel sand for ice storms. A project that could be included would be to purchase equipment to assist in sanding roads and bridges. For drought, a concern for the City of Livingston is the level of Lake Livingston falling below the water intake line. Larry Shine stated that for Extreme Heat he would like to include a cooling station project. The LEPC discussed regulations that prevent utility companies from cutting off customers’ electricity for non-payment during times of extreme heat. Mr. Shine stated that many suggestions made today can be included in the Mitigation Plan update.
Adjournment: Justin Cude concluded the meeting at 11:00 a.m. on August 10, 2011
MEETING WITH CITY OF SEVEN OAKS
On August 22, 2011, Larry Shine, Polk County EMC, met with Gloria English, City Secretary, for the City of Seven Oaks to discuss updating the Mitigation Plan and to develop mitigation projects. Ms. English requested that the following projects be in the Plan: Install five fire hydrants to provide adequate water sources to fight fires within the City and elevate Camp Road to prevent washing out and to provide ingress and egress during floods. Ms. English also stated that a generator needs to be installed at City Hall and that several trees surrounding the building need to be removed to provide a safe and fully functioning sheltering area for residents during severe thunderstorms and hurricanes.
POLK COUNTY QUARTERLY LEPC MEETING Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce November 29, 2011 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.
This meeting was open to the public and the Notice of Public Meeting was advertised on the Polk County website, and a copy was posted at the County Courthouse.
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Call to Order: Justin Cude, Polk County LEPC Chairman, called the Quarterly LEPC Meeting to order on November 29, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. at the Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce.
Roll Call:
Justin Cude Kenneth Hammack LEPC Chairman, Americare EMS Sheriff, Polk County Captain John Sanders Larry Shine Polk County Sheriff’s Office Polk County EMC John Haynes Shannon Brooks Livingston VFD & Little Beaver, Inc. Boardwalk Pipeline Partners Corky Cochran Sydney Murphy Fire Chief, Livingston VFD Director, Livingston-Polk County Chamber of Commerce
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Matt Parrish Courtney Comstock Livingston Police Department LEPC Secretary, Polk County Emergency Management Lisa Ellis Roy Newport Polk County Emergency Management Engineer, City of Onalaska
Minutes of Meeting:
As in every meeting the Polk County LEPC received reports from each subcommittee. The LEPC Secretary presented resolutions adopting the Plan and the changes to the Markup Draft that were received from jurisdictions wishing to make changes to the Plan. The LEPC Secretary announced those jurisdictions that have adopted the Plan, which include Polk County, the Cities of Livingston, Onalaska, Corrigan and Seven Oaks. After the Plan changes were presented, new projects were priority ranked. Additional projects for the Cities of Onalaska and Livingston and Polk County were also added and ranked. The addition of new projects led to discussions between LEPC members and the Livingston Fire Chief, City of Onalaska Engineer, and the Chamber of Commerce Director regarding alternative solutions for the replacement/repair of high-hazard dams and the creation/improvement of evacuation routes. The LEPC Secretary then requested that a motion be made by the LEPC to approve the Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. A motion was made and seconded to approve the Plan.
Adjournment: Justin Cude concluded the meeting at 12:00 p.m. on November 29, 2011.
B. FURTHER PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT
Attendance at the LEPC meetings is just the first level of public involvement planned for the Polk County hazard mitigation process. There are several mitigation action items that have been designed with involvement from the public and academic community in mind. Many of the effects of natural hazards can be lessened by simply educating members of the public on actions they can take to minimize danger to themselves and their possessions. It is anticipated that these strategies will help develop ownership by the public in the Plan, and that future iterations of the Plan will have strategies that have been developed through a high level of public participation.
For example, 10 QUESTIONS HAZARDS SURVEY forms were completed by members of the Lions Club at an Office of Emergency Management presentation on October 26, 2011, and at the Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association meeting on October 13, 2011. The survey forms were also made available for the general public at all City Halls, the Judicial Center, and the Public Library.
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Answers to the 10 Questions Hazards Survey form were compiled to provide the LEPC with a better understanding of respondents’ concerns about their neighborhood. The results of several questions in the completed Survey are presented in diagrams as follows:
Question 2:
Respondents were asked to rank from 1 to 3 the top three hazards they perceive as presenting the highest threat to their neighborhood. As shown on the diagram to the right 23% of respondents identified hurricanes as the greatest threat to their community; 13% identified tornados, drought, and wildfires as the second greatest threat; and 12% of respondents identified thunderstorms as the third greatest threat.
Question 3:
Respondents were asked if their home is in the floodplain. 88% said no, 10% didn’t know, and 2% said yes.
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Questions 4 and 5:
Respondents were asked if they have flood insurance: 43% said they were not in the floodplain, 53% indicated they have flood insurance, and 4% responded they did not have flood insurance because it is too expensive.
Question 6:
Respondents were asked if additional steps could be taken by the local government to reduce or eliminate the risk of future natural disaster damage in their neighborhoods. The diagram on the left indicates that, while 52% of residents who responded had no suggestions, 24% saw the need for local government to cut dead trees in their neighborhoods.
Question 7:
Respondents were asked if natural hazards in their neighborhood had increased in severity in recent years. The diagram on the right shows that, although 39% of residents who responded to the Survey believe hazards in their neighborhood have not increased in recent years, 12% are concerned about drought and the increase in dead trees, or they simply responded “Yes” that natural hazards had increased.
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Question 8:
Respondents were asked if there was a hazard not listed in the 10-Question Hazards Survey that was a wide-scale threat to their neighborhood. The diagram to the left indicates that 76% of residents cited no additional threats to their neighborhoods.
Question 9:
Respondents were asked if they believed developments in their neighborhoods had placed their homes in more or less danger, and, if so, what the changes were. As shown in the diagram on the right, 62% of residents who responded to the Survey saw no increased threat to their residence, while 19% listed drought, and 8% listed dead trees as increased threats to their neighborhoods.
Question 10:
Respondents were asked if they have a weather radio. As shown on the diagram on the left, 22% did not respond and 17% indicated they do not have a weather radio; however, 43% have a weather radio in their home, and 18% have a weather radio either in their home/office or office.
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INFORMATION SHARING AND PLAN UPDATE AND MAINTENANCE The Convener will be responsible for reconvening the LEPC to review and update the Mitigation Plan and ensure completion and formal adoption of the updated Mitigation Plan within the required five-year cycle in accordance with 44CFR, Section 201.6. One of the key elements of these meetings will be to share information, invite active public and private participation as discussed above, and coordinate Mitigation Plan development, implementation, and maintenance with neighboring local governments.
At the Plan update meeting, and at any time during the five-year period, the Hazard Mitigation and Emergency Management Coordinators should be available to discuss the Plan with members of the public and neighboring jurisdictions. Every effort should be made to invite interested parties to the LEPC meeting and any other meetings set to discuss or update the Plan. As usual, such meetings will provide the standard 72-hour notice for public involvement and participation opportunities.
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V. ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT AND COMPLETED MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
Following is a summary of specific projects, plans, codes, court orders and assessments in Polk County and the incorporated communities of Corrigan, Goodrich, Livingston, Onalaska, and Seven Oaks:
TEXAS STANDARD COMMENT/ASSESSMENT Polk County: Buy-out of 12 homes in Hoot Owl Hollow, Siesta Country and Holiday Lake Estates P42.01: HMGP Grant projects subdivision. Total project cost: $270,900. Polk County did not receive any PDM, H-PPM or PI money. $370,971 worth since 1998 ($6,918 for Alabama- P42.02: Public Assistance projects Coushatta) P42.03: Corps of Engineers studies, Lower Trinity River Basin Reconnaissance Study plans and projects (see below) P42.04: TX Water Development Board Unknown (all jurisdictions) P42.05: PI, PDM, H-PPM None (all jurisdictions) P42.06: Master drainage, storm water Livingston (see below) management P42.07: current comprehensive and None (all jurisdictions) capital improvement plans P42.08: Current building and fire codes. Date and type of codes in use, describe inspection/permit process, number & See below qualifications of inspectors, and number of building starts and inspections for the past 12 months P42.09: Current floodplain management ordinances/court orders. Identify dates Polk County – adopted 03/01/1991 adopted and explain inspection/permit City of Livingston – adopted 09/01/1987, and process, numbers and qualifications of updated 07/14/09 floodplain administrators, and the City of Corrigan – adopted 04/20/1982 number of inspections and permits City of Goodrich – adopted 06/19/1985 approved and the number and City of Onalaska – adopted 11/06/1996 explanation of why permit variances City of Seven Oaks – none adopted were allowed during the last twelve- month period.
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TEXAS STANDARD COMMENT/ASSESSMENT P42.10: Community Assistance Visits (CAVs), flood insurance studies or other technical assistance reports/findings. Identify type and date of current None noted (all jurisdictions) floodplain maps, repetitive loss category and participation in the Community Rating System. P42.11: Findings/results of Building Code Effectiveness Grading. Include None (all jurisdictions) date of report and score received.
LOWER TRINITY RIVER BASIN RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
In April, 1991, the Corps of Engineers began a reconnaissance study along the Lower Trinity River Basin. Five areas in Polk County were singled out during this study, of which three areas were found to show economic viability: River Lakes, Creekwood, and George Taylor Lake. Buyout of the 10-year floodplain for River Lakes and buyout of the 5-year floodplains for Creekwood and George Taylor Lake showed the best return on the investment. A structural alternative involving a ring levee was also investigated for George Taylor Lake.
The preliminary analysis was based on purchase of all properties in a given floodplain. Further discussions with the review office indicated that only occupied, damageable structures may be bought, leaving vacant land and non-damageable structures in private ownership. Under the nonstructural alternative, the damageable properties within the floodplain would be bought out and evacuated.
The reconnaissance planning for River Lakes indicated that about 19 of the most frequently damaged houses should be purchased, demolished, and removed. The project cost of this plan was estimated to be $819,200. The project benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) is 2.3. Feasibility studies would reconfirm floodplains, identify structures within the floodplains, reconfirm benefits and costs, determine the plan which has the best economic return, and allow the Corps to work with the local sponsor to develop the best plan to meet both local and federal needs. The preliminary feasibility study cost estimate for River Lakes is $126,530. As was explained at the meeting, the local sponsor is responsible for half of this cost.
The reconnaissance planning for Creekwood indicated that about three of the most frequently damaged houses should be purchased, demolished, and removed. The cost of this plan was estimated to be $139,300. The project benefit-to-cost ratio is 0.99. The preliminary feasibility study cost estimate for Creekwood is $72,060. Again, the local sponsor is responsible for half of this cost.
The reconnaissance planning for George Taylor Lake indicated that about 40 of the most frequently damaged houses should be purchased, demolished, and removed. The cost of this plan
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 90 December 10, 2012 was estimated to be $2,512,900. The project benefit-to-cost ratio is 2.48. The preliminary feasibility study cost estimate for George Taylor Lake is $149,610. Again, the local sponsor is responsible for half of this cost.
Under the structural alternative, a ring levee would be built around the George Taylor Lake subdivision. The cost for this alternative is estimated to be $3,402,100. It is estimated that 17.2 acres of vacant land and 6 lots would be required for construction right-of-way. Real estate costs are estimated at $115,100. Construction costs are estimated at $3,287,000. Under the Corps cost-sharing requirements for this alternative, the local sponsor would be responsible for $850,500. The benefit-to-cost ratio was 3.40. The preliminary feasibility study cost estimate for George Taylor Lake is $582,020. Again, the local sponsor is responsible for half of this cost.
Local funding was not available and assistance from the Federal Government was not possible at that time due mainly to deficit problems and at that time serious efforts were underway to reduce federal spending.
THE CITY OF LIVINGSTON FLOOD DRAINAGE REPORT
This report is intended to serve as a planning aid for the City of Livingston. Analysis shows which parts of the city are most susceptible to flooding now and in the future. Engineer's opinions of probable total project cost have been developed for various projects aimed at mitigation of flooding. Ideas for the regulation of future development within the city's boundaries and extraterritorial jurisdiction are also presented. Detailed mapping of the city has been recently performed and is an integral part of this report. The new city maps must be used in conjunction with this written report to fully understand the report.
While no city, including Livingston, is without floodprone areas, efforts can be made to reduce the likelihood, frequency, and severity of a given flood event. Drainage improvements are typically expensive, therefore, the city will need to use this report as a tool in establishing priorities, developing budgets, and implementing construction on a phased basis.
In today's litigious society no city can afford to allow uncontrolled development within its watersheds, and more particularly within its floodplains. In addition, the federal government exercises differing degrees of control and regulation over floodplain areas through the efforts of the Corp of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency. Suggested controls which the city may adopt to assist in controlling and regulating reasonable development within floodprone areas have been incorporated into this report.
Aerial photogrammetry Storm sewer and culvert inventory Watershed analysis Structure analysis Recommendations and cost projections Development control
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This study was developed in incremental steps.
This study is best described as an overview of the existing conditions as of September 1998. The maps used are at a scale of 100 feet to the inch. "Analysis" was done without the benefit of detail survey measurements, elevations, and other engineering specifics for each individual drainage site. The study is not intended to replace detailed surveys and engineering analysis. When any particular project is scheduled for implementation, detailed plans and specifications will have to be prepared based on detailed survey and engineering design. In some instances, the results of those more detailed evaluations may result in a design different from that presented in this report. Given the limitations of scope, the extent of the existing drainage improvements, and the limited detailed information available our intent was not to give firm, hard design for any particular project at this time but rather to give possible solutions and opinions of probable total project cost. The Council should recognize the need for flexibility and provide ample contingency funds for each project considered for implementation.
What this study affords the City of Livingston is an accumulation of pertinent data for various drainage areas, anticipated peak storm flows and clarification of drainage direction. Without such information the city is restricted to the procedures of the past which tend to rely on "best guess" and "I think". With this overview in hand, an engineer (whether he is working for the city, a developer, or a major industry) will be able to determine future culvert and storm sewer needs and design them into his or her project. Only a few of the problems have been isolated for specific recommendation. These problem areas were presented to us by city staff as well as concerned citizens. These areas do not represent the sum total of all problem areas within the City of Livingston but are presented as a sampling of concerns noted during the inventory of existing drainage improvements. Total mitigation of all drainage problems under all storm events would be impossible. At the very least, mitigation of all drainage problems would be uneconomical and impractical.
Many of the problems experienced in Livingston, as in most towns, are directly attributable to lack of planning, foresight, and funds in years past. That is easy for us to say now. Hindsight is indeed very keen. In all fairness, the tools now available (such as computers and aerial photogrammetry) were not available to our predecessors.
AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY Digital contour mapping of the City of Livingston was accomplished using aerial photogrammetry performed by Geodetix, Inc. of San Antonio, Texas. The City was divided into "panels" and in March of 1997 a controlled flight was made taking photographs along prescribed flight lines until the whole city was covered. Extra panels were flown to provide coverage for the airport. Geodetix set ground control panels throughout the flight area which were visible in the final photograph. These panels are associated with a known elevation relative to the National Geodetic Survey and known coordinates from the Texas Plane Coordinate System.
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Using photographs which overlap each other, the technicians can plot not only the surface features such as roads and buildings, but also the corresponding elevations. Like elevations are then "connected" resulting in a contour map with a specific contour interval. These plots as well as the corresponding aerial photograph were then transferred to reproducible polyester film for durability. In addition, the aerial photographs and the corresponding contour maps were committed to digital format and placed on eight compact disks provided to the city. Eighty-five (85) photographical panels cover the City of Livingston, sixty (60) of which were processed into 2-foot contour maps at a scale of 100 feet to the inch. An additional six (6) panels were produced to provide aerial coverage for the airport area. All adjacent panels "edge match" which is to say they can be pieced together into one large map by matching their borders. Each of the individual panels plots to a 24" by 36" sheet.
The digital images19 can be viewed on computer screens and plotted on color printers or large document plotters for use by the city, developers, private citizens, engineers, and other interested parties.
The following terms are frequently used by engineers in referring to drainage maps and aerial photogrammetry:
CONTOURS - Lines on a map connecting points of identical elevation. Contours indicate the "lay of the land". They can be used to determine the direction in which storm water runoff is naturally directed and therefore delineate the size of a particular drainage area.
CONTOUR INTERVAL - The vertical separation (elevation difference) between two adjacent contour lines. The contour interval is therefore a description of the accuracy of a contour map. For example, the U.S. Quadrangle maps have a contour interval of 10 feet. All elevations are relative to elevation, in feet, above mean sea level. The contour maps developed for the City of Livingston have a contour interval of 2 feet. As such, there are five times as many contour lines reflected on the new contour maps as compared to the quadrangle maps. The reliable accuracy of aerial mapping is usually one-half (1/2) of the contour interval, plus or minus.
BENCHMARK - A point or monument of known elevation above mean sea level which is a reference point for mapping, for measuring the elevations of existing structures and/or land features, and for construction.
HORIZONTAL CONTROL - A series of known points for determining the exact location of an object or monument on the surface of the earth. Examples of horizontal control are longitude and latitude and the Texas Plane Coordinate System. The contour maps and aerial photographs preI5ared for Livingston are tied to the Texas Plane Coordinate System.
19 Geodetix Inc. established benchmarks as well as horizontal and vertical control for the aerial photogrammetry for the City of Livingston using global satellite positioning.
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VERTICAL CONTROL - A series of known points for determining the exact elevation above or below a reference an object or monument is on the surface of the earth. Vertical control can be relative or referenced to mean sea level.
The entire study is on file at the Livingston City Hall and is available for public inspection upon request.
EMERGENCY WATERSHED PROGRAM (EWP) Under the provision of Section 216 of Public Law 81-516, Emergency Water Shed Protection Program, and Title IV of the Agriculture Act of 1978, The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was authorized to assist Polk County in relieving hazards created by natural disaster that caused a sudden impairment to the water shed. The following areas and described work was performed.
Install headwalls and bulkheads to protect roads and stream crossings along several unnamed tributaries to the Trinity River, Neches River, Sandy Creek, Piney Creek, Long King Creek, Rocky Creek, Dabbs Creek and Menard Creek.
Situation: December 18 – 31, 1991: Heavy local rains coupled with severe riverine flooding caused severe flooding along the Lower Trinity River Basin. This event flooded homes and businesses located within the 100-year floodplain causing thousands of dollars in damages. Several roads, bridges and culverts were washed out and had to be replaced or repaired. Several Culverts were mitigated by enlarging the size of some and by installing bulkheads to help protect the culvert and roadway.
Situation: October 15 – 19, 1994: Heavy local rains caused severe flash and riverine flooding all along the water shed of Kickapoo, Rocky, Sandy, Long King, and Menard Creeks. This flooding produced record releases at the Lake Livingston Dam site. Flooding affected hundreds of homes throughout Polk County. Nine (9) bridges were washed out along with roads and culverts. Two (2) fatalities were reported in the county. Numerous Culverts were replaced and headwalls and bulkheading was installed to prevent future damages to the culverts and roadways. Bridge abutments and wing walls were installed on some bridges to help prevent erosion and protect the roads and bridges.
Situation: November 13 - 16, 1998 Heavy local rains coupled with severe riverine flooding caused severe flooding along the Lower Trinity River Basin causing severe damage to county roads and bridges and washing a number of bridges and culverts out. Several culverts and bridges were mitigated by enlarging the size of some and by installing bulkheads and replacing bridge abutments to help protect the culvert and roadway. This mitigation project was through the US Department of Agriculture Emergency Water Shed Program (EWP).
404 HAZARDOUS MITIGATION GRANT PROGRAM - OCTOBER 1994 Due to heavy rains that caused severe flash and riverine flooding, the President declared Polk County a disaster area in October 1994. This flood affected more than 500 homes in Polk County, and was billed as the worse flood in Texas within the last 60 years.
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As a result of the October floods, Hazard Mitigation funds (HMGP) are available from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through the Texas Department of Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management (DEM). As a Hazard Mitigation project, Polk County bought out properties that were: (a) located in a flood hazard, (b) were primary residences, (c) had a history of flooding, and (d) sustained more than 50 percent damage. DEM elected to use HMGP funds for residential acquisitions that were substantially damaged and were in the Floodway. Polk County submitted an HMGP application to buy out 31 homes that were in the floodplain (Polk County does not have a designated floodway). As a result of that application, Polk County was awarded $270,900 from DEM to buy out 16 properties that met the required criteria.
The homes selected in this HMGP purchase will continue to flood. FEMA requires that flood victims purchase flood insurance, and elevate their homes one (1) foot above the known flood elevation. Many of these people are low income or on a fixed income and cannot afford construction cost to bring their homes up to NFIP standards. Relocation would place these families in a safer and healthier environment.
The number of families affected by the 404 Hazardous Mitigation Grant Program are sixteen (16) living in three subdivisions located in the southern quadrant of Polk County, which are: Holiday Lake Estates, Siesta Country 4 & 5, and Hoot Owl Hollow. Each of the 16 homes to be purchased is a primary residence of the homeowner, has sustained 50% or more damage, and has a history of repeated flooding. The families in the project area will relocate out of the flood-zone areas. Money received by the families in the 404 HMGP project will be used for relocation in buying new homes out of the flood zone. This will have a positive economic effect on the families involved and relieve them of the financial hardship associated with repeated flooding by living in flood prone areas.
In the past six (6) years, Polk County has suffered five (5) major floods, both flash and riverine flooding, of these three (3) were declared as presidential disasters.
Should no action be taken, these families’ homes will continue to flood year after year, and they will continue to suffer financial hardships caused by the destruction of their homes and personal property. In addition they will be subjected to many undesirable conditions such as:
Disease associated with severe flooding
Contaminated private water wells and food stuffs
Risking their lives from sudden flash floods that come with little or no warning
Failed sewage systems and the diseases associated with sewage contamination
LOCALITY The flood-prone areas of Holiday Lake Estates, Hoot Owl Hollow, and Siesta Country have repeatedly flooded over the past six years. Polk County has had three Presidential Disaster Declarations since 1989 due to severe riverine flooding along the Trinity River. All of the
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 95 December 10, 2012 homes affected by the 404 HMGP project have flooded repeatedly during this period. Many times these residences have been rescued by boats, subjecting themselves to bodily harm and in many cases death. During the October 1994 flood one man died while trying to rescue one of his neighbors from high flood waters. The areas where these homes are located have suffered from extensive soil erosion increasing the probability of escalated flooding in the future. The economic impact would be positive for both the families involved and Polk County. Families will relocate to better, safer and healthier housing, out of the flood-prone areas; thus relieving property owners, Polk County and FEMA of repeated costs related to flooding. The cost/benefit ratio for a buyout is by far the best possible option in resolving this problem.
HEALTH AND SAFETY FACTORS (I.E., WATER, SEWER, AND ELECTRIC) The health and safety factors involved in this project do have a very heavy impact. Severe flooding contaminates both private water wells and private water systems, subjecting residents to water contamination over very long periods of time. Public utilities do not present a significant problem for the families in these areas. Private on-site sewerage facilities have deteriorated and in some cases have been completely destroyed due to repeated flooding. Many of the private septic systems have failed and created a health hazard for residents. Diseases associated with flooding are both a short and long-term problem. In many cases, the families involved live in substandard housing and, with flooding, the probability for disease is high.
As stated above many of these homes are substandard and the families occupying them are poor, and/or on fixed incomes. These are the families that would most benefit from relocation. Homes that are in good repair, but are subject to repeating flooding, have no appreciable market value.
BIG THICKET LAKE ESTATES BRIDGE AND ROAD PROJECT During the record flooding that occurred in October 1994, the road and dam serving this community was completely destroyed by heavy floodwaters. A temporary road was built bypassing the existing dam site. Three 8-ft. railcars were placed in the creek bed, and a temporary road was built over them. This roadway washed out on several occasions leaving hundreds of families isolated without any means of ingress or egress.
The following activities provided an all-weather, continuous vehicular access to the residents of Big Thicket Lake Estates:
Construction of a 30-ft.-wide by 100-ft.-long concrete bridge structure in the northern sector of Big Thicket Lake Estates provided all-weather access for the residents on the eastern side of Mill Creek. Construction of 4,576 feet of paved roadway using existing roads with 450 feet of new road access provided an all-weather means of ingress and egress for the residents of the subdivision.
The construction activities, engineering and project administration was financed through $350,000 of Texas Housing and Community Development Program (THCDP) Disaster Relief funds.
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Merits of the Big Thicket Lake Estates Bridge and Road Project Allows current residents to remain in the Big Thicket Lake Estate subdivision and encourages homeowners who have abandoned their homes to move back into the neighborhood; and
Decreases local, state and federal dollars spent in responding to the evacuation of these residents.
SUMMARY Hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts of natural hazards at large employment and industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Natural hazard mitigation for industries and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together. Collaboration among the public and private sector to create mitigation plans and actions can reduce the impacts of natural hazards.
BUILDING CODES FOR COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Under authority of Section 352 of the Local Government Code, Polk County Commissioners Court have adopted the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, 2003 Edition, and designate the Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office as the local governmental agency charged with enforcement of this Code in the unincorporated areas of Polk County.
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code concerns itself with life safety issues from fire and like emergencies and sets forth minimum standards for the design, construction, and occupancy of buildings and other structures. These minimum requirements are established to protect the health and safety of the population and to minimize danger to life and property from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before buildings are vacated.
Features covered by the Code include structural design which takes into consideration the effects of hurricanes, tornados, severe wind storms, and other natural disasters, as well as electrical systems, air conditioning/heating systems, fire protection, means of egress, lighting, sanitation, and interior finish. Although builders and building owners often establish their own requirements, the minimum code requirements established by NFPA 101 for this jurisdiction must be met. Section 352 of the Local Government Code includes penalty provisions for non- compliance.
Following adoption by Polk County Commissioners Court, the Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office shall be responsible for reviewing all construction plans of public and commercial buildings to include multi-family occupancies, issue construction permits, and conduct periodic inspections of those structures during the construction phase.
International Building Code The Cities of Corrigan, Livingston, and Onalaska adopted and enforce the International Building Code. This comprehensive building code establishes minimum regulations for building systems using prescriptive and performance-related provisions. It is founded on broad-based
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 97 December 10, 2012 principles that make possible the use of new materials and new building designs. This 2003 edition is fully compatible with all the International Codes ("I-Codes") published by the International Code Council (ICC), including the ICC Electrical Code, International Energy Conservation Code, International Existing Building Code, International Fire Code, International Fuel Gas Code, International Mechanical Code, ICC Performance Code, International Plumbing Code, International Private Sewage Disposal Code, International Property Maintenance Code, International Residential Code, International Urban-Wildland Interface Code and International Zoning Code.
The International Building Code provisions provide many benefits, among which is the model code development process that offers an international forum for building professionals to discuss performance and prescriptive code requirements. This forum provides an excellent arena to debate proposed revisions. This model code also encourages international consistency in the application of provisions.
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VI. MITIGATION GOALS AND LONG-TERM STRATEGY
“Mitigation is the cornerstone of emergency management. It's the ongoing effort to lessen the impact disasters have on people's lives and property through damage prevention and flood insurance. Through measures such as, building safely within the floodplain or removing homes altogether; engineering buildings and infrastructures to withstand earthquakes; and creating and enforcing effective building codes to protect property from floods, hurricanes and other natural hazards, the impact on lives and communities is lessened.”20
A. MITIGATION GOALS
The Mitigation Goals of Polk County are straightforward, and follow along the lines of the state mitigation goals. These goals are:
Reduce or eliminate hazardous conditions that cause loss of life; Reduce or eliminate hazardous conditions which inflict injury; Reduce or eliminate hazardous conditions which cause property damage; and Reduce or eliminate hazardous conditions which degrade important natural resources.
B. MITIGATION STRATEGIES
Implementation of this Mitigation Plan is the first step in a series of mitigation strategies to meet the above-stated mitigation goals. The LEPC serves and will continue to serve as the body responsible for implementing and revising/updating this Mitigation Plan. In addition, several mitigation action items have been set forth in the Appendices hereto that set out specific strategies to reduce and/or eliminate threat or damage from natural hazards. These mitigation action items are structured concisely so that in the near future the LEPC can begin requesting funding from FEMA mitigation programs and other sources to help put the mitigation process in action.
In following with the State Hazard Mitigation Action Plan, the Polk County Mitigation Plan includes strategies such as building public awareness, public education and outreach, protection of natural resources, and continued involvement in the National Flood Insurance Program.
20 http://www.fema.gov
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C. MITIGATION EFFECTS ON EXISTING/FUTURE BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF HAZARD MITIGATION ACTIONS
Several mitigation actions will be implemented within a year, such as public education and awareness. Education will encourage residents to make wise choices such as not building homes in wildfire prone or flood hazard areas. Education will also inform residents on how to incorporate plans to make existing structures more resilient to manmade and natural hazards, such as how to maintain defensible space around structures to protect from wildfire. The importance of flood insurance, and information on protecting residents and businesses from flood hazards will be emphasized in the education process.
Building codes adopted by various jurisdictions will emphasize protection of new residential, commercial, and public structures from hazards. When jurisdictions make themselves an example, local residents themselves are encouraged to build to code. Using the goals set forth in the Mitigation Plan, local jurisdictions assist the public in effectively mitigating against threats. The proposed mitigation strategies will affect existing structures as well. As older structures are demolished or renovated, building codes ensure the structures have longer life expectancy and are more resilient. The proposed mitigation strategies can be used by local jurisdictions as a justification tool for repetitive loss properties, unidentified flood hazard areas, and other vulnerabilities that may come into question.
Mitigation projects or actions involving floodplain management are designed to allow existing structures that experience multiple flooding events to possibly qualify for grants to buy out, elevate, or otherwise reduce future occurrences. For future developments, building new roads and bridges at an elevation that prevents reoccurring flood damage will extend useful road and bridge life. Strict floodplain ordinances reduce flood damage; therefore, the county permit inspector enforces on-site septic facilities in unincorporated areas of the county near floodplains, to assure any new construction in flood-prone areas meets minimum state standards.
If persons were aware of hazards prior to construction, they could incorporate mitigation in the planning process and thus make better site-development and construction decisions. Therefore, mitigation projects and actions involving public education and awareness for both existing and future development is accomplished by educating the public on the benefits of being aware of hazards prior to construction.
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VII. PRIORITIZED MITIGATION ACTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN
This section deals with the specific methods by which hazard mitigation will be achieved. The hazard mitigation items are subsets of the overall hazard mitigation goals that include specific tasks, estimated costs for implementation, implementation timeline, and responsible parties. Many of the mitigation action items herein are iterations of action items developed in other hazard mitigation plans that the team felt were applicable with some revisions. Other mitigation items were developed by the team after discussion on general hazard mitigation needs for Polk County.
A. SPECIFIC HAZARD MITIGATION ACTION ITEM
Mitigation action items specific to a specific hazard event are located toward the back of the Appendices:
Wildfire: Appendix 1: Wildfire Mitigation Action Items Flood: Appendix 2: Flood Mitigation Action Items Thunderstorm: Appendix 3 Thunderstorm Mitigation Action Items Tornado: Appendix 4 Tornado Mitigation Action Items Hurricane: Appendix 5 Hurricane Mitigation Action Items Severe Winter Storm: Appendix 6 Severe Winter Storm Mitigation Action Items Drought: Appendix 7 Drought Mitigation Action Items Extreme Heat: Appendix 8 Extreme Heat Mitigation Action Items
During the original Plan development, each mitigation action item was prioritized by the representatives for the county and for the incorporated communities that are parties to the Plan. Short-term and long-term mitigation action item prioritization occurred through a general discussion during HMT meetings of which items were most important to representatives from the county and the incorporated jurisdictions. The most important items were, naturally, given a higher priority. The relative importance of each item was determined through discussion by HMT members as to the technical feasibility, social impact and administrative capabilities of the coordinating agencies. Each item includes information on the parties who will be responsible for implementation of the item, and an estimated cost for completion of the item. For the Mitigation Plan update, the LEPC reviewed original and new action items, and the same method was used to prioritize and rank new action items. For each original action item, a statement exists as to the progress made, or a reason why the action has remained unchanged.
COST-BENEFIT REVIEW For cost-benefit analyses during the original Plan development, the cost of implementing the hazard mitigation action items was compared to the estimated annual loss for each hazard as shown in the Potential Dollar Loss section for each hazard. A cost-benefit review comparing the
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 101 December 10, 2012 mitigation strategy effectiveness to the cost, both short term and long term, was a primary component in the prioritization process. This included discussion of inventories of physical and human resources that are currently available in the county for use in implementation, as well as identifying areas of need. Once existing inventories of resources were identified, the HMT was able to focus on prioritizing action items and strategies that make best use of these resources. FEMA’s Benefit-Cost Analysis will be used to evaluate the proposed mitigation strategies. This tool will be used when applying for grant funds in order to show that the actions are cost effective.
A second component used during the original Plan development for the prioritization process was the identification of the most vulnerable assets of the county to loss and/or damage from natural hazards. Once these were identified, prioritization of action items addressing the vulnerabilities was able to take shape. The goal of this method was to develop the most inexpensive yet important action items first and thus mitigate the most easily preventable, dangerous and expensive damages from natural hazards in the most cost effective manner possible.
The coordinating organizations listed for each mitigation action item play a fundamental role in the implementation of the Mitigation Plan, under the supervision of the LEPC. Therefore, as the mitigation action items are implemented, ongoing monitoring, annual review and comprehensive update and amendment within a five-year cycle by the LEPC will ensure that as progress is made and as necessary revisions to the Mitigation Plan become evident, they will be incorporated into future renderings of the Plan (Short-Term Multi-hazard Mitigation Action Item #3 describes this process in detail).
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B. MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
Multi-hazard action items are those activities that pertain to all eight hazards in the mitigation plan: wildfire, flood, thunderstorms, tornado, severe winter storm, drought and extreme summer weather. There are six short-term and three long-term multi-hazard action items described below.
ST= Short Term LT= Long Term MH= Multi-hazard
ST-MH#1: INTEGRATE THE GOALS AND ACTION ITEMS FROM THE POLK COUNTY NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN INTO EXISTING REGULATORY DOCUMENTS AND PROGRAMS, WHERE APPROPRIATE. Implementation: Use the Mitigation Plan to help the County’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan meet State Land Use Planning, designed to protect life and property from natural disasters and hazards through planning strategies that restrict development in areas of known hazards;
Integrate the county’s Mitigation Plan into current capital improvement plans to ensure that development does not encroach on known hazard areas; and
Partner with other organizations and agencies with similar goals to promote building codes that are more disaster resistant at the state level.
Estimated Costs: $30,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
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ST-MH#2: IDENTIFY AND PURSUE FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES TO DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT LOCAL AND COUNTY MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Implementation: Develop incentives for local governments, citizens, and businesses to pursue hazard mitigation projects;
Allocate county resources and assistance to mitigation projects when possible; and
Partner with other organizations and agencies in Polk County to identify grant programs and foundations that may support mitigation activities.
Estimated Costs: $30,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road and Bridge 1, 2, 3 & 4, Livingston Public Works Department, Onalaska Public Works Department, Corrigan Public Works Department, Goodrich Public Works Department, City of Seven Oaks City Council, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
ST-MH#3: ESTABLISH A FORMAL ROLE FOR THE POLK COUNTY LEPC TO DEVELOP A SUSTAINABLE PROCESS FOR IMPLEMENTING, MONITORING, AND EVALUATING COUNTYWIDE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Implementation: Establish clear roles for participants, meeting regularly to pursue and evaluate implementation of mitigation strategies.
Oversee implementation of the Mitigation Plan.
Establish measurable standards to evaluate mitigation policies and programs and provide a mechanism to update and revise the mitigation plan.
Monitor hazard mitigation implementation by jurisdictions and participating organizations through surveys and other reporting methods.
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Develop updates for the Mitigation Plan based on new information and incorporate future action items.
Conduct a full review of the Mitigation Plan every 5 years by evaluating mitigation successes, failures, and areas that were not addressed.
Provide training for LEPC committee members to remain current on developing issues in the natural hazard loss reduction field.
Estimated Costs: $20,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
ST-MH#4: IDENTIFY, IMPROVE, AND SUSTAIN COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS FOCUSING ON THE REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE INDUSTRIES, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS, AND INDIVIDUALS TO AVOID ACTIVITY THAT INCREASES RISK TO NATURAL HAZARDS. Implementation: Distribute information about natural hazards insurance to property owners in areas identified to be at risk through hazard mapping.
Develop a one-page handout on types of insurance and deliver through county utility or service agencies.
Educate individuals and businesses on the benefit of engaging in mitigation activities such as developing impact analyses.
Pinpoint areas of high risk and transfer the cost of risk to property owners through insurance (rather than to the public).
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Assist in the development of unifying organizations to ensure communication and dissemination of natural hazard mitigation information.
Identify activities for private sector and citizen involvement such as nonstructural seismic daycare retrofits.
Estimated Costs: $30,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, County Economic Development, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4 Livingston 4 Onalaska 4 Corrigan 4 Goodrich 4 Seven Oaks 4
ST-MH#5: DEVELOP PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TO FOSTER NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PROGRAM COORDINATION AND COLLABORATION IN POLK COUNTY. Implementation: Continue to work with city governments to update local natural hazards mitigation plans that are consistent with the goals and framework of the state plan.
Identify all organizations within Polk County that have programs or interests in natural hazards mitigation.
Involve private businesses throughout the county in mitigation planning.
Improve communication between TxDOT and county road departments, and work together to prioritize and identify strategies to deal with road problems.
Establish protocol for communication with electric providers and the Department of Transportation and Development to assure rapid restoration of transportation capabilities.
Estimated Costs: $15,000
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Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, County Geographic Information System, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 5 Livingston 5 Onalaska 5 Corrigan 5 Goodrich 5 Seven Oaks 5
ST-MH#6: DEVELOP INVENTORIES OF AT-RISK BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRIORITIZE MITIGATION PROJECTS. Implementation: Identify critical facilities at risk from natural hazards events.
Develop strategies to mitigate risk to these facilities, or to utilize alternative facilities should natural hazards events cause damages to the facilities in question.
Incorporate the building inventory developed by the Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (Dec. 2002) into the hazard assessment.
Identify bridges at risk from hazards, identify enhancements, and implement projects needed to reduce the risks.
Estimated Costs: $35,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, County Geographic Information Systems, City of Livingston Engineer, City of Onalaska Engineer, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1-2 Years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 6 Livingston 6
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 6 Corrigan 6 Goodrich 6 Seven Oaks 6
LT-MH#1: STRENGTHEN EMERGENCY SERVICES PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE BY LINKING EMERGENCY SERVICES WITH NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PROGRAMS, AND ENHANCING PUBLIC EDUCATION ON A REGIONAL SCALE. Implementation: Educate private property owners on limitations of bridges and dangers associated with them.
Develop a process to encourage private property owners to upgrade their bridges to support weight of fire trucks and emergency vehicles.
Encourage individual and family preparedness through public education projects such as safety fairs.
Coordinate the maintenance of emergency transportation routes though communication among the County Road and Bridge Departments, Cities Public Works, neighboring jurisdictions, and the Texas Department of Transportation.
Identify opportunities for partnering with citizens, private contractors, and other jurisdictions to increase availability of equipment and manpower for efficiency of response efforts.
Work with Community Planning Organizations and other neighborhood groups to establish community response teams.
Familiarize public officials of requirements regarding public assistance for disaster response.
Estimated Costs: $30,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Road & Bridge Departments 1, 2, 3 &4, Livingston Public Works, Onalaska Public Works, Corrigan Public Works, Goodrich Public Works, Seven Oaks City Council, Texas Department of Transportation Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-MH#2: DEVELOP, ENHANCE, AND IMPLEMENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS AIMED AT MITIGATING NATURAL HAZARDS, AND REDUCING THE RISK TO CITIZENS, PUBLIC AGENCIES, PRIVATE PROPERTY OWNERS, BUSINESSES, AND SCHOOLS. Implementation: Make the Polk County Mitigation Plan available to the public by publishing the Plan electronically on the Polk County Emergency Management website, and at the County Clerk’s office.
Develop a web page to facilitate Internet discussions and information sharing.
Develop and complete a baseline survey to gather perceptions of private citizens and the business community regarding natural hazard risks and identify mitigation needs. Repeat the survey in five years to monitor successes and failures of natural hazard mitigation programs.
Develop adult and child educational programs to be used by local radio and cable stations.
Use local radio and cable stations as a conduit for advertising public forums.
Estimated Costs: $18,000
Education: Develop curriculum for school programs and adult education on reducing risk and preventing loss from natural hazards.
Conduct natural hazards awareness programs in schools and community centers.
Conduct workshops for public and private sector organizations to raise awareness of mitigation activities and programs.
Develop outreach materials for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Estimated Costs: $25,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Livingston Emergency Management Coordinator, Onalaska Emergency Management Coordinator, Goodrich Emergency Management Coordinator, Corrigan City Council, Seven Oaks City Council, Polk County Social Services Timeline: Ongoing
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Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
LT-MH#3: USE TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND EVENTS TO LINK NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE ORGANIZATIONS TO MITIGATION ACTIVITIES AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE. Implementation: Review ordinances that protect natural systems and resources to mitigate for natural hazards for possible enhancements.
Pursue vegetation and restoration practices that assist in enhancing and restoring the natural and beneficial functions of the watershed.
Develop education and outreach programs that focus on protecting natural systems as a mitigation activity.
Estimated Costs: $25,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Office, Polk County Extension Office, City of Livingston Parks and Recreation, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
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VIII. COMMITMENT, ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE
A. MONITORING AND IMPLEMENTING THE MITIGATION PLAN
PLAN ADOPTION (PLAN DEVELOPMENT) This Mitigation Plan has been reviewed by representatives from Polk County, Cities of Corrigan, Goodrich, Livingston, Onalaska and Seven Oaks and has been formally adopted by these jurisdictions. Listed below is the jurisdiction and adoption date.
Polk County Commissioners Court: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004 City of Livingston: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004 City of Seven Oaks: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004 City of Corrigan: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 21, 2004 City of Onalaska: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan September 14, 2004 City of Goodrich: Passed and Approved, 1st Reading: September 13, 2004 Passed and Approved, 2nd Reading: October 27, 2004 Passed and Approved, 3rd Reading: November 11, 2004
PLAN ADOPTION (PLAN UPDATE) This Natural Hazard Mitigation Action Plan update has been reviewed by representatives from Polk County, Cities of Corrigan, Goodrich, Livingston, Onalaska and Seven Oaks and has been formally adopted by these jurisdictions. Listed below is the jurisdiction and adoption date.
Polk County Commissioners Court: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan November 8, 2011 City of Livingston: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan November 22, 2011 City of Seven Oaks: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan November 8, 2011 City of Corrigan: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan November 15, 2011 City of Onalaska: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan November 8, 2011 City of Goodrich: Adopted Hazard Mitigation Action Plan December 8, 2011 These jurisdictions will re-adopt the county Mitigation Plan in its final version upon final approval by FEMA.
COORDINATING BODY The LEPC Advisory Committee is composed of at least one representative from the county and at least one representative from each incorporated city therein and will be responsible for
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In order to make the LEPC as broad and useful as possible, the Hazard Mitigation Coordinator will engage other relevant organizations and agencies in hazard mitigation. The recommendations for adding to the LEPC include:
Polk County Fire Marshal City of Livingston City of Corrigan City of Goodrich City of Onalaska City of Seven Oaks Polk County Social Services Polk County Environmental Services Texas Forest Service Polk County Tax Assessor and Collector Polk County Appraisal District The LEPC will meet no less than quarterly. These meetings will provide an opportunity to discuss the progress of the action items and maintain the partnerships that are essential for the sustainability of the mitigation plan.
CONVENER The LEPC will adopt the Polk County Mitigation Plan, and the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will take responsibility for Plan implementation. The LEPC Chairman will serve as a Convener to facilitate the LEPC meetings, and the Hazard Mitigation Coordinator will assign tasks such as updating and presenting the Mitigation Plan to the members of the committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared responsibility among all of the Advisory Committee Members.
IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH EXISTING PROGRAMS Polk County addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and County Floodplain Management program. The Mitigation Plan provides a series of recommendations – many of which are closely related to the goals and objectives of existing planning programs. Polk County will have the opportunity to implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures. Upon adoption of the updated Mitigation Plan, the county and the local municipalities will continue developing their natural hazard mitigation goals and actions by
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 112 December 10, 2012 providing the Polk County Mitigation Plan as a baseline of information on the natural hazards that impact the county. These goals and action items will help local governments, as well as the Polk County Planning Department address Statewide Land-use Planning.
Texas State Planning requires that local governments base development plans on inventories of known areas of natural disasters and hazards and that the intensity of development should be limited by the degree to which the natural hazard occurs within the areas of proposed development. Local jurisdictions and the county can use periodic review as an avenue to update the Mitigation Planning: Natural Hazards element of their comprehensive plan and to integrate mitigation into zoning and planning documents. The county Building Division is responsible for administering the building codes in local municipalities. After the adoption of the updated Mitigation Plan, they will work with the State Building Code Office to make sure that the county adopts, and is enforcing, the minimum standards established in the New State Building Code. In addition, the LEPC will work with other agencies at the state level to review, develop and ensure building codes that are adequate to mitigate or present damage by natural hazards. This is to ensure that life-safety criteria are met for new construction.
The goals and action items in the Mitigation Plan may also be achieved through activities recommended in the county's Capital Improvement Plans (CIP). Various county departments develop CIP plans, and review them on an annual basis. Upon annual review of the CIPs, the LEPC will work with the county departments to make certain Mitigation Plan action items are consistent with CIP planning goals and integrate them where appropriate. The recommendations listed above will be incorporated into the process of existing planning mechanisms at the county level. The meetings of the LEPC will provide an opportunity for committee members to report back on the progress made on the integration of mitigation planning elements into county planning documents and procedures.
Since the Plan approval of 2006, Polk County has been recovering from the effects of the direct impact of two major hurricanes, faced exceptional drought conditions, and struggled with budgetary constraints. Therefore, Polk County and the incorporated cities within have had to delay the completion and development of mitigation activities and the incorporation of mitigation goals and objectives into existing planning programs.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MITIGATION PROJECTS FEMA's approaches to identify the costs and benefits associated with natural hazard mitigation strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost- effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster-related damages later. Cost-effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating natural hazards can provide decision-makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects. The LEPC will use a FEMA-approved benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other projects and funding sources, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory
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Committee will use other approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list.
B. EVALUATING AND UPDATING THE PLAN
FORMAL REVIEW PROCESS The Polk County Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and identifies the local agencies and organizations participating in Plan evaluation. The Convener or a designee will be responsible for contacting the LEPC members and organizing the annual meeting. Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan. The committee will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing situations in the county, as well as changes in state or federal policy, and to ensure they are addressing current and expected conditions. The LEPC will review the risk assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified, given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes, difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised. LEPC members should report back on the progress made on the integration of mitigation planning elements into county planning documents and procedures. The designated LEPC members will have three months to make appropriate changes to the Plan before submitting it to the Plan jurisdictions for approval. The LEPC will notify all holders of the county Mitigation Plan when changes have been made. In accordance with 44 CFR, Section 201.6, every five years the updated Mitigation Plan will be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer and the Federal Emergency Management Agency for review and approval.
CONTINUED PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT Polk County is dedicated to involving the public directly in review and updates of the Mitigation Plan. The LEPC members are responsible for the annual review and update of the Mitigation Plan. The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback about the Plan. Copies of the Plan will be catalogued and kept at all of the appropriate agencies in the County. The existence and location of these copies will be publicized in the Polk County Enterprise. The Plan also includes the address and the phone number of the county Emergency Management Planning Division responsible for keeping track of public comments on the Plan. In addition, copies of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the Polk County Emergency Management website. A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the LEPC. The meetings will provide the public a forum for which they can express their concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan. The County Public Information Officer will be responsible for using county resources to publicize the annual public meetings and maintain public involvement through the public access channel, webpage, and newspapers.
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APPENDIX 1 – WILDFIRE
A. DEFINITION
Wildfire is defined as fire that occurs in forests, grasslands, brush, or otherwise undeveloped terrain. It can be sparked by either natural or human causes and is often problematic to contain due to lack of water and/or accessibility of firefighting resources. Wildfires oftentimes go unnoticed, until they fill the air with dense smoke. Spreading quickly through vegetative fuels, a wildfire can pose an immediate threat to public safety, housing and infrastructure.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
Polk County continues to face major fire problems each year similar to other counties throughout the State of Texas. This problem is compounded by the fact that more building is occurring within what were once forests and plantation forestlands maintained by large timber companies. Many residents seek out a woodland setting, never realizing they are exposing their homes and families to the threat of wildfires. The major causes of wildfires in Polk County are debris burning and control burns conducted by property owners who are either ill-equipped or lack training in conducting control burns. As forestlands disappear and are developed into residential areas, the chances for greater numbers of wildfires increase. On April 1, 1996 (during a burn ban) a property owner burning a hay field that got out of control caused one of the largest wildfires in the history of Polk County.
The 2011 Texas wildfires are an ongoing series of destructive wildfires in Texas that have occurred in the 2011 fire season. Statistics on the fires have been recorded since the current fire season began November 15, 2010. From the beginning of the fire season to October 16, around 26,516 fires had burned 3,853,475 acres, 2,870 homes (1,939 of which were destroyed over the Labor Day weekend), and over 4,900 other structures. 46% of all acreage burned in the United States in 2011 was burned in Texas. The fires have been particularly severe due to the ongoing 2011 Southern US drought covering the state, and exacerbating the problem is rapid desertification, the unusual convergence of strong winds, unseasonably warm temperatures, and low humidity.21 During 2011, Texas endured its most severe single-year drought since the 1950s, received the lowest single-year rainfall since 1895, and experienced the hottest June- August period of any U.S. state at any point in time on record—exceeding that of even the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.22
In June 2011, the Bearing Fire began in Polk County when a trailer being pulled along US 287 in western Polk County was taken off the road. An overheated wheel bearing that came in contact with extremely dry grass ignited a fire that consumed over 18,000 acres in both Trinity and Polk counties and became the largest wildfire in East Texas history.23 This wildfire was followed by
21 Source, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Texas_wildfires 22 Source, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County_Complex_fire 23 Polk County Enterprise, 6/23/2011, volume 129, No. 49
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 115 December 10, 2012 the Bastrop County Complex Fire, which burned east of the City of Bastrop from September 4 through September 30, 2011. The wildfire consumed 34,068 acres, destroyed 1,669 residential and 40 commercial structures, killed two people and inflicted an estimated $250 million of insured property damage, becoming the single most destructive wildfire in Texas history.
In Polk County over the five-year period of 1991 - 1995, an average of 1,178 fires a year burned an average of 17,022 acres with the average fire size being 14 acres. In 1996, 2,622 fires burned 76,581 acres with an average fire size of 29 acres. That same year a record number of Texas fires in terms of acreage lost occurred during a four-month period. A total of 113 homes and 170,000 acres were lost due to fire in what is undoubtedly at that time the worst siege of fire in the history of Texas. Over three hundred (300) trained fire fighters were brought in from across the nation to assist and supplement Texas Forest Service personnel in control of these fires. The Southern States Forest Fire Compact was invoked in order for Texas to receive help in terms of personnel and equipment from neighboring states.
Texas Forest Service’s on-line, voluntary reporting site documents that from 2006 to 2010 approximately 30 fires a year burned in Polk County. One hundred forty-five separate forest fires burned a total of 1,504 acres, with the average fire consuming 10 acres.
The Texas Forest Service, Livingston, Causes of Wildfires breaks down the major causes of fires in Polk County commercial forest 60.0% regions as follows for 2006-2010: 50.0% 40.0% 1) Debris burning 51.0% 30.0% 2) Arson 12.0% 20.0% 10.0% 3) Miscellaneous 24.0% 0.0% 4) Equipment/railroads 5.5% 5) Lightning 3.5% Arson Lightning Smoking 6) Smoking 2.5% Campfires Debris burning Miscellaneous
7) Campfires 1.5% Equipment/railroads
In Texas, the greatest high-danger fire threats are forest, brush and grass fires. The East Texas Piney Woods belt of commercial timber is most susceptible to forest fires. In East Texas, the most monetary damage was caused by arson. Arsonists were responsible for 1 of every 4 fires, however in Polk County arson is not as prevalent as it is in other East Texas counties. Debris burning is and continues to be the major cause of fires. Other causes such as control burns, construction fires and other miscellaneous fires rank second.
According to data for the years 2006 to 2010 obtained from the Texas Forest Service, there was an average of 29 wildfires a year in Polk County, a historic frequency that constitutes a “highly likely” probability of future occurrence. These statistics, however, do not accurately reflect the fire history of Polk County. There are several on-line sites to report emergency response incidents, all of which are voluntary. Therefore, the current fire occurrence and response statistics referred to above do not accurately reflect the actual number of wildfires that occurred
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 116 December 10, 2012 in Polk County. Underreporting oftentimes results from a lack of knowledge that these systems exist or that certain tools are in place to help report these incidents. Another barrier is the existence of several clearinghouses that have different needs and different formats for reporting the same information. Voluntary information requested by outside sources in combination with local reporting requirements to cities and counties can create an enormous amount of paperwork for fire departments staffed with volunteers who also hold down fulltime jobs. Texas Forest Service’s online reporting site recognizes that most wildland fires in Texas go unreported at the state and national levels, resulting in missed opportunities for significant federal funding. Therefore, in July 2009, the county began a campaign to encourage VFDs to report all incidents to the Texas Forest Service on-line site so they can receive the benefits that on-line reporting affords them.
The benefits of reporting incidents on-line to the Texas Forest Service are as follows:
Reported wildfire causes can be used to develop prevention programs
FEMA recognizes documented costs per reported fire
Maps, data lists and fire statistics are easily obtained through the on-line site
According to long-term historical data, the county has, in fact, experienced approximately 200 wildfires a year. It is estimated that this number of average annual events will continue into the future in lieu of successful mitigation measures.
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C. VULNERABILITY
Overall vulnerability for most jurisdictions in Polk County is considered high. Polk County has a history of a certain degree of wildfire activity; however, 1996 was the first year for major forest fires, known as the year of the Texas Fire Storm. Below is a list of notable fires in Polk County from 1996, 2000, and 2011:
Approximate Acres Location Burned Date 1. Seven Oaks Fire 3,500 February 1996 2. Liberty Hill Fire in Segno 4,500 May 1996 3. Segno Fire 1,200 August 2000 4. Bearing Fire (Polk & Trinity Counties) 20,000 June 2011
Generally speaking, wildfire impacts buildings with the highest severity, with threats to public safety less common due to diligence by emergency responders, public officials and the greater community. Infrastructure is at moderate risk of impact, with roadways not seriously affected but some public utilities showing exposure to risk.
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Polk County is divided into 17 Emergency Service Zones as shown on the following ESN Zone Map and is supported by the local office of the Texas Forest Service.
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Polk County has over 400,000 acres of prime timber land and is extremely vulnerable to wildfire. Each year thousands of acres are destroyed by careless campers, residents burning household trash, and by farmers and ranchers using controlled burns to clear hay fields and pasture land.
The photo above was taken during the 1996 fire-storm at the Liberty Hill Fire in Segno, which consumed approximately 4,500 acres. The fire was started by a farmer burning a hayfield. A county-wide burn ban was in effect at the time of this fire.
Establishing burn bans, banning the use of certain fireworks, training and early preparations have helped to prevent large forest fires. An extensive education program aimed at the local residents, weekend campers and fishermen have helped curb fires caused by burning debris and trash. Polk County will remain exposed to fire hazards, but education, training and planning helps stay one step ahead in preventing forest fires.
A large percent of the population of Polk County is located in rural areas; therefore, vulnerability to wildfires is relatively high. The main concerns for people, homes, structures and natural resources in rural areas include response time, access to a means of fire suppression and water sources, and lack of appropriate guidance for keeping fire risks minimal.
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Several factors affect response time in Polk County:
Lack of adequate firefighting equipment in several areas within the county,
Insufficient communications equipment necessary to relay emergency information to and between the appropriate authorities, and
Distance traveled to adequate water supplies for refilling tankers and other firefighting mechanisms for larger or sustained fires.
The availability and location of water sources is a concern. Fire equipment must travel to a water source, and then effectively draw adequate amounts of water from the source. Dry hydrants are a common method employed whereby ponds located throughout the county are fitted with a pipe system extending out into the pond on one end and available for suction of water by the fire truck on the other end. Flood valves on private water systems are sometimes used for filling tankers, as well as regular fill-ups at municipal water system sources. Portable/submersible pumps are a good option, but the consensus is that these generally are not available.
In sum, there may be shortcomings of the existing water collection system which could result in serious consequences and damage in the event of a large fire. The county is actively working with local fire departments and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Specialist to locate all viable water sources by latitude and longitude in order to plot their locations onto the county mapping system.
Map No. 1 pinpoints hydrant locations in two areas of the County served by the Onalaska VFD – City of Onalaska ESN No. 360 and a portion of the surrounding area served by ESN No. 363. The GIS Specialist worked closely with the Onalaska VFD Fire Chief in order to locate all fire hydrant and drafting location sites in the fire department’s two response areas. Each location is coded as either a Drafting Site or Hydrant.
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Map No. 1 – Onalaska VFD Hydrant Locations in ESNs 360 & 363
Once water sources are located and plotted on the County mapping system, the GIS Specialist has mapping tools available to place a 5-mile buffer zone around single hydrants or groups of hydrants in order to locate remote areas in the County that may not be adequately served by existing water collections systems.
Map No. 2 demonstrates the practicality of applying 5-mile buffer zones around hydrant locations as they are placed onto the County mapping system. For example, ESN No. 363 appears to be underserved in the northern portion of the ESN. However, adding hydrant locations for ESNs 358, 362 and 364 (as they become available) and applying a 5-mile buffer zone will clearly demonstrate areas in the County not adequately served. Likewise, hydrant
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Map No. 2 – Hydrant Locations in ESNs 360, 363 and 352
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Map No. 3 is a PDF map that was created by exporting out mapping information into PDF format. Latitude and Longitude is imbedded into the PDF document which allows the user to accurately pinpoint hydrant locations. For example, hovering the geospatial location tool over a hydrant location will display its Latitude and Longitude. The user can also set document preferences to display either Decimal Degrees or Degree, Minutes, Seconds. With built-in GPS capability, PDF maps can quickly and easily be shared by everyone.
Map No. 3 – PDF Document With Built-in Geospatial Location Capabilities
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D. AREAS IDENTIFIED AS “AT RISK FROM WILDFIRE”
Polk County is located in “The Piney Woods” and has a constant fuel source for wildfires. These fuels accumulate in forested areas that are not subjected to control burns. The following map shows the prevalence of timber companies throughout the county and puts into perspective the potential for devastating wildfires.
Timberlands
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The following is a list of areas at a higher risk from damage by wildfire due to the number of people affected at each site and/or the details of the wildfire issue:
Medical Facility Memorial Medical Center 1717 Highway 59 Bypass Livingston, TX 77351 Phone: (936) 329-8700 Schools PHONE NO ADMINISTRATION STUDENT (936 Area OFFICE SCHOOL DISTRICTS S/STAFF Code) ADDRESS 1412 S. Houston Livingston ISD 4100 328-2100 Livingston, TX 77351 223 Katie Simpson Ave. Goodrich ISD 294 365-1112 Goodrich, TX 77335 9180 FM 1276 Big Sandy ISD 566 563-1000 Livingston, TX 77351 1664 W. Second St. Corrigan ISD 1225 398-4040 Corrigan, TX 75939 134 N. FM 356 Onalaska 1029 646-1000 Onalaska, TX 77360 254 E. FM 942 Leggett ISD 241 398-2804 Livingston, TX 77351
PRIVATE SCHOOLS Pine Forest Christian Academy 10537 US HWY 190 W. (Pine Forest Baptist Church) 43 646-4803 Livingston, TX 77351 622 W. Noblitt Livingston Montessori School 120 329-8600 Livingston, TX 77351 East Side Christian School (Beech Creek Assembly of God 5250 US HWY 290 E. Church) 327-3441 Livingston, TX 77351 Great Beginnings Pre-School 2801 US HWY 190 W. (First United Methodist Church) 143 967-5626 Livingston, TX 77351
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Day Care Centers STUDENT PHONE DAYCARE CENTERS S/STAFF NO ADDRESS 605 Brock St. All God’s Children Child Care 171 327-1155 Livingston, TX 77351 11457 US HWY 190 W. Kiddie Korner (24 hour) 45 646-5600 Livingston, TX 77351 167 Stutts Rd. Kountry Kids Day School 35 646-6399 Onalaska, TX 77360 1501 S. Houston Little Britches Day Care 98 327-7594 Livingston, TX 77351 106 W. Jones Little Girl and Boy Land 57 327-8266 Livingston, TX 77351 947 FM 3186 Nanny’s Play House 8 646-5303 Onalaska, TX 77360 Small Beginnings Child Care 813 MLK St. Academy 45 398-0338 Corrigan, TX 75939 113 FM 2969 Tender Loving Care 15 365-2442 Goodrich, TX 77335
Polk County Nursing Homes and Adult Daycare POPULATI PHONE ADULT CARE CENTERS ON NO. ADDRESS Care Center 155 Care Center Dr. (Escapees) 100 327-4256 Livingston, TX 77351 The Gabriel House 4530 US HWY 190 E. (Mentally Challenged) 8 327-7075 Livingston, TX 77351 Timberwood Nursing and 4001 US HWY 59 N. Rehabilitation Services 140 327-4446 Livingston, TX 77351 501 Garden Ridge Dr. The Gardens at Livingston 75 327-3141 Livingston, TX 77351 301 W. Park Dr. The Bradford at Brookside 200 328-5021 Livingston, TX 77351 1620 HWY 50 N. Pine Ridge Health Care 120 327-5415 Livingston, TX 77351 Corrigan LTC Nursing & 300 Hyde St. Rehabilitation Center 195 398-2220 Corrigan, TX 75939
SUBDIVISIONS WITH FIRE RATING BASED ON SURVEY The fire ratings are based upon a point system given to those subdivisions rated with consideration to access, road width and type, average lot size, signage, location of utilities,
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The following form was distributed to community leaders, representatives from Texas Forest Service, timber companies, utility companies, volunteer fire departments, property owners associations, and others with knowledge of the wildfire risks in Polk County subdivisions.
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After reviewing the completed Wildfire Hazard Rating Forms, the following communities were rated by population, type of structures, ingress and egress, proximity to wildland areas and response time from the nearest fire department. The following list represents subdivisions determined to be at greatest risk:
Subdivision Rating Points Eagles Nest High Hazard 74 Carmona High Hazard 72 Cedar Point High Hazard 70 Bent Wood Bend High Hazard 67 Big Thicket Lake Estates High Hazard 66 Magnolia Woods High Hazard 65 Reily Village High Hazard 63 Thunder Mountain High Hazard 63 Sleepy Hollow High Hazard 63 Indian Springs High Hazard 62 Wild County Lake Estates High Hazard 62 Rayburn Hills High Hazard 61 Corrigan Heights Moderate Hazard 59 Country Sunrise Moderate Hazard 59 Ellas Woods Moderate Hazard 58 Southland Plantation Moderate Hazard 57 Impala Woods Moderate Hazard 56 Goodrich North Moderate Hazard 55 Lake Livingston Estates #4 & 5 Moderate Hazard 53 Lake Livingston Estates #3 Moderate Hazard 50 Texas Landing Moderate Hazard 50 Twin Harbors Moderate Hazard 50 Yaupon Cove Moderate Hazard 50 Forest Hills 1-2 Moderate Hazard 49 Forest Hills 3-4 Moderate Hazard 46 Lakeside Village Moderate Hazard 45 Holiday Lake Estates Moderate Hazard 43 Pine Valley Moderate Hazard 40
The following map shows the location of 12 subdivisions in Polk County that are rated “High Hazard.”
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SUBDIVISIONS RATED HIGH HAZARD FOR WILDFIRES
NOTE: The subdivisions of Wild Country Lake Estates, Eagles Nest, and Big Thicket Lake Estates are identified on the Wildfire Hazard Rating Form as High Hazard. The South Polk County and Big Thicket Lake Estates Zones have a combined area of 136 square miles or 87,174 acres and a population of almost 2,000 people. There are over 900 homes in 10 subdivisions in these two Zones. There are no waterlines with hydrants in this area. The fire departments rely on water sources near their facilities as well as dry hydrants in ponds and lakes. Lake Connie Jean Dam was rated by the TCEQ as having spillway damage, with a notation that the lake level was lowered through an outfall pipe to prevent additional damage. Since that report, the dam has failed, depriving the Wild Country Lake Estates Subdivision and the surrounding areas access to a viable water source for fighting fires. The repair of Lake Connie Jean Dam and the road over the dam would provide a vital source of water for this area, as it has in the past. Dry hydrants could be installed again as well as electric pumps to fill fire trucks, and accommodate helicopter draws.
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TOPOGRAPHY Fuels Polk County has a constant fuel source for wildfires. By natural course, pine trees continuously shed beds of pine straw beneath their branches. They also break easily in strong winds further adding to the ever building fuel supply. The multiple varieties of hardwood and deciduous trees also suffer damage from winds. Polk County received damaging winds during Hurricanes Rita, Gustav, and Ike. These fuels accumulate in forested areas that are not subjected to control burns.
Construction Construction materials used will either deter or enhance wildfires that may threaten structures. Identifying the predominant building material of structures located in high-hazard subdivisions is considered in determining priority for mitigation action planning. Wooden structures or wooden roofing materials represent a greater risk than brick homes with tar shingles or metal roofing.
Emergency Water Supply The vast majority of homes in Polk County lie outside the incorporated city limits. This usually means that a regular waterline with hydrants is not available. Volunteers Fire Departments use water sources near their facilities as well as dry hydrants in ponds and lakes. The Texas Forestry service has identified water sources that will accommodate helicopter draws.
E. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
The impact of wildfire is most clearly shown in terms of dollar loss. Following are the losses from wildfire in Polk County and the city jurisdictions, including the loss of homes, barns, structures, pine plantations and other timber, vehicles, equipment, fences, hay and open land.
Forest/Brush Total Year of Fires Residual Commercial Amount Event Acres Structures Structures of Losses $ 1999 1,800 31 3 3,965,978 2000 2,500 29 4 4,286,840 2001 500 52 4 2,723,816 2002 300 46 6 2,838,548 2003 350 51 7 2,922,738 2004 0 25 0 560,000 2005 308 16 1 1,062,000 2006 257 9 1 201,700 2007 45 12 1 614,216 2008 562 4 1 99,000 2009 248 15 0 1,102,500 2010 388 20 1 890,548 2011 584 1 0 22,000 TOTAL 7,842 311 29 21,289,884
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COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLAN - 2011 – LOCAL PROGRAM TO MITIGATION POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS Wildfires imperil entire communities; therefore, in 2010 representatives from numerous local and state agencies collaborated on the planning of the Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (the “CWPP”). A Fire Chiefs Meeting was held on Thursday, July 22, 2010, and Karen L. Stafford with the Texas Forest Service explained the role of volunteer fire departments in the CWPP. This was followed by a community meeting on September 20, 2010 with participants from property owners associations, water supply companies, timber companies, volunteer fire departments, Texas Forest Service, and Emergency Management to discuss the CWPP and how each segment of the community could participate. The Polk County CWPP outlines strategies for long-term success in strengthening county fire protection agencies, and preparing county/community leaders and natural resource professionals (i.e., private timber companies) with the skills necessary to protect the community’s residents and natural resources from the negative impacts of wildfire. The CWPP not only prioritizes long-term goals, it also outlines immediate steps homeowners and businesses can take to protect their homes and communities from wildfires. The CWPP was signed into effect by the Texas Forest Service On May 24, 2011.
EXISTING MITIGATION ACTIVITIES Existing mitigation activities include current mitigation programs and activities that are being implemented by county, regional, state, or federal agencies or organizations. The Polk County Commissioners Court has gone to great lengths to assuring that local volunteer fire departments have adequate training and firefighting equipment. The county has implemented several programs to enhance training:
Built a comprehensive video library through the Fire Emergency Training Network (FETN) and set training guidelines for each firefighter to adhere to; and
Allowed each VFD an additional $1,000.00 per year for members to use for fire training activities.
HB2604 provided an opportunity for VFDs to purchase new equipment, including vehicles. The County requested that each VFD apply for a new Brush Truck through the Texas Forest Service (TFS) grant, valued at $60,000.00. The grant was a 90% TFS and 10% department match. The County agreed to pay the 10% match up to $6,000.00, thus each department received a new Brush Truck at no cost to the fire department. This fleet of trucks added to our fire-fighting capabilities and allowed smaller departments the opportunity to have new fire equipment.
Polk County residents are served by a variety of local volunteer fire departments. Although each department is responsible for fire-related issues in specific geographic areas, they work together to keep Polk County residents safe from fire and ensure availability of resources.
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The fire departments provide essential public services in the communities they serve, and their duties far surpass extinguishing fires. In fact, many of the fire departments provide other services to their jurisdictions, including Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) and paramedics who can begin treatment and stabilize sick and injured patients before an ambulance arrives (first responders). All of the volunteer fire departments in the county are dedicated to fire prevention, and use their resources to educate the public to reduce the threat of the fire hazard, especially in the wildland/urban interface. Fire prevention professionals throughout the county have taken the lead in providing many useful and educational services to Polk County residents, such as:
Home fire safety inspection; Assistance developing home fire escape plans; Business inspections; Free smoke detectors to residents who qualify; Fire extinguisher operation classes; School, church, and civic group fire safety education presentations; Fire cause determination; Counseling for juvenile fire-setters; Teaching fire prevention in schools; Conducting CPR classes; Teaching proper use of fire extinguishers; Coordinating educational programs with other agencies, hospitals, and schools; and Answering citizens' questions regarding fire hazards24.
NFPA 101 LIFE SAFETY CODE Under authority of Section 352 of the Local Government Code, Polk County Commissioners Court has adopted the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, 2003 Edition. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code concerns itself with life safety issues from fire and like emergencies and sets forth minimum standards for the design, construction, and occupancy of buildings and other structures. These minimum requirements are established to protect the health and safety of the population and to minimize danger to life and property from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before buildings are vacated. Features covered by the Code include structural design which takes into consideration the effects of hurricanes, tornados, severe windstorms, and other natural disasters, as well as electrical systems, air conditioning/heating systems, fire protection, means of egress, lighting, sanitation, and interior finish. Although builders and building owners often establish their own requirements, the minimum code requirements established by NFPA 101 for this jurisdiction must be met. Section 352 of the Local Government Code includes penalty provisions for non- compliance.
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE: The Cities of Corrigan, Livingston, and Onalaska adopted and enforced the International Building Code. This comprehensive building code establishes minimum regulations for building
24 Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office
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TEXAS FOREST SERVICE (TFS) TFS is involved with local fire chiefs and local fire departments to provide training. Local firefighters get a range of experience from exposure to wildland firefighting. Local firefighters can attend extensive workshops combining elements of structural and wildland firefighting, defending homes, and operations experience. TFS has been involved with emergency managers to provide support during non-fire events, and for years TFS has worked with industrial partners (e.g., timber companies) to share equipment in the case of extremely large fires. KEETCH-BYRAM DROUGHT INDEX The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is basically a mathematical system for relating current and recent weather conditions to potential or expected fire behavior. This system was originally developed for the southeastern United States and is based primarily on recent rainfall patterns. The KBDI is the most widely used drought index system by fire managers in the south. It is also one of the only drought index systems specifically developed to equate the effects of drought with potential fire activities. The result of this system is a drought index number ranging from 0 to 800 that accurately describes the amount of moisture that is missing. A rating of zero defines the point where there is no moisture deficiency and 800 is the maximum drought possible. These numbers correlate with potential fire behavior as follows:
0 - 200 Soil and fuel moisture are high. Most fuels will not readily ignite or burn. However, with sufficient sunlight and wind, cured grasses and some light surface fuels will burn in spots and patches.
200 - 400 Fires more readily burn and will carry across an area with no gaps. Heavier fuels will still not readily ignite and burn. Also, expect smoldering and the resulting smoke to carry into and possibly through the night.
400 - 600 Fire intensity begins to significantly increase. Fires will readily burn in all directions exposing mineral soils in some locations. Larger fuels may burn or smolder for several days creating possible smoke and control problems.
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600 - 800 Fires will burn to mineral soil. Stumps will burn to the end of underground roots and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn thorough the night and heavier fuels will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity.
COUNTYWIDE OUTDOOR BURNING BANS Should any part of the State of Texas experience extended periods of fair, windy weather, the implementation of a countywide ban on outdoor burning may be advised as a wildfire prevention tool in that area. TFS recommends that local governments consider a KBDI of 500 and above for imposition of burn bans. The Cities of Livingston, Corrigan, and Onalaska have a city ordinance prohibiting all outdoor burning inside of the city limits.
Polk County policy for burn bans is as follows: KBDI of 500 or more, a recommendation from the TFS and recommendations from local fire departments. Once a ban is in place it is reviewed weekly to determine the status of the ban. At the fire departments’ recommendation, the ban is lifted. The Office of Emergency Management alerts residents and business when the National Weather Service issues a Fire Weather Warning by posting the warning on the Polk County Office of Emergency Management’s website at http://oem.co.polk.tx.us/ips/cms/, and on two very popular local websites: (1) Livingston Area i-Town at http://www.livingstonitown.com, and (2) PolkCountyToday at http://www.polkcountytoday.com.
The following is an Outdoor Burn Bans map made available on the Texas Forest Service website.
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Burn bans are strictly enforced by the County Fire Marshal, Constables and the County Sheriff’s Department. Normally on the first offense a warning is issued, second offense a ticket is issued; third offense could mean jail time and a fine. Penalty for violation of a burn-ban order is a $1,000 fine and/or up to six (6) months in jail or both.
THE MAIN GOAL OF THESE BURN BANS IS TO LIMIT OR RESTRICT OUTDOOR BURNING TO PREVENT WILDFIRES!
FEDERAL PROGRAMS The proposed role of the federal land managing agencies in the wildland/urban interface is reducing fuel hazards on the lands they administer; cooperating in prevention and education programs; providing technical and financial assistance; and developing agreements, partnerships, and relationships with property owners, local protection agencies, states, and other stakeholders in wildland/urban interface areas. These relationships focus on activities before a fire occurs, which render structures and communities safer and better able to survive a fire occurrence. The Federal Government has few mechanisms to encourage incentives to resolve the problems in rural, unincorporated areas. There are two programs delivered through the US Forest Service to assist in meeting the needs of rural areas: the Rural Fire Prevention and Control (RFPC) and Rural Community Fire Protection (RCFP). Renewed focus of these programs, emphasizing local solutions, is encouraged25.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (FEMA) PROGRAMS FEMA is directly responsible for providing fire suppression assistance grants and, in certain cases, major disaster assistance and hazard mitigation grants in response to fires. The role of FEMA in the wildland/urban interface is to encourage comprehensive disaster preparedness plans and programs, increase the capability of state and local governments, and provide for a greater understanding of FEMA's programs at the federal, state, and local levels26.
FIREWISE Firewise is a program developed within the National Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Protection Program, and it is the primary federal program addressing interface fire. It is administered through the National Wildfire Coordinating Group whose extensive list of participants includes a wide range of federal agencies. The program is intended to empower planners and decision makers at the local level. Through conferences and information dissemination, Firewise increases support for interface wildfire mitigation by educating professionals and the general public about hazard evaluation and policy implementation techniques. Firewise offers online wildfire protection information and checklists, as well as listings of other publications, videos, and conferences. The interactive home page allows users to ask fire protection experts questions, and to register for new information as it becomes available.
25 Federal Wildland Fire Policy, (July 2001), http://www.fs.fed.us 26 Federal Emergency Management Agency
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FIRE SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESIDENCES Provide a fire-safe defensible space of between 50 to150 feet around a structure, free of debris, dry grass, and underbrush. Keep dead leaves and pine needles raked. Cut back lower branches of all trees to 10 feet near a structure to prevent a grass fire from igniting them. Prune limbs that overhang the roof or come within 10 to 15 feet of a chimney outlet. Cut all dead limbs out of trees near the structure and keep all gutters and roofs free of dead leaves, pine needle and other combustible debris. Safe land does not have to be bare: existing trees can be thinned and fire- resistant native plants should be planted around the house. In rural areas, not serviced by pressured water hydrants, install a network of dry hydrants in available stock ponds, creeks and small lakes to increase the supply of water for fire protection. Name and address number in 5- inch reflective letters on the mailbox should identify residences. Driveways should be wide and solid enough to allow access by fire apparatus. Firewise construction materials such as brick, stone, real stucco, fiber-cement composition siding and pressure-treated fire retardant wood should be used in new construction. Windows should be made of tempered or low-E glass to withstand breakage from radiant heat. Shutters are another option that will prevent window breakage from radiant heat. Premature window failure from radiant heat will allow burning brands to ignite the structure interior before the fire front arrives.
When replacing a roof or during new construction, fire resistant shingles made of slate, tile, metal, or fiberglass-asphalt should be used. Untreated wood roofs may easily catch fire from burning brands carried by winds ahead of the oncoming fire27.
Wildfire can strike home if you have not taken some steps to protect your house and property. The actions and precautions listed below are designed to help you prepare your home and lessen the threat of wildland fire damage to you and your property.
LPG tanks should be far enough away from buildings for valves to be shut off in case of fire. Keep area around the tank clear of flammable vegetation. Store gasoline in an approved safety can away from occupied buildings. All combustibles such as firewood, wooden picnic tables, boats, stacked lumber, etc. should be kept away from structures. Clear roof surfaces and gutters regularly to avoid build-up of flammable materials such as leaves and other debris. Remove branches from trees to a height of 15 feet or more. In rural areas, clear a fuel break of at least 3 times the fuel length around all structures. Have fire tools handy such as: ladder long enough to reach your roof, shovel, rake, and a bucket or two for water. Place connected garden hoses at all sides of your home for emergency use.
27 Source: Texas Forest Service, Livingston Office. State of Texas Hazard Analysis Polk County Emergency Management and Livingston Fire Department
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Assure that you and your family know all emergency exits from your home. Assure that you and your family know all emergency exits from your neighborhood.
A few things you should be aware of during these dry, warm periods...
Know if there is or is not a burn ban in place for your town, city, or county. If you burn, clear a large area on the ground of any combustible material, such as grass, leaves, and scrap wood, burn only what you want to burn. Do not leave your burn pile unattended and have a hose at the ready.
F. POLK COUNTY COMMUNITY WILDFIRE PROTECTION PLAN
The Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan not only prioritizes long-term goals, it also outlines immediate steps homeowners and businesses can take to protect their homes and communities from wildfires. The Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (“CWPP”) was signed into effect by the Texas Forest Service on May 24, 2011. The following projects are addressed in the CWPP.
Media Program A comprehensive media program will be developed to systematically schedule and provide information to the public about the dangers of wildfires, how to prevent them and what to do if their home is threatened by one.
CWPP Projects Develop a countywide mapping system of emergency water locations to determine areas without water sources for volunteer fire departments. Provide water sources to areas identified as fire critical. This may consist of dry hydrants, fire hydrants on existing waterlines or storage tanks located in remote forested areas. Provide fire lanes for residential areas by mulching the areas between forests and subdivisions. This will be done by the pre-established ranking chart above. Provide GIS maps that identify narrow rural roads or roads with bridges that may not allow fire suppression apparatus to navigate. Install signs countywide to indicate locations of rural water supplies for mutual aid partners and identify roads inaccessible to fire suppression apparatus.
The Polk County Community Wildfire Protection Plan was collaboratively developed by interested parties, and federal land management agencies managing land in the vicinity of Corrigan, Leggett, Livingston, Onalaska and Goodrich have been consulted. The CWPP identifies and prioritizes areas for hazardous fuel reduction treatments and recommends the types and methods of treatment that will protect the rural areas of Polk County and the incorporated
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 140 December 10, 2012 cities of Corrigan, Leggett, Livingston, Onalaska and Goodrich. It also recommends measures to reduce the ignitability of structures throughout the area addressed by the CWPP.
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G. WILDFIRE MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The wildfire mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Polk County can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from wildfire events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the Mitigation Taskforce and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation.
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain ST= Short Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by LT= Long Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had WF= Wildfire limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects. ST-WF#1: ENHANCE EMERGENCY SERVICES TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF WILDFIRE RESPONSE AND RECOVERY ACTIVITIES. Implementation: Install more fire reporting stations for better access and coverage;
Estimated Cost: $30,500
Update: The modern use of cell phones has eliminated necessity due to the fact that broadband signal is now available throughout the county.
Develop a county call list that includes all at-risk urban/wildland interface residents in the Polk County jurisdiction in order to contact them during evacuations;
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Update: The county telephone system cannot handle more than 70 calls at a time; therefore, the county relies on the EAS system, the National Weather Service, local media and law enforcement personnel to give evacuations notice in case of wildfire.
Inventory bridges on evacuation routes, assess the bridges for their ability to support fire apparatus ingress, and encourage replacement of unstable bridges.
Estimated Cost: $5,500
Update: The county has an ongoing bridge program, and most bridges have been identified and mapped on the county GIS System.
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston Volunteer Fire Departments, Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department, Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department, Volunteer Fire Departments in the unincorporated areas of Polk County, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services
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Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-WF#2: EDUCATE AGENCY PERSONNEL ON FEDERAL COST-SHARE AND GRANT PROGRAMS, FIRE PROTECTION AGREEMENTS, AND OTHER RELATED FEDERAL PROGRAMS SO THE FULL ARRAY OF ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL AGENCIES IS UNDERSTOOD. Implementation: Investigate potential funding opportunities for individual mitigation projects; and
Develop, approve, and promote Fire Protection Agreements and partnerships to clarify roles and responsibilities and to provide for fire mitigation activities and suppression preparedness.
Estimated Cost: $8,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, County Fire Marshal’s Office, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
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ST-WF#3: EXPLORE AND DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE FIREFIGHTING WATER SOURCES AND ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL SOURCES. Implementation: Advocate for water storage facilities with fire-resistant electrical pump systems in developments outside of fire protection districts that are not connected to a community water or hydrant system;
Estimated Cost: $25,000
Develop a protocol for fire jurisdictions and water districts to communicate all hydrant outages and water shortage information.
Estimated Cost: $9,500
Install additional dry fire hydrants
Estimated Cost: $87,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, County Fire Marshal’s Office, City of Livingston Fire Marshal’s Office, City of Livingston Volunteer Fire Department, City of Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department, City of Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1 year Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
UPDATE: New Short-Term Projects ST-WF#4: INSTALL FIVE FIRE HYDRANTS IN THE CITY OF SEVEN OAKS. Implementation: Install fire hydrants to provide adequate water sources to fight fires within the City of Seven Oaks.
Estimated Cost: $20,000
Coordinating Organization: Seven Oaks City Council
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Timeline: 1 - 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Seven Oaks 1
ST-WF#5: CONSTRUCT WATER RESERVOIR AT LAKE CONNIE JEAN DAM TO ALLOW FIRE TRUCKS TO DRAW WATER FROM DRY HYDRANTS Implementation: Lake Connie Jean Dam to once again provide a viable source of water for firefighters responding to Eagles Nest, Wild County Lake Estates, and Big Thicket Lake Estates Subdivisions and the surrounding areas
Install dry hydrants and electric pumps to fill fire trucks
Estimated Cost: $1,000,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road & Bridge Precinct 1 Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Safety Possible Funding Sources: FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4
ST-WF#6: CONSTRUCT ROAD OVER LAKE CONNIE JEAN DAM TO ALLOW FIRST RESPONSE VEHICLES FASTER INGRESS AND EGRESS TO WILD COUNTRY LAKE ESTATES SUBDIVISION Implementation: Construct roadway over Lake Connie Jean Dam to provide ingress and egress for residents and emergency services
Estimated Cost: $500,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road & Bridge Precinct 1 Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Safety Possible Funding Sources: FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2
ST-WF#7: CONSTRUCT FIRE BREAKS AND BUFFER ZONES IN THE CITY LIMITS Implementation: Implement city-wide vegetation management and tree trimming and removal program to construct fire breaks to reduce the loss of property and facilitate emergency response.
Estimated Cost: $75,000
Coordinating Organization: Onalaska City Council, Onalaska City Engineer, Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protection of life and property Possible Funding Sources: Operating Budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1
LT-WF#1: DEVELOP MAPS RELATING TO THE FIRE HAZARD TO EDUCATE AND ASSIST BUILDERS AND HOMEOWNERS IN WILDFIRE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES, AND TO GUIDE EMERGENCY SERVICES DURING RESPONSE. Implementation: Update wildland/urban interface maps using data derived from the Polk County satellite- mapping project
Conduct risk analysis incorporating data and the created hazard maps using GIS technology to identify risk sites and further assist in prioritizing mitigation activities
Estimated Cost: $10,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Information System, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Systems Department, City of Livingston Engineer, City of Onalaska Engineer, Goodrich City Council, Corrigan City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1-3 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-WF#2: IMPROVE OUTREACH AND IMPLEMENT EDUCATION PROGRAMS AIMED AT MITIGATING WILDFIRE HAZARDS AND REDUCING OR PREVENTING THE EXPOSURE OF CITIZENS, PUBLIC AGENCIES, PRIVATE PROPERTY OWNERS, AND BUSINESSES TO WILDFIRE HAZARDS. Implementation: Hire fire prevention and education personnel to oversee education programs
Visit urban interface neighborhoods and rural areas and conduct education and outreach activities
Estimated Cost: $5,500
Conduct specific community-based demonstration projects of fire prevention and mitigation in the urban interface;
Establish neighborhood “drive-through” activities that pinpoint site-specific mitigation activities. Fire crews can give property owners personal suggestions and assistance; and
Perform public outreach and information activities at Polk County fire stations by creating “Wildfire Awareness Week” activities. Fire stations can hold open houses and allow the public to visit, see the equipment, and discuss wildfire mitigation with the station crews.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office, Livingston Volunteer Fire Department, Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department, Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department, Volunteer Fire Departments in the unincorporated areas of Polk County, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
LT-WF#3: INCREASE COMMUNICATION, COORDINATION, AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN WILDLAND/URBAN INTERFACE PROPERTY OWNERS, LOCAL AND COUNTY PLANNERS, AND FIRE PREVENTION CREWS AND OFFICIALS TO ADDRESS RISKS, EXISTING MITIGATION MEASURES, STATE AND FEDERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS. Implementation: Educate the community on the need for fire plans and to practice evacuation routes;
Educate the community on the need for fire inspections in residential homes by fire departments to increase awareness among homeowners and potential fire responders;
Require fire department notification of new business applications to ensure that appropriate fire plans have been developed;
Work with local planning, landowners, and/or developers who choose to build in the wildland/urban interface to identify and mitigate conditions that aggravate wildland/urban interface wildfire hazards, including:
Limited access for emergency equipment due to width and grade of roadways; Inadequate water supplies and the spacing, consistency, and species of vegetation around structures; Inadequate fuel breaks, or lack of defensible space; Highly flammable construction materials; Building lots and subdivisions that are not in compliance with state and local land use and fire protection regulations Inadequate entry/escape routes. Implement a community-wide campaign promoting the benefit of installing fire resistant roofs and residential sprinkler systems in all new homes and major remodels involving roofs or additions that are located in the interface.
Work with the public to evaluate access routes to rural homes for fire-fighting vehicles and to develop passable routes if they do not exist.
Estimated Cost: $45,500 Projected cost for inspections, literature, and creation of awareness program.
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Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Fire Marshal’s Office, Livingston Volunteer Fire Department, Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department, Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department, Volunteer Fire Departments in the unincorporated areas of Polk County, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
LT-WF#4: IMPLEMENT WILDFIRE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH THE GOALS OF PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY STABILITY. Implementation: Employ mechanical thinning and prescribed burning to abate the risk of catastrophic fire and restore the more natural regime of high frequency, low-intensity burns. Prescribed burning can provide benefit to ecosystems by thinning hazardous vegetation and restoring ecological diversity to areas homogenized by invasive plants; and
Clear trimmings, trees, brush, and other debris completely from sites when performing routine maintenance and landscaping to reduce fire risk.
Estimated Cost: $3,500 working with home owners, farmers, ranchers and loggers.
Update cost to $500,000 for mechanical thinning and abatement.
Coordinating Organization: Office of Emergency Management, County Fire Marshal’s Office, Livingston Volunteer Fire Department, Onalaska Volunteer Fire Department, Goodrich Volunteer Fire Department, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department, Volunteer Fire Departments in the unincorporated areas of Polk County, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems, Emergency Services Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4 Livingston 4 Onalaska 4 Corrigan 4 Goodrich 4 Seven Oaks 4
LT-WF#5: ASSIST LOCAL VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT IN THE RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND PROPER EQUIPPING OF FIREFIGHTERS Implementation: Apply for grant funding to provide training and proper equipping of firefighters.
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Coordinating Organization: City of Corrigan, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department Timeline: 1-3 Years Plan Goals Addressed: Increase Emergency Response Capabilities & Firefighting Techniques Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Corrigan 1
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APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY
Available Fuels That portion of the total fuel that actually burns.
Burning Index A numerical measurement of the difficulty of fire containment based on spread component and fire intensity.
Chain This is a unit of measure used in land surveying. 1 chain equals 66’. This is a useful measurement for determining distance and area. 80 chains equals 1 mile and 10 square chains equals 1 acre.
Drought Index A number representing the net effect of evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation in producing cumulative moisture depletion.
Firebrand Any source of heat, natural or manmade, capable of igniting wildland fuels. This includes flaming or glowing fuel particles that can be carried naturally by wind, convection currents, or by gravity into unburned fuels.
Fire Danger Rating The process of evaluating fire danger that integrates the effects of selected factors into one or more qualitative or numerical indices to express current danger or protection needs.
Fire Intensity The rate of heat release from an entire fire at a specific point in time.
Fuel Moisture The amount of water in a fuel, expressed as a percent of the oven-dried weight of that fuel.
Fuel Type An identifiable association of fuel elements of distinctive species, form, size, arrangement, or other characteristics. General fuel types are grass, brush, timber, and slash.
Ignition Component A rating of the probability that a firebrand will cause a fire requiring suppression action. It is calculated using air temperature, shading, fuel moisture, fuel temperature, wind, slope, and fuel type.
Man Caused Risk A numerical rating of the potential occurrence of a person-caused fire requiring suppression action per million acres.
Mineral soil Soil with little organic matter. There are organic soils such as peat soils in Florida and the lake states. Also, organic soil layers are often found above mineral soils such as humus layers of decayed leaves in forests ecotypes. Organic soils and organic soil layers can burn.
Rate of Spread The relative activity of a fire in extending its horizontal dimensions. It can be expressed as a rate of increase for the total perimeter of the fire, as
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a rate of forward-spread for the fire front, or as a rate of increase in area. It is usually expressed as a rate in chains or acres per hour.
Spread Component A rating of the forward spread of a fire front expressed in feet per minute.
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APPENDIX 2 – FLOOD
A. DESCRIPTION FLOOD HAZARD TERMS Floods are one of the most common and costly hazards in the Flood Watch: Flooding is United States. Flood effects can be local, impacting a possible, Tune in to NOAA neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire Weather Radio, commercial river basins and multiple states. radio, or television for All floods are not alike. Flooding may develop slowly, information. sometimes over a period of days, or flash floods can develop Flash Flood Watch: Be quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes and without any visible signs of rain. Flash floods often have a dangerous wall prepared to move to higher of roaring water that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and ground; listen to NOAA has the potential to sweep away most things in its path. Weather Radio, commercial Overland flooding, which can be very destructive, occurs radio, or television for outside a defined river or stream, such as when a levee is breached. Flooding can also occur when a dam breaks, information. producing effects similar to flash floods. Flood Warning: Flooding is occurring or will occur soon; if It is important to be aware of flood hazards no matter where you live, but especially if you live in a low-lying area near advised to evacuate, do so water or downstream from a dam. Even very small streams, immediately. gullies, creeks, culverts, dry streambeds, or low-lying ground Flash Flood Warning: A flash that appears harmless in dry weather can flood. Every state is flood is occurring; seek higher at risk from floodplain hazards. ground on foot immediately. Polk County is typically subject to two types of flooding:
Flash Flood - A sudden inundation of water in low-lying areas usually brought on by heavy rain or a dam break. When the ground becomes so saturated with water that no more water can be absorbed, the overflow begins to rush downhill sweeping away whatever is in its path.
Riverine - When a river reaches its flood stage, water can rise and spill over the banks of the river. The degree of flooding is usually a function of the amount of precipitation in an area, the amount of time it takes for rainfall to accumulate, previous saturation of local soils, and the terrain around the river system. For instance, a river located in a broad, flat floodplain will often overflow to create shallow and persistent floodwaters that do not recede for extended periods of time.
B. LOCATION
A “100-year flood” describes an event or an area subject to a 1% probability of a certain size flood occurring in any given year. This concept does not mean such a flood will occur only once
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Flood Zone A represents all of Polk County’s floodplain area with a 1% chance of flooding and a 26% chance of flooding over the life of a 30-year mortgage. Because detailed analyses are not performed for our area; no depths or base flood elevations are shown.
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Polk County’s elevation ranges from 40 Long King Creek feet above sea level to over 485 feet Kickapoo Creek Rocky Creek above sea level in the northeastern part of Menard Creek the county. The largest body of water is Trinity River the Lake Livingston Reservoir which is approximately 90,000 acres. Lake Livingston is fed by the Trinity River which borders the county on the south and west and serves as the boundary line between San Jacinto, Trinity and Liberty Counties. The major waterways in the county are Long King Creek, Kickapoo Creek, Rocky Creek, Big Sandy Creek, Choates Creek and Menard Creek which are highlighted on the map.
C. EXTENT
Floods become a hazard when people compete for the use of floodplains. The Lake Livingston Dam natural function of a floodplain is to carry away excess water in time of flood. Failure to recognize this function has led to rapid and haphazard development in floodplains and consequent increases in flood hazards. However, Polk County has been actively involved in floodplain management and is a participant in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). On multiple occasions in the past, severe rains in the Dallas area and in the upper Trinity River Water Shed produced record floods in the lower Trinity River Basin. These floods caused Kickapoo, Rocky, Sandy, Long King, and Menard Creeks to exceed their banks causing major road closures and severe damage to homes. These floods produced record releases at the Lake Livingston Dam Site.
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The City of Livingston is bordered on the west side by Long King Creek, and Choates Creek runs through the heart of the city. Livingston is adversely affected by flash floods and riverine floods. Even though Livingston is approximately 10 miles from the Trinity River, riverine floods have a profound effect on the city. During severe thunderstorms, runoff from Choates and Long King Creeks watersheds fill both Creeks which causes the creeks to quickly reach flood stage, thus cutting Livingston in half. Floodwaters cover and cut off US Highway 190 east of Livingston (E Church St. within the city limits), Texas State Highway 146 (S Houston Ave within the city limits) and US Highway 59 south of the city, and US Highway 190 west of the city (W Church St. within the city). Floodwaters can last several days and slowly recede as waters flow into the Trinity River. Clear cutting forestry lands in the water shed, debris and land erosion all contribute to the flooding problems along both Creeks. (See Livingston floodplain map below.)
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On Easter Sunday, April 3, 1999, heavy rains led to record flooding along Choates, Long King and Menard Creeks, and severely damaged Livingston streets. Approximately 50 businesses were seriously damaged or destroyed and several hundred homes were flooded. Approximately 30 homes were completely destroyed. Tons of debris littered the landscape and had to be removed. Some good did come from this flood, however, because many dilapidated houses were damaged so severely they had to be torn down. Unfortunately, there was not enough damage to warrant a Presidential declaration, and the cost of this flood fell on the city and its residents.
Flashfloods that affect Choates and Long King Creeks have caused severe flooding and damage to infrastructure and homes throughout the years. One option that has been considered by the City of Livingston and Polk County is to dredge Choates Creek from just east of the city to where the creek empties into Long King Creek. Removal of debris and trees from the creek, and clearing and deepening the channel could substantially reduce the likelihood of flashfloods and lessen the effects of a severe riverine flood.
In recent years rains caused major road closures throughout the county, with reported rainfall of 12 to 14 inches within Livingston and Corrigan. Heavy rains caused US Highway 59 S to flood. Vehicles were submerged in water inside the city limits of Livingston, and stranded people had to be rescued.
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D. PREVIOUS OCCURRENCES
Floods, which historically have caused 90% of the disaster damage in Polk County, continue to be one of the most destructive and costly natural hazards. Very few areas in the county are completely free from the threat of floods. River and stream flooding is a natural recurring event. Statistically, streams will equal or exceed the mean annual flood once every 2.33 years.
NFIP Claim Payments for the Past Six Years (excluding repetitive loss) YEAR COUNTY TOTAL NFIP CLAIMS ($) 2006 Polk County 561,756 2007 Polk County 0 2008 Polk County 60,795 2009 Polk County 55,111 2010 Polk County 0 2011 Polk County 0
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Most Notable Floods in Polk County From 1989 – 2011
TWENTY SIX FLOOD EVENTS REPORTED IN POLK COUNTY BETWEEN JANUARY 1, 1994 AND DECEMBER 31, 2010 RESULTED IN OVER $2,000,000.00 IN PROPERTY DAMAGE
May 3 - June 15, 1989: Heavy local rains caused severe flash flooding problems throughout Polk County.
*May 10 - June 12, 1990: Lake Livingston Dam recorded record releases when heavy rains in the Dallas area caused severe flooding all along the Lower Trinity River Basin. Several hundred homes and businesses were flooded. This flood occurred while a drought declaration was in effect for the County, and was caused solely by heavy flooding in the extreme northern area of the Trinity River. No local rainfall contributed to this flood.
*December 18 - 31, 1991: Heavy local rains coupled with severe riverine flooding caused heavy flooding along the Lower Trinity River Basin. Homes and businesses located within the 100-year floodplain flooded causing thousands of dollars in damages. Several roads, bridges and culverts were washed out and had to be replaced or repaired. Several Culverts were mitigated by enlarging the size of some and by installing bulkheads to help protect the culvert and roadway. This mitigation project was through the US Department of Agriculture Emergency Water Shed Program (EWP).
*October 15 - 19, 1994: Heavy local rains caused severe flash and riverine flooding all along the watershed of Kickapoo, Rocky, Sandy, Long King, and Menard Creeks. This flooding produced record releases at the Lake Livingston Dam Site, and affected hundreds of homes throughout Polk County. Nine (9) bridges were washed out along with roads and culverts. Two (2) Fatalities were reported in the County.
March 13 - 14, 1997: Heavy local rains caused severe flooding along Menard, Choates, Mill and Long King Creeks that washed out culverts and roadbeds throughout the eastern half of the County. Menard Creek reached flood stage, washing out the temporary culvert and roadway crossing at Mill Creek in Big Thicket Lake Estates (BTLE) subdivision. Washouts have occurred on numerous occasions and both Liberty County and Polk County must repair the damage quickly because 300 to 400 residents are stranded on the east side of Mill Creek with no other means of ingress or egress. On the morning of March 13, 1997 the roadway was completely destroyed by heavy rains. As the county was preparing to send equipment to repair the road, an oil drilling company was in the process of slant drilling across Mill Creek at the entrance of BTLE. Oil Companies were laying a high pressure pipeline, and a miscalculation caused the driller to sever a 36” high-pressure propane line adjacent to where they were drilling.
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Thousands of gallons of propane were released, forcing emergency crews to evacuate all residents in BTLE. Residents were out of their homes for two (2) days. Although the road was repaired, County officials quickly realized that someone could have been killed or seriously injured. A permanent solution was needed to mitigate this problem.
*November 13 - 16, 1998: A number of homes and businesses were flooded, when heavy local rains coupled with severe riverine flooding caused major flooding along the Lower Trinity River Basin. County roads and bridges were seriously damaged, and numerous bridges and culverts were washed out. Several culverts and bridges were mitigated by enlarging their size, or by installing bulkheads and replacing bridge abutments to help protect the culvert and roadway. This mitigation project was through the US Department of Agriculture Emergency Water Shed Program (EWP).
April 3 - 4, 1999: Heavy rains caused record flooding along Choates, Long King and Menard Creeks and severely damaged streets in downtown Livingston. Several County roads and bridges were impacted, and three (3) bridges and several culverts located in County Precinct #4 just east of the City were washed out. Approximately 50 businesses in Livingston were severely damaged or destroyed and several hundred homes were flooded, with about 30 completely destroyed. Although damages were severe, there was no Presidential declaration. This was an SBA.
*June 4, 2001: Tropical Storm Allison caused severe flooding in several counties throughout Southeast Texas, and was especially severe in Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, and other counties surrounding Polk County. This storm caused some of the most costly flood damages in Texas history. Locally, four bridges were destroyed and several roads were severely damaged.
October 16, 2006: A state of disaster was declared by Polk County Judge John P. Thompson when heavy rains resulted in severe flooding throughout Polk County. Rainfall of 12 – 15 inches caused road closings in parts of the County.
October 28, 2009: Rainfall of 6 – 9 inches was recorded throughout the County causing Sandy Creek to rise nine inches and Kickapoo Creek to rise five inches. Houses along Sandy Creek and Kickapoo Creek were flooded.
[Presidential Declaration is denoted by an Asterisk (*)]
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Repetitive Flood Loss Properties
AS OF AUGUST 31, 2011 THERE HAVE BEEN TWENTY THREE REPETITIVE LOSS CLAIMS IN POLK COUNTY (INCLUDING INCORPORATED CITIES) TOTALING $2,145,976.49
Type Building Value Total Building Total Contents Community Name ($) Payment ($) Payment ($) Losses Total Paid ($) Average Pay ($) As of Date R CORRIGAN, CITY OF 38,400 28,329.62 23,163.94 4 51,493.56 12,873.39 08/31/2011 R LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 42,204 150,532.60 54,061.09 3 204,593.69 68,197.90 08/31/2011 C LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 38,314 22,553.92 884.25 2 23,438.17 11,719.09 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF R 110,525 126,328.53 42,494.38 4 168,822.91 42,205.73 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF C 161,722 46,557.64 4,404.00 2 50,961.64 25,480.82 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF C 106,290 9,000.00 10,500.00 2 19,500.00 9,750.00 08/31/2011 C LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 9,999,999,999 298,470.95 99,208.39 3 397,679.34 132,559.78 08/31/2011 R LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 144,180 5,375.81 0.00 2 5,375.81 2,687.91 08/31/2011 R LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 218,310 130,525.55 84,022.55 2 214,548.10 107,274.05 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF R 202,600 19,795.86 440.17 2 20,236.03 10,118.02 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF R 53,700 22,395.66 2,031.03 3 24,426.69 8,142.23 08/31/2011 LIVINGSTON, CITY OF C 220,732 57,919.35 1,657.72 2 59,577.07 29,788.54 08/31/2011 C LIVINGSTON, CITY OF 125,433 86,272.16 1,442.94 2 87,715.10 43,857.55 08/31/2011 C POLK COUNTY* 163,964 121,556.50 32,627.41 4 154,183.91 38,545.98 08/31/2011 R POLK COUNTY* 85,731 28,433.55 24,500.00 4 52,933.55 13,233.39 08/31/2011 POLK COUNTY* R 109,068 149,697.14 194,422.56 10 344,119.70 34,411.97 08/31/2011 POLK COUNTY* R 27,720 18,918.55 6,388.41 3 25,306.96 8,435.65 08/31/2011 POLK COUNTY* R 103,899 63,742.16 25,000.00 4 88,742.16 22,185.54 08/31/2011 R POLK COUNTY* 71,151 16,434.49 843.60 2 17,278.09 8,639.05 08/31/2011 R POLK COUNTY* 50,000 35,011.75 16,504.17 3 51,515.92 17,171.97 08/31/2011 R POLK COUNTY* 103,700 16,087.08 22,051.91 2 38,138.99 19,069.50 08/31/2011 POLK COUNTY* R 31,400 9,369.15 3,600.00 2 12,969.15 6,484.58 08/31/2011 POLK COUNTY* R 55,075 27,653.18 4,766.77 2 32,419.95 16,209.98 08/31/2011
TOTAL 2,145,976.49 *C – Denotes Commercial Properties *R – Denotes Residential Properties
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Polk County adopts higher standards for freeboard: 1’ above BFE
The following three maps show 23 locations within North Polk County, the City of Livingston and surrounding area, and South Polk County with severe repetitive loss. Severe Repetitive Loss Locations
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E. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
Estimated average annual cost from flood events in Polk County are estimated from the events shown in the table below. There were a total of 27 disaster events that occurred in Polk County from 1994 to 2009 that had a recorded loss. For the 27 events listed there was approximately $12,588,222 in property damage.
HISTORICAL /FLOOD EVENTS Property Location or County Date Type Damage ($) 1. Polk County 10/16/1994 Flash Flood 5.0M 2. San Jacinto County 10/16/1994 Flash Flood 5.0M 3. Polk County 12/16/1994 Flash Flood 500K 4. Polk County 01/26/1995 Flash Flood 20K 5. Polk County 05/28/1995 Flash Flood 20K 6. Polk County 05/28/1995 Flash Flood 20K 7. Livingston 12/17/1995 Flash Flood 5K 8. Countywide 09/27/1996 Flash Flood 50K 9. Countywide 02/20/1997 Flash Flood 5K 10. Corrigan 07/06/1997 Flash Flood 5K 11. Countywide 01/06/1998 Flash Flood 25K 12. Countywide 11/12/1998 Flash Flood 3K 13. Countywide 11/13/1998 Flash Flood 3K 14. Countywide 11/13/1998 Flash Flood 10K 15. Countywide 11/13/1998 Flash Flood 5K 16. Countywide 03/13/1999 Flash Flood 100K 17. Countywide 04/03/1999 Flash Flood 25K 18. Countywide 04/03/1999 Flash Flood 150K 19. Countywide 06/25/1999 Flash Flood 25K 20. Countywide 06/25/1999 Flash Flood 25K 21. Corrigan 11/06/2000 Flash Flood 25K 22. Countywide 06/09/2001 Flash Flood 123K 23. Countywide 11/04/2002 Flash Flood 20K 24. Countywide 05/01/2004 Flash Flood 746K 25. Countywide 10/16/2006 Flash Flood 562K 26. Countywide 09/13/2008 Flash Flood 61K 27. Countywide 10/29/2009 Flash Flood 55K
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F. PROBABILITY OF FUTURE EVENTS
Flooding will continue to be one of the biggest threats to the citizens of Polk County. Approximately 126,649 acres of land is located in the floodplain, which is about 1/6th of the county. The County Judge and County Commissioners continue to look for ways to reduce losses from flooding through comprehensive planning, the regulation of flood-prone land, and by promoting the purchase of Floodplain Insurance. Polk County will continue to enforce a rigid floodplain management program.
Polk County has had a comprehensive mitigation program for the past twelve years. For example, the county has improved large culverts and bridges by installing bulkheads to protect culverts and prevent erosion to road beds. The Commissioners have also fortified bridge approaches by improving head walls, adding bulkheads and rip rap to help protect the bridges from washing out and erosion.
G. VULNERABILITY
Hazard Identification is the first phase of flood-hazard assessment. Identification is the process of estimating:
(1) geographic extent of the floodplain (i.e., the area at risk from flooding);
(2) intensity of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the floodplain; and
(3) probability of the occurrence of flood events.
On September 3, 1010, Polk County adopted new floodplain maps through FEMA’s Map Modernization Program. The updated NFIP maps with the improved technologies for identifying flood hazards are more closely aligned with actual risk. Polk County’s flood insurance rate is Zone A; therefore, with no elevations or bench marks, obtaining a base-flood elevation certificate from a surveyor is very difficult.
Continuing development and growth in the county has increased the threat of flooding in areas that have never before flooded. Consequently, flooding vulnerability no longer occurs exclusively in the floodplain.
The following maps are examples of a few of the many subdivisions and areas along rivers and creeks in Polk County that are in the floodplain and are, therefore, at risk of flooding.
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Taylor Lake Estates is located in south Polk County with approximately 150 homes and 8 businesses located in the floodplain surrounding both George Taylor Lake and the Trinity River.
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Holiday Lake Estates is located in south Polk County with approximately 107 homes located in the floodplain impacted by the Trinity River, Devils, Sally, Gerlach and Holiday Lakes.
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Hoot Owl Hollow and Siesta Country is located in southwest Polk County, west of the City of Goodrich. Approximately 215 homes and 17 businesses are impacted by flooding along Long King Creek.
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Several subdivisions in north Polk County are situation along Kickapoo Creek. Approximately 86 homes are impacted by flooding in this area.
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Flooding Caused by Dam Failure Loss of life and damage to structures, roads, utilities and crops may result from a dam failure. Economic losses can also result from a lowered tax base and lack of utility profits. These effects would certainly accompany the failure of one of the major dams in Polk County. In addition to the Lake Livingston Dam maintained by the Trinity River Authority, there are a total of 37 smaller dams in Polk County holding millions of gallons of water in reservoirs. Because dam failure can have severe consequences, FEMA requires that all dam owners develop Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) for warning, evacuation, and post-flood actions. Although there may be coordination with county officials in the development of the EAP, the responsibility for developing potential flood inundation maps and facilitation of emergency response is the responsibility of the dam owner.
Dam failures are usually considered technological hazards; however, since most dam failures result from prolonged periods of rainfall, they are often cited as secondary, or cascading, effects of natural flooding disasters and are not named as the primary hazard that causes disaster declarations. For example, Lake Livingston Dam, a 2.5 mile earthen embankment with 12 flood gates for releasing water was heavily damaged in 2005 by Hurricane Rita when it made landfall on the Texas coast bringing 117 mile per hour winds to Lake Livingston. The high winds and significant wave action eroded some of the rip rap on the lake side of the dam, exposing part of the earthen embankment. Following the state-approved emergency action plan, the Trinity River Authority began releasing water from Lake Livingston to lower the water level to 127 feet above sea level to avoid any further erosion of the rip rap or the soil on the dam from wave action during the hurricane event. The release of 79,200 cubic feet per second caused flooding in low- lying areas downstream from the dam.28
Each dam in the National Inventory of Dams is assigned a downstream hazard classification based on the potential for loss of life and damage to property should the dam fail. The classification is not a determination on the condition or structure of the dam or a judgment as to the likelihood of failure. The hazard classifications are as follows:
Hazard Classification 1: High Hazard: dam failure would probably result in loss of life and major damage to property.
Hazard Classification 2: Significant Hazard: dam failure could possibly cause some loss of life and property damage.
Hazard Classification 3: Low Hazard: dam failure would be unlikely to cause loss of life or property damage
Polk County has 37 dams which are depicted on the following map. Six dams are classified as Hazard Classification 1:
Wild Indian Lake Dam,
28 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Trinity+River+Authority+of+Texas%3a+Hurricane+Rita+Damages+Lake...- a0136672309
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Lakeside Village Estates Lake Dam, Chesswood Lake Dam, Lake Downs Dam, Lake Londa Lynn Dam, and Pine Pond Dam. Of these, only two have storage capacities over 500 acre/feet; Lake Londa Lynn Dam (905 acre/feet storage) and Lakeside Village Estates Lake Dam (537 acre/feet storage). Twenty-seven (27) property owners in Indian Spring Lake Estates Subdivision who own property downstream of Wild Indian Lake Dam and Lake Downs Dam were sent certified letters from the Polk County Office of Emergency Management Permitting Department in December 2010 notifying them that the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality had recently inspected the dam upstream of their property and considered it to be in poor maintenance condition, meaning, should the dam fail, it could cause possible loss of life and property. A copy of the notification letter is linked to the address, and in the event a new property owner or renter requests address verification they are provided a copy of the notification letter. Lake Connie Jean Dam was rated by the TCEQ as having spillway damage, with a notation that the lake level was lowered through an outfall pipe to prevent additional damage. Since that report, the dam has failed, depriving the Wild Country Lake Estates Subdivision and the surrounding areas access to a viable water source for fighting fires. Polk County is considered Zone A and a detailed study of flood inundation caused by the breech of dams has not been done. Polk County and the incorporated cities within have a data deficiency, but will obtain more detailed information to include in the next update of this plan. An action item has been created to address this issue.
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LAKESIDE VILLAGE ESTATES LAKE DAM FLOOD INUNDATION MAP
This dam is located in the Lakeside Village Estates Subdivision in Polk County. Polk County does not have have dam floodwater inundation information, but will seek out this information for the next update. A project to correct this deficiency has been included in this Plan.
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LAKE LONDA LYNN DAM FLOOD INUNDATION MAP
This dam is located in the Holiday Lake Estates Subdivision in Polk County. Polk County does not have have dam floodwater inundation information, but will seek out this information for the next update. A project to correct this deficiency has been included in this Plan.
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LAKE DOWNS DAM FLOOD INUNDATION MAP
This dam is located in the Indian Springs Subdivision in Polk County. Polk County does not have have dam floodwater inundation information, but will seek out this information for the next update. A project to correct this deficiency has been included in this Plan.
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WILD INDIAN LAKE DAM FLOOD INUNDATION MAP
This dam is located in the Indian Springs Subdivision in Polk County. Polk County does not have have dam floodwater inundation information, but will seek out this information for the next update. A project to correct this deficiency has been included in this Plan.
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H. SECONDARY HAZARDS
Assessment is the second step of determining flood-hazard vulnerability. It combines the floodplain boundary, generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property within the floodplain. Understanding the population and property exposed to natural hazards will assist in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. Because site-specific inventory data and inundation levels given for a particular flood event (10-year, 25-year, 50-year, 100-year, 500-year) are not readily available, calculating a community’s vulnerability to flood events is not straightforward. The amount of property in the floodplain, as well as the type and value of structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential flood losses. The following chart describes the number of acres and the value of property within Polk County’s 100-year floodplain.
Flood Hazard Vulnerability Assessment, Polk County Square acres in the 100-year Floodplain 126,649
All Homes and Businesses Located within the 100-year floodplain 1450
Miles of Roadway located within the 100-year floodplain 80
Total Value of Homes and Businesses located within the 100-year floodplain $53,664004.60
Flood Insurance policies active in Polk County ( NFIP) in 201129 555
Flow velocity models can assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events. The data used to develop these models is based on hydrological analysis of landscape features. Changes in the landscape, often associated with human development, can alter the flow velocity and the severity of damage that can be expected from a flood event. Using GIS technology and flow-velocity models, it is possible to map the damage that can be expected from flood events over time. It is also possible to pinpoint the effects of certain flood events on individual properties. At the time of publication of this Plan, data was insufficient to conduct a risk analysis for flood events in Polk County. However, the current mapping projects being led by the County GIS Mapping Department will result in better data that will assist in understanding risk. This Mitigation Plan includes recommendations for building partnerships that will support the development of a flood-risk analysis in Polk County.
Polk County has been participating in the NFIP since the original Floodplain Ordinance was adopted on August 13, 1990. On May 13, 2008, the county adopted a more stringent Order to
29 Texas Water Board/NFIP
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include the freeboard of one foot. With the new map modification program from FEMA our County adopted the latest Floodplain Order on September 3, 2010 to include new floodplain maps.
The jurisdictions in Polk County participating in the NFIP are Onalaska, Corrigan, Seven Oaks and Livingston. Goodrich is the only jurisdiction that elects not to participate in the NFIP. Each jurisdiction that participates in the NFIP makes an effort to educate it’s residents on the benefits of the program.
For the purpose of regulating development in the floodplain, Polk County requires permits for all development in the county. The Electric Companies, Sam Houston Electric Coop and Entergy help by requiring a county permit number before electricity can be installed on any property.
For compliance with the NFIP, Polk County has a Certified Floodplain Manager to enforce compliance as of July 2010.
I. OVERALL SUMMARY OF VULNERABILITY AND IMPACTS
The largest impact on communities from flood events is the loss of life and property. During certain years, property losses resulting from flood damages are extensive. Several factors contribute to flash flooding. The two key elements are rainfall intensity and duration. Intensity is the rate of rainfall, and duration is how long the rain lasts.
Development in the floodplains of Polk County will continue to be at risk from flooding because flood damage occurs on a regular basis throughout the county. Property loss from floods strikes both private and public property.
The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the floodwaters. Faster moving floodwaters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters combine with flood debris. Erosion and landslide damage related to soil saturation can be a major cause of damage from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water saturating materials susceptible to loss (e.g., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor coverings, and appliances).
SITE BUILT HOMES Homes in frequently flooded areas can also suffer damage to septic systems and drain fields. Homes in rural floodplain areas often depend on private sewage treatment systems, and inundation of these systems may result in leakage of wastewater into surrounding areas. In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable. The federal government provides disaster funding for people who cannot, or should not, live in their homes because of damage or other disaster-related reasons.
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MANUFACTURED HOMES Many manufactured homes are located in floodplain areas. Manufactured homes have a lower level of structural stability than stick-built homes, and must be anchored to provide additional structural stability during flood events. Because of confusion in the late 1980s resulting from multiple changes in NFIP regulations, there are some communities that do not actively enforce anchoring requirements. Lack of enforcement of manufactured home construction standards in floodplains can contribute to severe damages from flood events.
BUSINESS/INDUSTRY Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business operations. Flood events can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include funding to assist owners in elevating or relocating flood-prone business structures.
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE Publicly-owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood control facilities, emergency facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events.
There are a variety of drinking water, surface water, and wastewater service providers throughout the county. During flooding events, the infrastructure that supports the water service providers in the county can be damaged and sometimes destroyed. For example, the City of Livingston lost power to its water pumping station during the October 1994 flood, and water had to be pumped through it by a fire truck to keep the facility running.
ROADS During natural hazard events, or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are critical for providing emergency services. Road systems in Polk County are maintained by multiple jurisdictions. Federal, state, county, and city governments all have a stake in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often traverse floodplain and floodway areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at risk from flooding.
J. MITIGATION STRATEGIES
The key actions for effective reduction of flood losses lie in appropriate planning for regulating the use of flood-prone land. At one time, the trend was toward structural flood control. For example, the building of dikes, dams and levees, this was found to be costly and sometimes not as effective as other actions.
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The current trend is to clear high-risk areas through voluntary acquisition programs and more strongly enforce floodplain management. This concept includes the acquisition of property, adoption of proper floodplain zoning regulations, land use planning and promotion of the sale of flood insurance. The National Flood Insurance Act requires flood-prone communities to take corrective and preventive measures to minimize the effects of flooding. There are approximately 1,500 structures located within the floodplain in our county, therefore it is imperative that we continue to strictly enforce the floodplain and educate the public of the dangers of building in flood-prone areas. Citizens look to their community and to public service agencies within the community, to prevent loss of life and unnecessary destruction of property. Some of the minimal expectations are a severe weather early warning system; adequate shelter facilities, and evacuation assistance when necessary. Only 555 homes and businesses in the county currently have flood insurance; therefore, it is imperative that we educate the public on the importance of the NFIP insurance program. Enforcement of an effective floodplain management program, a local office where base flood elevation levels and information as to the susceptibility for flooding can be obtained, and adoption and enforcement of building codes that ensure safe, survivable structures is also necessary.
Polk County and the Cities of Corrigan and Seven Oaks (through Interlocal Cooperation Act Agreements with Polk County) have developed a strong floodplain management program and have gone to great lengths to ensure NFIP compliance by ensuring that persons building or developing in floodplain areas are properly permitted and that the stringent guidelines are adhered to. The Cities of Livingston and Onalaska have developed their own floodplain ordinances and permitting processes to regulate persons building and developing in the flood- prone areas within their city limits.
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K. FLOOD MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The flood mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Polk County can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from flood events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation. Action Items marked (NFIP) are to insure continual National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) compliance.
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by ST=Short Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing LT=Long Term exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had FL=Flood limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-FL#1: ANALYZE EACH REPETITIVE FLOOD PROPERTY WITHIN POLK COUNTY AND IDENTIFY FEASIBLE MITIGATION OPTIONS.
Implementation: Identify appropriate and feasible mitigation activities for identified repetitive flood properties. Funding may be available through FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Grant and Flood Mitigation Assistance Programs and the Pre-disaster Mitigation Program;
Contact repetitive loss property owners to discuss mitigation opportunities, and determine interest should future project opportunities arise; and
Explore options for incentives to encourage property owners to engage in mitigation.
Update: HMGP buyout of all structures located at 1076 River Rd, Lot 2 in Holiday Lake Estates, Polk County, Texas, located on River Road in Goodrich. The buyout has been completed. The cost of this project was $109,500. This project took approximately 2 years to complete.
Estimated Cost: $15,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Certified Floodplain Manager, City of Livingston Emergency Management Coordinator, City of Goodrich Emergency Management Coordinator, City of Onalaska Emergency Management Coordinator, Corrigan City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-FL#2: REVISE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE FLOODPLAIN, WHERE APPROPRIATE. Implementation: Evaluate elevation requirements for new residential and nonresidential structures in the unincorporated floodplain area; (NFIP)
Task Completed: No action taken. All areas in the county are Zone A, no benchmarks available
Estimated Cost: $5,500
Explore raising the base elevation requirement for new residential construction to two or three feet above base flood elevation, or greater. An increased elevation standard is one activity the county can engage in to receive credit from the NFIP Community Rating System Program;
Task Completed: It was determined one-foot freeboard is sufficient.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Identify opportunities to upgrade Federal Insurance Rate Map, and arrange for Cooperative Technical Partnership mapping upgrades for select areas; and
Task Completed: On September 3, 2010, Polk County adopted new floodplain maps as a result of map changes through FEMA’s Flood Map Modernization Program. Prior to the new maps, the County’s floodplain maps were dated back to 1991. The new maps indicate more accurate floodplain data for the County.
Identify alternatives to reduce development in the floodplain.
Task Completed: As of July 2010, Polk County has a Certified Floodplain Manager (“CFM) to educate the public on floodplain issues and programs. The CFM also reviews tax foreclosure properties in the county and “flags” floodplain properties in order to warn advise potential buyers of the floodplain regulations.
Coordinating Organization: Office of Emergency Management, Permit Department, and Floodplain Management
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Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
ST-FL#3: DEVELOP BETTER FLOOD WARNING SYSTEMS. Implementation: Coordinate with appropriate organizations to evaluate the need for more stream gauges (NFIP)
Task Completed: Installed flood gauge at Long King Creek in Livingston. Additional gauges may be installed at a later date, as needed.
Estimated Cost: $100,000
Distribute information regarding flooding to the general public efficiently (NFIP)
Task Completed: Flood awareness calendars and general floodplain information are placed in various county offices annually.
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: Office of Emergency Management, County Sheriff Department Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Emergency Services Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
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UPDATE: New Short-Term Projects ST-FL#4: REPLACE BRIDGE ON KATE LOWE RD (NFIP). Implementation: (Project no longer viable) Replace bridge on Kate Lowe Rd to provide ingress and egress during floods;
Estimated Cost: $2,000,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road & Bridge Precinct 1 Timeline: 2 - 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-FL#5: ELEVATE CAMP ROAD IN CITY OF SEVEN OAKS (NFIP). Implementation: Elevate road to prevent washing out and to provide ingress and egress during floods;
Estimated Cost: $400,000
Coordinating Organization: Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1 - 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Seven Oaks 1
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ST-FL#6: CONSTRUCT CONCRETE EMBANKMENTS TO IMPROVE WATER PASSAGE ALONG CREEKS THAT FREQUENTLY FLOOD. Project no longer viable due to financial cost. Implementation: • Build a concrete embankment along Long King Creek throughout the Livingston City limits to allow rapid removal of flood waters. (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $8.5 Million
Coordinating Organization: City of Livingston Timeline: 1-2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-FL#7: IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE STRUCTURES THAT ARE WITHIN THE FLOODPLAIN THAT ARE BELOW THE BASE FLOOD ELEVATION (BFE). Implementation: Work with a certified surveyor in determining the elevation of the base floor for structures within the floodplain.
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: Onalaska City Council Timeline: 1 Year Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1
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LT-FL#1: IMPROVE DATA AND MAPPING FOR FLOODPLAIN INFORMATION WITHIN THE COUNTY, AND IDENTIFY AND MAP FLOOD-PRONE AREAS OUTSIDE OF DESIGNATED FLOODPLAINS (NFIP). Note: FEMA Map Modernization is completed and adopted with more accurate floodplain information.
Implementation: Apply for FEMA’s cooperative technical partnership using the 2-foot contour interval floodplain mapping data acquired by Polk County GIS; and
Encourage the development of floodplain maps for all local streams not currently mapped on Flood Insurance Rate Maps or county maps, with special attention focused on mapping rural and unincorporated areas. The maps should show the expected frequency of flooding, the level of flooding, and the areas subject to inundation. The maps can be used for planning, risk analysis, and emergency management.
Task Not Complete: A detailed study of the floodplain has not been performed in Polk County, County is rated Zone A.
Estimated Cost: $ Unknown
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1
LT-FL#2: DEVELOP ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO PRESERVE OPEN SPACE FOR FLOOD MITIGATION, FISH HABITAT, AND WATER QUALITY IN THE FLOODPLAIN. Implementation: Develop a comprehensive strategy for acquiring and managing floodplain open space in Polk County; (NFIP)
Explore funding for property acquisition from federal (e.g., FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program), state, regional, and local governments, as well as private and non-profit organizations, trails programs, fish programs as well as options for special appropriations;
Estimated Cost: Unknown (Mitigation match on the 404 Grant is 25%)
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Task Not Completed: Ongoing project
Develop a regional partnership between flood mitigation, fish habitat, and water quality enhancement organizations/programs to improve educational programs; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $10,500
Task Not Complete: Ongoing project
Identify sites where environmental restoration work can benefit flood mitigation, fish habitat, and water quality; (NFIP)
Work with landowners to develop flood management practices that provide healthy fish habitat; and
Identify existing watershed education programs and determine which programs would support a flood education component.
Estimated Cost: $5,500
Task Not Complete: Ongoing project
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Seven Oaks 2
LT-FL#3: IDENTIFY SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE OBSTRUCTIONS FOR ALL PARTS OF UNINCORPORATED POLK COUNTY. Implementation: Map culverts in unincorporated areas of the county;
Estimated Cost: $18,000
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Prepare an inventory of culverts that historically create flooding problems and target them for retrofitting; and (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Prepare an inventory of major drainage problems, and identify causes and potential mitigation actions for drainage problem areas. (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $25,500
Tasks Not Complete: Ongoing Projects
Coordinating Organization Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3
LT-FL#4: ESTABLISH A FRAMEWORK TO COMPILE AND COORDINATE SURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS AND DATA THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY. Implementation: Develop surface water management plans for areas that are not currently within surface water management plan boundaries.
Estimated Cost: $15,000
Task Not Complete
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Seven Oaks City Council, Goodrich City Council Timeline: 3-5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4 Livingston 4
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Onalaska 4 Corrigan 4 Goodrich 4 Seven Oaks 4
UPDATE: New Long-Term Projects
LT-FL#5: ESTABLISH BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS IN THE COUNTY.
Implementation: Research and Apply for grants to fund Lidar or elevation tools/programs for base flood elevations for the county: (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $300,000
Develop detailed floodplain study for the county; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: Unknown
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer Timeline: 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3
LT-FL#6: DEVELOP PLANS TO MITIGATE OR BUYOUT SUBDIVISIONS WITH STRUCTURES IN THE FLOODPLAIN AND STRUCTURES ON RIVER ROAD. Implementation: Research Grants for subdivisions in the floodplain and structures in danger of being washed into the Trinity River; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost; $15,000
Buyout properties and relocate residents in the floodplain and River Road. (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $3,000,000
Coordinating Organization Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer Timeline: 3-5 years
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Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4
LT-FL#7: ESTABLISH AND PURCHASE A FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM FOR HOLIDAY LAKES ESTATES AND TAYLOR LAKES SUBDIVISIONS Implementation: Develop and research the cost of implementing flood warning systems in floodplain subdivisions using gauges; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $15,000
Implement the flood warning gauges to alert residents in floodplain subdivisions; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $400,000
Coordinating Organization Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer Timeline: 3-5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4
LT-FL#8: ASSESS AND IMPROVE HIGH HAZARD DAMS IN THE COUNTY. Implementation: Assess and develop a plan to improve the high hazard dams in the county; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: $15,000
Improve High hazardous dams in Polk County; (NFIP)
Estimated Cost: Unknown
Coordinating Organization Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Polk Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Environmental Officer Timeline: 3-5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation
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Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4
LT-FL#9: CONDUCT A DETAILED STUDY OF ZONE A FLOODPLAIN WITHIN THE UNINCORPORATED AREAS OF POLK COUNTY TOASSESS DAM INUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE FLOODPLAIN. Implementation: Apply for grant to study hydrologic and hydraulic methods in the floodplain for a detailed analysis to develop BFEs.
Estimated Cost: $800,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Certified Floodplain Manager, Polk County Geographic Information Systems, Corp of Engineers Timeline: 3-5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Determine Base Flood Elevation, Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1
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APPENDIX 3 – THUNDERSTORM
A. DEFINITION
Thunderstorms are defined as violent, local atmospheric disturbances accompanied by lightning, thunder, high winds and heavy rain.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
There were 71 thunderstorms in Polk County registered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) between 1950 and 2011. The record of thunderstorm frequency equates to an average of 1.16 thunderstorms per year, and therefore constitutes a ‘highly likely’ probability of future occurrence rating. According to NOAA storm history data for Polk County, thunderstorms occur more frequently during the spring months.
Hail can accompany thunderstorms, but the occurrences of hailstorms in Polk County have had minor impacts compared to the other hazards addressed in the Plan. According to data provided by the National Climate Data Center, no deaths or injuries have occurred due to hailstorms and dollar losses total $508,000 since 1950.
C. VULNERABILITY
LIFE AND PROPERTY Thunderstorms have the ability to cause damage over 100 miles from the center of storm activity. Winds impacting walls, doors, windows, and roofs may cause structural components to fail. Wind pressure can create a direct and frontal assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows inward. Conversely, passing currents can create lift and suction forces that act to pull building components and surfaces outward. The effects of winds are magnified in the upper levels of multi-story structures. As positive and negative forces impact the building’s protective envelope (doors, windows, and walls), the result can be roof or building component failures and considerable structural damage. The effects of wind speed are shown in the table below.
The Effect of Wind at a Range of Speeds Wind Speed Types of Damage
25-31 Large branches will be in motion.
32-38 Whole trees in motion; inconvenience felt walking against the wind.
Twigs and small branches may break off of trees. Wind generally impedes progress when walking; high profile vehicles 39-54 such as trucks and motor homes may be difficult to control.
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Wind Speed Types of Damage
Potential damage to TV antennas; may push over shallow rooted trees 55-74 especially if the soil is saturated.
Potential for minimal structural damage, particularly to unanchored mobile homes; power lines, signs, and tree branches may be blown 75-95 down
Moderate structural damage to walls, roofs and windows; large signs 96-110 and tree branches blown down; moving vehicles pushed off roads. Extensive structural damage to walls, roofs, and windows; trees blown 111-130 down; mobile homes may be destroyed. 131-155 Extreme damage to structures and roofs; trees uprooted or snapped. Greater than 155 catastrophic damage Structures destroyed Source: National Weather Service
Debris carried along by extreme winds can directly contribute to loss of life and indirectly to the failure of protective building envelopes, siding, or walls of buildings. When severe windstorms strike a community, downed trees, power lines, and damaged property can be major hindrances to emergency response and disaster recovery.
INFRASTRUCTURE Storm winds can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and infrastructure due to falling trees and branches. During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable and more vulnerable to uprooting from high winds. Tornados can result in collapsed or damaged buildings, damaged or blocked roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, among others. Roads blocked by fallen trees during a tornado or windstorm may have severe consequences to people who need access to emergency services. Emergency response operations can be complicated when roads are blocked or when power supplies are interrupted. Industry and commerce can suffer losses from interruptions in electric service and from extended road closures. They can also sustain direct losses to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment. There are direct consequences to the local economy resulting from tornados related to both physical damages and interrupted services.
UTILITIES Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages in Polk County. Tornados and windstorms can cause flying debris and downed utility lines. For example, tree limbs breaking in winds of only 45 mph can be thrown over 75 feet. As such, overhead power lines can be damaged even in relatively minor windstorm events. Utility lines brought down by summer thunderstorms have also been known to cause fires, which start in dry roadside vegetation. Falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement, creating the possibility of lethal electric shock. Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the county creates a
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higher probability for damage to occur from windstorms as more life and property are exposed to risk.
HISTORICAL DATA, HIGH WINDS 71 THUNDERSTORM WINDS event(s) were reported Mag: Magnitude in Polk County, Texas between 01/01/1950 and Dth: Deaths 4/30/2011. Inj: Injuries PrD: Property Damage CrD: Crop Damage
Location or Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD County 1 POLK 08/04/1961 1630 Thunderstorm Wind 87 kts. 0 0 0 0 2 POLK 06/09/1974 1650 Thunderstorm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0 0 3 POLK 04/25/1980 0630 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 4 POLK 08/22/1980 1730 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts. 0 0 0 0 5 POLK 02/10/1981 0400 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 6 POLK 05/18/1981 1930 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 7 POLK 04/08/1986 2015 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 8 POLK 05/17/1986 1345 Thunderstorm Wind 80 kts. 5 0 0 0 9 POLK 05/17/1986 1358 Thunderstorm Wind 65 kts. 3 0 0 0 10 POLK 07/08/1986 1810 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 11 POLK 01/24/1987 2030 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 12 POLK 02/15/1987 0050 Thunderstorm Wind 75 kts. 0 0 0 0 13 POLK 03/17/1987 0645 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 14 POLK 07/02/1987 1500 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 15 POLK 09/12/1987 1115 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 16 Goodrich 04/25/1993 1800 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 1K 0 17 POLK 05/13/1994 1800 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 50K 0 18 Ace 05/29/1994 1515 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 19 Wakefield 08/07/1994 1816 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 20 POLK 03/07/1995 0450 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 21 POLK 03/07/1995 0505 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0 0 22 POLK 04/10/1995 2056 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 1K 0 23 POLK 07/29/1995 0140 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 0K 0 24 Livingston 11/11/1995 0030 Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 25 Goodrich 06/18/1996 04:30 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 3K 0
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Location or Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD County 26 Moscow 07/04/1996 03:30 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 27 Indian Vlg 07/24/1996 03:39 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 28 Ern County 08/09/1996 05:00 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 29 Corrigan 09/26/1996 10:40 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 30 Livingston 11/07/1996 05:00 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 31 Corrigan 01/27/1997 05:23 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 32 Camden 01/27/1997 08:35 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 33 Livingston 01/27/1997 08:40 PM Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 5K 0 34 Ace 04/22/1997 11:45 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 7K 0 35 Corrigan 05/30/1997 09:57 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 36 Corrigan 05/30/1997 10:03 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 37 Onalaska 06/17/1997 05:30 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 38 Corrigan 09/09/1997 05:00 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 39 Onalaska 12/23/1997 06:10 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 40 Livingston 01/21/1998 07:25 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 41 Livingston 02/10/1998 12:50 PM Thunderstorm Wind 117 0 0 14.0M 3.8M kts. 42 Goodrich 07/13/1998 06:17 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 5K 0 43 Livingston 05/17/1999 08:35 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 25K 0 44 Livingston 05/17/1999 08:40 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 60K 0 45 Goodrich 03/26/2000 06:10 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 46 Countywide 11/05/2000 11:40 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 50K 0 47 Dallardsville 11/06/2000 12:10 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 1 15K 0 48 Countywide 11/06/2000 12:45 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 50K 0 49 Segno 01/29/2001 04:00 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 15K 0 50 Segno 05/21/2001 12:30 AM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 7K 0 51 Livingston 10/12/2001 07:00 PM Thunderstorm Wind 0 kts. 0 0 10K 0 52 Blanchard 03/18/2003 11:45 AM Thunderstorm Wind 57 kts. 0 0 6K 0 53 Onalaska 03/18/2003 11:45 AM Thunderstorm Wind 57 kts. 0 0 10K 0 54 Countywide 06/12/2003 07:17 PM Thunderstorm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 6K 0 55 Lake Livingston Dam 06/12/2003 08:05 PM Thunderstorm Wind 54 kts. 0 0 3K 0 56 Livingston 05/13/2004 05:04 AM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 135K 0 57 Onalaska 07/17/2004 09:37 PM Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 40K 0
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Location or Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD County 58 Livingston 07/25/2004 02:00 PM Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 20K 0 59 Onalaska 10/04/2004 12:34 PM Thunderstorm Wind 50 kts. 0 0 0 0 60 Alabama/Coushatta 10/04/2004 12:53 PM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 0 0 Res 61 Countywide 11/23/2004 10:10 PM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 20K 0 62 Livingston 11/27/2004 01:35 AM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 50K 0 63 Livingston 03/31/2005 11:13 PM Thunderstorm Wind 53 kts. 0 0 4K 0 64 Onalaska 08/22/2005 05:25 PM Thunderstorm Wind 61 kts. 0 0 15K 0 65 Livingston Muni Arpt 04/21/2006 05:57 AM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 10K 0 66 Livingston 02/16/2008 19:10 PM Thunderstorm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 15K 0K 67 Livingston 06/21/2008 13:40 PM Thunderstorm Wind 52 kts. 0 0 0K 0K 68 Leggett 08/03/2008 16:42 PM Thunderstorm Wind 54 kts. 0 0 8K 0K 69 Livingston 02/01/2011 06:15 AM Thunderstorm Wind 56 kts. 0 0 15K 3K 70 Providence Camp 04/26/2011 00:50 AM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 2K 0K 71 Segno 04/26/2011 01:10 AM Thunderstorm Wind 55 kts. 0 0 10K 0K
TOTALS: 8 1 14.763M 3.753M
February 10, 1998: Straight-line wind damage across the entire county from west to east. Lake Livingston Dam measured 134 mph wind gusts before their equipment blew away. The hardest hit area was from the Tobacco Patch community to the west of the Livingston area, though major damage occurred across the majority of the county. Numerous trees/power poles down, 18 homes completely destroyed, 172 with major damage, 180 with moderate to minor damage. Timber industry took a large loss due to the number of downed trees. Within an area of several blocks in West Corrigan, numerous homes were damaged and five were destroyed. An apartment complex located about a mile East of Corrigan was seriously damaged. The Champions International Mill suffered about $2.5 million in damages to the roof. Wonder Chemical suffered about $1.6 million in damages to their plant. Several hundred homes in the Scenic Loop area had roof damage; several trailer houses were completely destroyed. At Texas 146 and FM 943 tornados caused heavy losses to trees and homes, one business was completely destroyed. It was estimated that as many as four (4) tornados were the cause of all this damage, however that number was not confirmed. Polk County has a history of violent thunderstorms, high winds and tornados; however there have not been any recorded injuries or loss of life. This is due primarily to good fortune, not because of Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 200 December 10, 2012 our warning system. Plans to install a NOAA weather radio tower and transmitter facility have become a reality. Sam Houston Electric Cooperative erected a 400-foot communications tower on FM 3459, about three (3) miles northeast of Onalaska. A NOAA Weather Radio Transmitter was installed and became operational in 2000. This station covers a four-county area around Lake Livingston. Local radio, radio scanners and local television crawls are part of our warning system; however, we are currently looking at a siren warning system around the lake Livingston area.
D. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
Estimated average annual cost from windstorm and severe thunderstorm events in Polk County are estimated from the events listed above and shown in the table below. There were a total of 48 disaster events that occurred in Polk County from 1994 to 2011 that had a recorded loss. Several events occurred during the same years have been grouped together.
HIGH WINDS POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSSES Severe Thunderstorm and High-Wind Damage - Polk County (1994-2011) Annual Interest Year of Number of Rate % Current 2011 Dollars Events Events Damage ($) (to obtain loan) Year ($) 1994 1 50,000 0.0325 2011 76,548.25 1995 2 6,000 0.0325 2011 8,932.64 1996 6 33,000 0.0325 2011 47,720.44 1997 9 47,000 0.0325 2011 66,441.02 1998 4 17,810,000 0.0325 2011 24,790,755.15 1999 2 85,000 0.0325 2011 115,759.69 2000 4 130,000 0.0325 2011 171,286.70 2001 3 32,000 0.0325 2011 41,019.48 2003 4 25,000 0.0325 2011 30,827.31 2004 5 265,000 0.0325 2011 318,293.20 2005 2 19,000 0.0325 2011 22,073.17 2006 1 10,000 0.0325 2011 11,254.41 2007 0 0.00 0.0325 2011 0.00 2008 2 23,000 0.0325 2011 24,237.69 2009 0 0.00 0.0325 2011 0.00 2010 0 0.00 0.0325 2011 0.00 2011 3 27,000 0.0325 2011 27,000.00 TOTAL 48 TOTAL DAMAGE FROM HAZARD - 1994-2011 (2011 $) 25,752,149.15
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Annual Interest Year of Number of Rate % Current 2011 Dollars Events Events Damage ($) (to obtain loan) Year ($) Average Annual cost from Severe Thunderstorm/High-Winds Damage- 1994-2011: 1,514,832.30
E. THUNDERSTORM MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The windstorm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Polk County can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from windstorm events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation.
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain ST=Short Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by LT= Long Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had TH=Thunderstorm limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-TH#1: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS COUNTY WIDE
Task Completed: Polk County has partnered with the EAS system and has been designated as a Storm Ready county. The Skywarn system is in place within the county. Polk County also utilizes the Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association to serve as weather warn advisors to the county. Polk County Sheriff Department has 24-hous access to monitor the internet network, telephone and weather stations for early public warning.
Implementation: Partner with responsible agencies and organizations to design and develop an early warning system for residents along the Trinity River and Lake Livingston. Estimated Cost: $75,000 Develop partnerships between utility providers and county and local public works agencies to document known hazard areas; and Encourage and train Law Enforcement, Fire, EMS and civilian Skywarn spotters. Estimated Cost: $2,500 Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Sheriff’s Dept, Local Police, Fire and EMS Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-TH#2: IMPROVE STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIS MANAGEMENT FOR THUNDERSTORM EVENTS. Implementation: Develop coordinated management strategies for clearing roads of fallen trees, and clearing debris from public and private property.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road and Bridge 1, 2, 3 & 4, City of Livingston Public Works, City of Corrigan Public Works, City of Goodrich Public Works, City of Onalaska Public Works, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-TH#3: APPLY FOR GRANT FUNDING TO PURCHASE GENERATORS TO POWER CRITICAL FACILITIES. Implementation: Apply for grant funds to purchase two generators and install them at the city water well site to power the well and distribution pumps.
Estimated Cost: $150,000
Coordinating Organization: Onalaska City Council Timeline: 1-2 Years
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Plan Goals Addressed: Provide continuing water utility service to city residents during extended power outages. Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1
ST-TH#4: DEVELOP AN ELECTRONIC ROADSIDE WARNING SYSTEM Implementation: Apply for grant funds to purchase electronic signs and install them along primary traffic routes.
Estimated Cost: $60,000
Coordinating Organization: Onalaska City Council Timeline: 1 Year Plan Goals Addressed: To provide warnings and instructions to public to protect life and property. Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1
LT-TH#1: MAP AND PUBLICIZE LOCATIONS AROUND THE COUNTY THAT HAVE THE HIGHEST INCIDENCE OF TORNADOS OR EXTREME WINDSTORMS. Task Completed: Critical structure identification completed and areas mapped using the County GIS system.
Implementation: Identify a responsible agency for central collection and reporting of storm data. Data collected should include:
1. Windstorm data (sustained speeds, gusts, storm durations) for localities throughout the county; 2. Maps of the locations within the county, which are most vulnerable to high winds; and 3. Injury and property damage estimates, including locations.
Identify a responsible agency to collect and transfer data to the National Climate Data Center, FEMA, or other agencies concerned with the incidence of storms, to help establish and maintain baseline and historic records of storm events; and
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Identify public infrastructure and facilities subject to damage or closure during Tornado events.
Estimated Cost: $17,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-TH#2: ENCOURAGE ELECTRICAL UTILITIES TO USE UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION METHODS WHERE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGES FROM THUNDERSTORMS. Project no longer viable due to financial cost and soil types in the County. The soil is too moist and line maintenance would exceed cost of in air location.
Implementation: Increase the use of underground utilities where possible.
Coordinating Organization: LEPC Timeline: 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
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LT-TH#3: INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THUNDERSTORM MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Task Completed: Utilized verbal presentations and speaker engagements
Implementation:
Collect information on public education materials for protecting life, property, and the environment from thunderstorms; and
Distribute educational materials to Polk County residents and public and private sector organizations regarding preparedness for no power situations.
Estimated Cost: $ 7,500
Coordinating Organization: LEPC, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
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APPENDIX 4 – TORNADO
A. DEFINITION
A tornado is a dark, funnel-shaped cloud containing violently rotating air that develops below a heavy cumulonimbus cloud mass and extends toward the earth. The diameter of a tornado varies from a few feet to a mile; the rotating winds may attain velocities of 200 to 300 mi (320—480 km) per hr., and the updraft at the center may reach 200 mi per hr. The Enhanced Fujita scale is the standard scale for rating the severity of a tornado as measured by the damage it causes. A tornado is usually accompanied by thunder, lightning, heavy rain, and a loud "freight train" noise.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
While tornados in east Texas can occur in any month and at all hours of the day or night, they occur with greatest frequency during the late spring and early summer months and during late afternoon and early evening hours. This is particularly true in Polk County. The county has a history of tornados, direct line winds and a term used to describe a storm in March 1997, as a gust-tornado. These storms have cost property owners millions of dollars in property damage.
There have been 26 tornados in Polk County that have been registered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 1959. This equates to an average of 0.5 tornados per year and therefore constitutes an ‘occasional’ or ‘likely’ probability of occurrence rating.30 According to the most recent reported data, tornados frequently occur during the spring months.
C. VULNERABILITY
Overall vulnerability to tornado impacts for Polk County is considered moderate. The following table shows the vulnerability to areas within Polk County to significant and damage-causing tornado events during the past 45 years.
30 Based on information provided by the National Climatic Data Center at http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi- win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 207 December 10, 2012
Historical Data, Tornados Magnitude Mag: Deaths 26 TORNADO(s) were reported in Polk County, Texas between Dth: Injuries 01/01/1959 and 4/30/201131. Inj: Property PrD: Damage CrD: Crop Damage
Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 1 POLK 03/05/1959 0200 Tornado F 0 0 0K 0 2 POLK 04/08/1961 2250 Tornado F2 0 1 25K 0 3 POLK 05/01/1967 1400 Tornado F2 0 2 25K 0 4 POLK 07/15/1972 1330 Tornado F1 0 0 0K 0 5 POLK 03/30/1976 1300 Tornado F2 0 1 2.5M 0 6 POLK 03/30/1976 1320 Tornado F2 0 0 250K 0 7 POLK 04/25/1980 0645 Tornado F1 0 0 25K 0 8 POLK 09/14/1982 1500 Tornado F0 0 0 250K 0 9 POLK 11/07/1986 1452 Tornado F0 0 0 0K 0 10 POLK 12/06/1987 1430 Tornado F2 0 0 250K 0 11 POLK 12/06/1987 1500 Tornado F2 0 0 2.5M 0 12 POLK 05/17/1989 1728 Tornado F2 0 0 0K 0 13 POLK 10/16/1989 0150 Tornado F0 0 0 25K 0 14 POLK 11/21/1992 1612 Tornado F2 0 0 25K 0 15 POLK 11/16/1993 1147 Tornado F0 0 0 1K 0 16 POLK 05/13/1994 1430 Tornado F0 0 0 0 0 17 Livingston 05/28/1997 02:59 PM Tornado F0 0 0 0 0 18 Segno 10/23/1997 05:35 PM Tornado F0 0 0 10K 0 19 Onalaska 10/13/2001 01:45 AM Tornado F1 0 0 25K 0 20 Corrigan 03/30/2002 06:50 PM Tornado F0 0 0 20K 0 21 Livingston 06/12/2003 12:56 PM Tornado F0 0 0 0 0 22 Lake Livingston Dam 11/23/2004 01:49 PM Tornado F0 0 0 5K 0
31 http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 208 December 10, 2012
Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD 23 Segno 04/29/2006 06:26 AM Tornado F0 0 0 200K 0 24 Alabama/Coushatta Reservation 04/25/2007 19:20 PM Tornado F0 0 0 0K 0K 25 Livingston 05/03/2007 15:50 PM Tornado F0 0 0 0K 0K 26 Onalaska 04/25/2011 23:30 PM Tornado F0 0 0 1K 0K TOTALS: 0 4 6.137M 0
THE ENHANCED FUJITA TORNADO SCALE
Maximum Typical Effects Wind Speeds
65-85 mph Gale Tornado. Light Damage: Some damage to chimneys; breaks twigs and EF0 branches off tress; pushes over shallow-rooted trees; damages signboards; some windows broken. 86-109 mph Moderate Tornado. Moderate damage: Peels surfaces off roofs; mobile homes EF1 pushed off foundations or overturned; outbuildings demolished; moving autos pushed off the roads; trees snapped or broken. Significant Tornado. Considerable damage: Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile 110-137 mph homes demolished; frame houses with weak foundations lifted and moved; EF2 boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted; light-object missiles
generated. 138-167 mph Severe Tornado. Severe damage: Roofs and some walls torn off well- EF3 constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forests uprooted; heavy cars lifted off the ground and thrown; weak pavement blown off roads. Devastating Tornado. Devastating damage: Well-constructed homes leveled; 168-199 mph structures with weak foundations blown off some distance; cars thrown and EF4 disintegrated; large missiles generated; trees in forest uprooted and carried some
distance away. Incredible Tornado. Incredible damage: Strong frame houses lifted off 200-234 mph foundations and carried considerable distance to disintegrate; automobile-sized EF5 missiles fly through the air in excess of 300 ft (100 m); trees debarked;
incredible phenomena will occur.
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The following descriptions show the potential magnitude and severity of tornados that have struck Polk County in the past ten years.
March 4, 1994: A storm described as a gust-tornado by the National Weather Service moved from Lake Livingston cutting a path about two hundred meters wide and about 6 miles long that damaged several hundred homes and destroyed approximately eight. This storm downed trees and damaged roofs. Trees falling on structures were the major cause of severe damage to homes.
May 9, 1994: A severe thunderstorm that produced a tornado moved across northern Polk County producing large hail and heavy rains. Damage was primarily to out buildings and numerous downed trees.
March 13, 1995: A tornado traveling east from Lake Livingston cut a path about a hundred yards wide, skipping for about 7 miles damaging numerous homes and commercial buildings. Several homes in the Scenic Loop area were severely damaged from high winds and falling trees. The Ogletree Lumber Mill suffered approximately $1.2 million dollars in damages, the Polk County Courthouse was also damaged, and the roof was blown off the Campbell/Foreman building. Heavy hail fell in a two-block radius in eastern Livingston depositing hail in banks that were better than two feet deep.
May 28, 1997: A tornado with multiple vortexes touched down about a mile north of Livingston and was stationary for approximately twenty-five (25) minutes. This storm caused very little damage; however, it did cause the county to re-evaluate tornado warning and conduct tornado drills at all county school districts.
October 13, 2001: A tornado touched down 3 miles northwest of Onalaska and flipped a trailer on FM 356 over off its foundation.
March 30, 2002: Sheriff reported a tornado 7 miles northeast of Corrigan in rural northern Polk County that began east of Highway 59 from FM 1987 to the county line. The tornado crossed into Angelina County downing trees in its path. Confirmed by Shreveport NWS during their survey.
June 12, 2003: Tornado reported in Livingston with a path of 20 yards with no damage.
November 23, 2004: A waterspout was reported over Lake Livingston Dam and came ashore on the east shore of Lake Livingston.
April 29, 2006: A tornado that began in the Segno area was reported in Taylor Lake Estates. It impacted 52 homes (8 had major damage and 15 had minor damage), and also lifted off a patio roof, tore trees down, and picked up and displaced a travel trailer near FM 2610.
April 25, 2007: A tornado was sighted near the Alabama-Coushatta Reservation. A complex of strong to severe thunderstorms developed over central and south-central Texas as an upper level disturbance approached from the west. No damage reported.
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May 3, 2007: Numerous thunderstorms passed through southeastern Texas in the evening and produced a spotted tornado 2 miles west of Livingston near Highway 109 and Highway 59. No damage was reported.
April 25, 2011: An EF0 tornado caused little damage at Walkers Waterfront 3 miles east north-east of Onalaska. Severe thunderstorms had erupted along a dry line with the help of a shortwave aloft and produced large hail, strong damaging winds and tornadoes.
D. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
The impact of tornados is shown most clearly in terms of dollar loss, although four injuries since 1961 have also been attributed to this hazard. Estimated average annual cost from tornado events in Polk County are estimated from the events listed above and shown in the table below. There were a total of 16 tornado events that occurred in Polk County from 1961 to 2011 that had a recorded loss. Several tornado events that occurred during the same years have been grouped together.
Tornado Damage – Polk County (1961-2011) Annual Year of Number Interest Current Event of Events Damage ($) Rate Year 2011 ($) 1961 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 189,706.52 1967 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 189,706.52 1976 1 2,500,000 0.0325 2011 9,968,760.98 1976 1 250,000 0.0325 2011 996,876.10 1980 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 $68,837.68 1982 1 250,000 0.0325 2011 587,795.34 1987 2 2,750,000 0.0325 2011 6,465,748.70 1989 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 45,743.75 1992 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 40,429.26 1997 1 10,000 0.0325 2011 14,136.39 2001 1 25,000 0.0325 2011 32,046.47 2002 1 20,000 0.0325 2011 25,223.90 2004 1 5,000 0.0325 2011 6,005.53 2006 1 200,000 0.0235 2011 225,088.29 2011 1 1,000 0.0325 2011 1,000.00 Total 16 TOTAL DAMAGE FROM HAZARD - 1961-2011 (2011 $) 18,857,105.43 Average Annual cost from Tornado Damage- 1961-2011: 377,142.11
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E. MITIGATION STRATEGIES
The single most important factor influencing human response to windstorm and tornado hazards is an adequate emergency warning system. Because both windstorms and tornados can be very sudden events, a "short-fused" type disaster, there is rarely sufficient warning time.
Polk County, along with Trinity, Walker and San Jacinto Counties, has developed an effective severe weather/tornado warning system. Plans to install a NOAA weather radio tower and transmitter facility has become a reality. Sam Houston Electric Cooperative erected a 400-foot communications tower on FM 3459, about three miles northeast of Onalaska. A NOAA Weather Radio Transmitter was installed and became operational in 2000. This station covers a four- county area around Lake Livingston. Local radio, radio scanners and television crawls are part of Polk County’s warning system; however, the county is currently looking at a siren warning system around the Lake Livingston area.
Police, fire and volunteer storm spotters trained by the National Weather Service (NWS) SKYWARN tornado preparedness program provide the initial step in an adequate warning system. The SKYWARN32 program is an integral part of the severe weather warning process. This program helps to train volunteers to be storm spotters for real time severe weather reports and warning verification. SKYWARN classes are usually held just before the main severe weather season (January to March) each year. These training classes are free and open to the public to attend.
The tornado funnel cloud reports from the storm spotters are relayed to the public via local radio stations, cable television or other community-wide systems. Improved structural design in buildings coupled with the use of proper anchoring and foundation systems and adherence to nationally recognized building codes and standards would significantly reduce the risk for loss of life and property in the vicinity of tornados. However, very few, if any, dwelling structures will stay intact from the direct assault of a tornado.
Another approach to tornado-resistant structures is the tornado-safe room in residences and public buildings. As most single family homes in Texas do not have basements, it is imperative that an inner room on the ground floor, such as a closet or bathroom away from exterior windows, be selected as a tornado safe room. In mobile home parks, provisions should be made for a storm shelter as part of a multi-purpose building.
Community adoption of a recognized building code and active and rigorous code enforcement is the first step toward alleviating structural damage by the more common lesser strength tornados that normally do not exceed winds of 112 miles per hour. Coastal windstorm construction techniques designed to withstand 120 miles per hour (3 second gust wind speed) could greatly reduce or prevent heavy structural damage and will provide a safe shelter to the occupants for the lesser storms and enhance survival during the more dangerous tornados. Mitigation measures a homeowner should insist on during construction or during a retrofit event such as re-roofing are:
32 Source: Houston-Galveston National Weather Service Office Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 212 December 10, 2012
New Construction: Insist on the entire structure being built in accordance with a recognized wind code. Incorporation of a tie down technique that uses slab bolts to wall sill plates, strapping or wind clips (hurricane clips) from the plates to wall studs, and strapping or wind clips from studs to rafters. Use a dense nail pattern to secure the decking to the rafters and use a dense nail pattern on the roof covering (shingles, tiles or sections).
During Retrofit: Incorporate strapping or wind clips between the studs and rafters, use a dense nail pattern on the decking and use a dense nail pattern on the roof covering. Homes with large windows that can be broken by flying objects should be fitted with a protection such as conventional shutters or other rapid covering devices. Windstorm studies have shown that an opening of 2% or greater of an exterior wall is sufficient to implode the roof of a structure. Additionally, the first order of mitigation is to have sufficient insurance to cover a major loss of home and belongings to avoid a catastrophic economic impact and loss of years of investment33.
33 Scource: National Weather Service, FEMA, Texas hazard Analysis. Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 213 December 10, 2012
F. TORNADO MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The windstorm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation.
ST= Short Term The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain LT = Long Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by T= Tornado two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-T#1: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS COUNTY WIDE. Action Item Completed: Polk County has partnered with the EAS system and has been designated as a Storm Ready county. The SKYWARN system is in place within the county. Polk County also utilizes the Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association to serve as weather warn advisors to the county. Polk County Sheriff Department has 24-hour access to monitor the internet network, telephone and weather stations for early public warning.
Implementation: Partner with responsible agencies and organizations to design and develop an early warning system for residents along the Trinity River and Lake Livingston.
Estimated Cost: $75,000
Develop partnerships between utility providers and county and local public works agencies to document known hazard areas; and
Encourage and train Law Enforcement, Fire, EMS and civilian SKYWARN spotters.
Estimated Cost: $2,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Sheriff’s Department, Local Police, Fire and EMS Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-T#2: IMPROVE STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIS MANAGEMENT FOR TORNADO EVENTS. Action Item Completed: Continual ongoing clearing of fallen trees and debris removal by cities’ work crews and county Road and Bridge crews. Pre-disaster vendor contracts in place for debris removal. Polk County has identified debris collection sites that are pre-approved by TCEQ.
Implementation: Develop coordinated strategies for clearing roads of fallen trees, and clearing debris from public and private property.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road and Bridge, Cities Public Works Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
ST-T#3: MODERNIZE AND EXPAND THE EMERGENCY SIREN WARNING SYSTEM Implementation: Design and develop additional siren warning system locations Construct additional sirens Educate and inform public of siren warning system
Estimated Cost: $65,000
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Coordinating Organization: Livingston City Council, City of Livingston Staff, Livingston Police Department, Livingston Volunteer Fire Department Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Livingston 1
ST-T#3: MODERNIZE THE EMERGENCY SIREN WARNING SYSTEM Implementation: Apply for grants to design and install a modern siren warning system Educate and inform public of siren warning system
Estimated Cost: $6,000
Coordinating Organization: Corrigan City Council Timeline: 1 year Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Corrigan 1
ST-T#4: APPLY TO FEMA FOR GRANT TO FUND THE PURCHASE AND INSTALLATION OF A STORM WARNING SYSTEM Implementation: Explore funding and grant opportunities for the system Install System
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: Goodrich City Council, City of Goodrich Staff Timeline: 1-3 year Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Goodrich 1
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LT-T#1: MAP AND PUBLICIZE LOCATIONS AROUND THE COUNTY THAT HAVE THE HIGHEST INCIDENCE OF TORNADOS OR EXTREME WINDSTORMS. Action Item Completed: Critical structure identification completed and areas mapped using the County GIS system.
Implementation: Identify a responsible agency for central collection and reporting of storm data. Data collected should include:
1. Windstorm data (sustained speeds, gusts, storm durations) for localities throughout the county; 2. Maps of the locations within the county, which are most vulnerable to high winds; and 3. Injury and property damage estimates, including locations.
Identify a responsible agency to collect and transfer data to the National Climate Data Center, FEMA, or other agencies concerned with the incidence of storms, to help establish and maintain baseline and historic records of storm events; and
Identify public infrastructure and facilities subject to damage or closure during Tornado events.
Estimated Cost: $ 17,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Geographic Systems, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
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LT-T#2: ENCOURAGE ELECTRICAL UTILITIES TO USE UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION METHODS WHERE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE POWER OUTAGES FROM TORNADOS OR SEVERE WINDSTORMS. Action Item Completed: Project no longer viable due to financial cost and soil types in County. The soil is too moist and line maintenance would exceed cost of in air locations.
Implementation: Increase the use of underground utilities where possible.
Coordinating Organization: Hazard Mitigation Taskforce Timeline: 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Natural Systems, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
LT-T#3: INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF TORNADO MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Action Item Completed: Verbal public presentations and speakers used.
Implementation: Collect information on public education materials for protecting life, property, and the environment from tornado events; and
Distribute educational materials to Polk County residents and public and private sector organizations regarding preparedness for no power situations.
Estimated Cost: $7,500
Purchase weather radios for indigent individuals that reside in mobile homes and travel trailers.
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: LEPC, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
LT-T#4: DEVELOP AND ENFORCE WIND-RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION CODES. Implementation: Petition the Texas Legislature to develop building codes for efficiency in protecting structures from tornados and severe wind damage.
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4 Livingston 4 Onalaska 4 Corrigan 4 Goodrich 4 Seven Oaks 4
LT-T#5: DISTRIBUTE EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS INFORMATION RELATED TO TORNADOS TO THE PUBLIC Implementation: Partner with emergency response agencies to design and develop information for distribution to promote public awareness among citizens.
Coordinating Organization: Corrigan City Council, City of Corrigan Staff, Corrigan Volunteer Fire Department, Volunteers Timeline: 1-2 Years Plan Goals Addressed: Public education to protect life and property from tornado events Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Corrigan 1
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APPENDIX 5 – HURRICANE
A. DEFINITION
Hurricanes are tropical cyclones in which winds reach constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more, and blow in a large spiral around a relatively calm center (the eye of the hurricane). Hurricanes are very large whirlwinds in which air moves in a tightening spiral around a center of extreme low pressure, reaching maximum velocity in a circular band 20 – 30 miles or more from the rim of the eye. Near the center, winds may gust up to 200 miles per hour with hurricane force winds (74 mph or greater) reaching to more than 100 to 150 miles from the center.
Storm surge is the greatest cause of deaths during a hurricane. Some surges reach 20 feet or more in height causing millions of dollars in damages from beach erosion, undermining roads, bridges, railroads, and structures along the waterfront.
Hurricanes can spawn tornados as they move inland and torrential rains that can accompany the hurricane produce sudden flooding as the storm moves inland. The great storms are driven by the heat released by condensing water vapor and by external mechanical forces. Once cut off from the warm ocean, the storm begins to die, starved for water and heat energy, and dragged apart by friction as it moves over the land. Even after the high winds subside, floods brought on by the heavy rainfalls can be killers. As the hurricane moves inland and begins to break up, the storm remnants can drop six to twelve or more inches of rain, resulting in extensive damage and loss of life.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
Based on a limited amount of historical data, the NCDC reports that four hurricanes have impacted Polk County since 1998. Therefore, the probability of occurrence rating for Polk County would be either ‘occasional’ or ‘likely,’ assuming that past patterns will continue.
Hurricanes occur every year in the Gulf of Mexico. There seems to be at least one storm per year that threatens the Texas/Louisiana coastline. It is estimated that the actual impact of a hurricane on Polk County, apart from traffic leaving the Houston area, is relatively low. Most impacts tend to manifest themselves as other hazard events, such as flooding, thunderstorms, and tornados.
C. VULNERABILITY
Polk County is located a little over 100 miles inland and is not affected by storm surge; however, torrential rains, tornados and high winds cause huge losses. Torrential rains have been known to produce up to 30 inches of rain or more. These rains cause severe flashfloods and riverine flooding along the river basins of the Trinity and Neches Rivers. High winds cause trees to topple on houses and across power lines and roadways. Prime examples are Hurricane Jerry in 1989, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008.
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D. PREVIOUS OCCURENCES
HURRICANE JERRY - 1989 Hurricane Jerry was a minimum category one hurricane that devastated the southern and eastern parts of Polk County. About half of the residents in these areas were without electricity for 5 to 10 days. Trees were downed everywhere blocking roads and destroying houses. Hurricanes do not have to strike Southeast Texas to impact Polk County, storms as far away as Corpus Christi can spawn tornados and produce torrential rains of 8 – 10 inches or more.
HURRICANE RITA – 2005 The President declared Polk County a hurricane disaster area in 2005 after Hurricane Rita downed trees and flying debris blocked roadways, destroyed homes, and caused power outages that persisted for over a month in rural areas. The area was inundated by an influx of over 15,000 evacuees from the coastal areas, which caused a near nonexistence of fuel. Lake Livingston Dam, a 2.5 mile earthen embankment with 12 flood gates for releasing water was heavily damaged by Hurricane Rita when it made landfall on the Texas coast bringing 117 mile per hour winds to Lake Livingston. The high winds and significant wave action eroded some of the rip rap on the lake side of the dam, exposing part of the earthen embankment. Following the state-approved emergency action plan, the Trinity River Authority began releasing water from Lake Livingston to lower the water level to 127 feet above sea level to avoid any further erosion of the rip rap or the soil on the dam from wave action during the hurricane event. The release of 79,200 cubic feet per second caused flooding in low-lying areas downstream from the dam.34
To understand the extent of damaged sustained, the Texas Department of State Health Services prepared a report entitled “Rapid Public Health Assessment, East Texas, Hurricane Rita, 2005, by David Zane, M.S.35 The report focused on Indian Springs subdivision located near Livingston, Texas. An estimated 459 households were counted, and 153 were selected for the sample. Since the storm, 27% of homes are deemed to be unsafe, 41% had a tree fall on the house, 15% had a tree fall on a vehicle, and 52% of residents needed assistance removing trees. Further 4% of residents suffered injury due to the hurricane. In the aftermath of the hurricane, 23% have suffered illness, 38% experienced sadness/depression, and 26% required medical care. Only 37% of the residents studied had home owners insurance.
34 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Trinity+River+Authority+of+Texas%3a+Hurricane+Rita+Damages+Lake...- a0136672309 35 www.dshs.state.tx.us/chs/gis/rapidneeds/default.shtm Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 222 December 10, 2012
HURRICANE IKE - 2008 Source: http://www.srh.noaa.gov The President declared Polk County a disaster area again in 2008 when Hurricane Ike, which caused even more damage than Rita, cut a path of devastation through a county that had not yet fully recovered from Rita. Polk County’s population surges dramatically each time coastal areas evacuate north to safety which places an enormous strain on the county’s fire stations and the volunteer firemen who serve not only our own residents but our southern neighbors who are fleeing to safety.
Hurricane Ike Storm Pictures (Courtesy of PolkCountyToday.com)
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Volunteer Fire Station Hurricane Response Rural volunteer fire departments served as vital County Point of Distribution (“POD”) sites for hundreds of residents in the aftermath of Hurricanes Rita (2005) and Ike (2008). Because of its remote location and abundance of fallen trees, Big Thicket VFD was one of the last areas in the county to regain essential services. Therefore, the firefighters manned the fire station 24/7 and lived in small tents set up in the front yard of the station for over a month in 2005 and for over two weeks in 2008. With all essential services out and temperatures topping 105 degrees, the need for water and ice becomes a matter of life and death. The VFD cleared miles of country roads blocked by fallen trees so they could reach their stranded residents. People trapped in remote areas and those who could not reach their own VFDs because of impassible roads arrived at this fire station all through the night seeking food and water. The firefighters passed out food, ice and water, and made daily runs through the neighborhoods reaching out to elderly residents, shut-ins and those who could not make it to the station to pick up supplies.
Indian Springs VFD was a Point of Distribution command center during Hurricane Rita in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008. The heavily wooded rural community was without power and essential services for 14 days after Rita and 11 days after Ike. Seventeen men and women manned the station 24/7, sleeping on cots and in sleeping bags placed on the floor among the fire trucks. They passed out water, ice and food 11 hours a day, 7 days a week, cleared fallen trees from 32 miles of subdivision roads and delivered food to the elderly and shut-ins. In 2005 they were without showers; however, in 2008 the firemen were able to use a shower trailer. In the face of almost unimaginable adversity the volunteers of this fire department found a useable building and sheltered and fed 15 elderly residents who were evacuated from their mobile homes.
Segno VFD was a vital Point of Distribution Command Center during Hurricanes Rita and Ike. The community was without essential services for 14 days following Rita and 9 days following Ike. Firefighters cleared roads and distributed MREs, ice and water to its own residents, but their location along a route used by many to evacuate placed them in the position of ensuring the safety and wellbeing of hundreds of motorists evacuating coastal areas who found themselves stranded along the road with no gasoline, food or water. The station served the community 12 hours each day, but a lack of working toilets, showers, and kitchen facilities forced the station to close down each night at dusk.
Scenic Loop VFD suffered damage from Hurricane Rita in 2005 when a tree fell on the station. The fire station was a Point of Distribution Center in the aftermaths of Hurricanes Rita and Ike. Following Rita in 2005 they served a community 24/7 that was without power for 10 days and following Hurricane Ike in 2008 they served again for 12 days. The firefighters slept on cots in a cramped meeting room. They cleared trees from neighborhood roads, handed out MREs, ice and
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South Polk County VFD served as a Point of Distribution Command Center during Hurricanes Rita and Ike, but the lack of essential facilities mandated that it shut its door each night at dusk. This fire station played a vital role during the last two disasters. They not only handed out and delivered food, water, and ice, they also brought in portable showers for stranded motorists and residents and used their generators to allow citizens to take their life-saving breathing treatments.
The upper Gulf Coast has enjoyed an unprecedented population explosion, with growth exceeding better than 57% over the past ten years. Because the Upper Gulf Coast has been impacted by several major hurricanes in recent history, residents have begun to heed evacuation warnings. Projected traffic density along evacuation routes can create a condition that may preclude a safe evacuation, as many Southeast Texans experienced during Hurricanes Rita and Ike. Thousands of Texans that evacuated from the Golden Triangle found themselves stranded for hours on end in dense traffic
Three evacuation routes cross into Polk County, US Highway 59 that runs north from the Houston area, State Highway 146 that runs north from the Galveston area, and US Highway 287 that runs west from Corrigan to Groveton. (See following 2010 Inland Evacuation Map provided by the Texas Department of Transportation. All of these routes come together in Livingston causing a serious traffic bottleneck. There is cause for concern if the Galveston – Houston area evacuates at the same time as the Golden Triangle (Beaumont, Orange and Port Arthur) areas. Because both districts evacuated at the same time during Hurricane Rita, it caused a traffic “Nightmare” for Polk County. This was a worst case scenario. However, following the aftermaths of Hurricanes Rita and Ike, the Texas Department of Transportation along with other state agencies and officials revised the Inland Evacuation Map in 2010 to address evacuation concerns.
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Below is a Table containing historical data of hurricanes and tropical storms that have affected Polk County over the past twenty years.36
E. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
HURRICANE/TROPICAL STORM POTENTIAL LOSSES Hurricane /Tropical Storm Damage - Polk County (1989-2011) Annual Year of Interest Event Name of Storm Damage ($) Rate Current Year 2011 ($) 1989 Hurricane Jerry 600,000 0.0325 2011 618,000 1998 Tropical Storm Frances 750,000 0.0325 2011 772,500 2001 Tropical Storm Allison 450,000 0.0325 2011 463,500 2002 Hurricane Lili 100,000 0.0325 2011 103,000 2005 Hurricane Rita 159,500,000 0.0325 2011 185,298,492 2008 Hurricane Ike 511,000,000 0.0325 2011 538,498,204 TOTAL DAMAGE FROM HAZARD - 1989- (2011 $) 725,811,196 Average Annual cost from Hurricane/Tropical Storm Damage- 1989-2011: 32,991,418
The figures above for property damage were provided by the National Weather Service, and may reflect the total amount of property damage for Polk and other surrounding counties.
In all cases, damage from winds, surge, tornados, and floods can be reduced appreciably by heeding advisories from the Tropical Prediction Center and its associated agencies. With today's technology, it is not possible for a storm to develop to maturity and make landfall without being detected and tracked well in advance. But for all their scientific hardware, meteorologists at the Tropical Prediction Center concede that predicting landfall of the big storms is difficult. Even when a storm is just 24 hours off the coast, scientists say their predictions may be wrong a least half the time. Imperfect as it is, the forecasting system has worked well in recent years. But while the ability to predict the course of hurricanes has leveled off, the population growth in Polk County and along coastal areas has not.
With such enormous population growth, and an imperfect hurricane forecasting system, scientists have concluded that no longer can the destination of the big storms be predicted in time to guarantee everyone will get out alive. The answer is in community awareness and preparedness, coupled with a hope that public education and planning before the fact will save lives and lessen the impact of a hurricane. If local authorities recommend evacuation, residents should leave!
In general, when a hurricane threatens the Coastal area and the Polk County area:
36 Information source, National Weather Service Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 227 December 10, 2012
If you live near the Trinity River, in the floodplain, in a mobile home, manufactured home, travel trailer or recreational vehicle, SERIOUSLY CONSIDER LEAVING.
Above all, LEAVE EARLY - in daylight if possible.
It is essential that coastal communities and jurisdictions update evacuation plans and enforce building codes and enforce strict setback laws. But most important is a greater awareness and a deeper appreciation of the dangers that are inherent in any approaching hurricane or tropical storm.
Improved structural design in buildings, coupled with the use of proper anchoring and foundation systems and adherence to nationally recognized building codes and standards, would significantly reduce the risk of loss of life and property from hurricane-force winds.
The windstorm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Polk County can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from windstorm events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation.
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F. HURRICANE MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain ST=Short Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by LT= Long Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing H= Hurricane exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-H#1: DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS COUNTY-WIDE. Task Completed: Polk County has partnered with the EAS system and has been designated as a Storm Ready county. The SKYWARN system within the county is in place. Polk County also utilizes the Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association to serve as weather warn advisors to the county. The Polk County Sheriff Department also has 24-hour access to the internet network, telephone and weather stations for early public weather warnings.
Implementation: Partner with responsible agencies and organizations to design and develop an early warning system for residents along the Trinity River and Lake Livingston.
Estimated Cost: $150,000
Develop partnerships between utility providers and county and local public works agencies to document known hazard areas.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Sheriff’s Dept., Local Police, Fire and EMS Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
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ST-H#2: REVIEW AND UPDATE THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR REGION 2B AND SUB-2B. Task Complete: Review and updates are completed annually by the Texas Department of Transportation and new routes information are handed out to law enforcement, TxDOT, and other agencies. If a disaster evacuation is imminent TxDOT and pass thru cities have set protocol for removal of road hazards and will utilize construction barriers to facilitate traffic control.
Implementation: Check evacuation routes annually
Develop coordinated strategies to man traffic control points throughout the county.
Estimated Cost: No Cost
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Sheriff Dept., City Police Depts. Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
ST-H#3: ENHANCE STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIS MANAGEMENT FOR HURRICANE EVENTS. Task Complete: City work crews as well as county Road and Bridge crews used for ongoing fallen tree and debris removal.
Implementation: Develop coordinated management strategies for clearing roads of fallen trees, and clearing debris from public and private property.
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road and Bridge, Cities’ Public Works Timeline: 2 - 3 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 3 Livingston 3 Onalaska 3 Corrigan 3 Goodrich 3 Seven Oaks 3
UPDATE: New Short-Term Projects ST-H#4: INSTALL GENERATOR AT SEVEN OAKS CITY HALL. Implementation: Install a generator at Seven Oaks City Hall, which is the only shelter in the City, in order to provide a backup power source during power outages.
Estimated Cost: $25,000
Coordinating Organization: Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1 - 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Safety, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Seven Oaks 1
ST-H#5: RESTORE WELL AT GOODRICH ISD. Implementation: Restore well at Goodrich ISD to provide emergency backup if City water system fails.
Estimated Cost: $30,000
Coordinating Organization: Goodrich ISD, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Goodrich City Council Timeline: 1 - 5 years Plan Goals Addressed: Public Safety Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 4 Goodrich 1
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LT-H#1: INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF HURRICANE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Implementation: Collect information on public education materials for protecting life, property, and the environment from Hurricane events; and
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Distribute educational materials to Polk County residents and public and private sector organizations regarding preparedness for no-power situations.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council and Staff Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-H#2: DEVELOP AND ENFORCE WIND-RESISTANT BUILDING SIDING AND CONSTRUCTION CODES. Implementation: Petition the Texas Legislature to develop building codes for efficiency in protecting structures from hurricanes and severe wind damage.
Estimated Cost: $2,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
UPDATE: New Long-Term Projects LT-H#3: DEVELOP EVACUATION ROUTES OUT OF OLD TOWN ONALASKA Implementation: Extend East Beaumont Ave to Phillips Rd to provide adequate ingress and egress to residents and emergency services.
Estimated Cost: $500,000
Extend Gantry west to H Pickins Rd. to provide adequate ingress and egress to residents and emergency services
Estimated Cost: $100,000
Coordinating Organization: Onalaska City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Provide Evacuation Routes to Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Onalaska 1
LT-H#4: REPLACE BRIDGE ON OLD BOLD SPRINGS RD. Implementation: Restore road and replace bridge over creek to provide ingress and egress for emergency access for the hospital and school children;
Estimated Cost: $6,000,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Precinct #3 Road & Bridge Department Timeline: 5 - 10 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1
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APPENDIX 6 – SEVERE WINTER STORM
A. DEFINITION
Severe winter storms are typified by freezing rain or sleet, snowfall, and/or extreme cold. These conditions can create hazards for public safety, transportation interruptions and damage infrastructure and property.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
According to the NCDC, there have been three severe winter storms in the past ten years. This equates to an average of 0.33 storms per year and thus reflects an “occasional” probability of occurrence rating.
In Polk County, the average winter temperature is 51 degrees, and the average daily minimum temperature is 39 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which occurred at Livingston on February 2, 1951, is 4 degrees. In summer the average temperature is 81 degrees, and the average daily maximum temperature is 78.3 degrees. The highest recorded temperature, which occurred at Livingston on August 6, 1951, is 111 degrees.
Snowfall is relatively rare. In 70 percent of the winters, there is no measurable snowfall. In 10 percent, the snowfall, usually of short duration, is more than 2 inches. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record was more than 5 inches. The average relative humidity in mid-afternoon is about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 90 percent. The sun shines 60 percent of the time possible in summer and 50 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south-southeast. Average wind speed is highest, 9 miles per hour, in spring.
During severe winter storms with freezing temperatures combined with snow and ice, road conditions can become impassable and traffic control becomes a serious problem. In the winter of 1997 extreme cold and freezing rain caused traffic on all major transportation routes to come to a standstill. Polk County is ill- equipped to deal with extreme icy conditions, however, most winters are temperate and icy conditions only occur approximately once every four years. Nonetheless, winter storms can and do occur in Polk County. We have planned and prepared for winter storms, however these storms tend to be low priority.
Pictured is an ice storm/hail that occurred in Livingston during a tornado in 1998. Streets had to be cleared using heavy equipment. Ice and snow very seldom occur in Polk County, on average it
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 235 December 10, 2012 snows or we have ice storms about every five (5) years. The duration of these storms seldom lasts more than a day or two.
C. VULNERABILITY
Winter storms can impact Texans in a variety of ways. Loss of electric power and telephone service are the most common effects of severe winter storms. These storms can also create impacts that include disruption of transportation, reduced natural gas supplies, and frozen water mains that disrupt the economy of the affected areas, causing personal inconvenience by disrupted and economic loss to businesses.
LIFE AND PROPERTY Winter storms are deceptive killers. Many of the deaths that occur are indirectly related to the actual storm, including deaths resulting from traffic accidents on icy roads, heart attacks while shoveling snow, and hypothermia from prolonged exposure to the cold. Trees, power lines, telephone lines, and television and radio antennas can be impacted by ice, wind, snow, and falling trees and limbs. Saturated soil can cause trees to lose their ability to stand and fall on houses, cars, utilities, and other property. Similarly, if streets are icy, it is difficult for emergency personnel to travel and may pose a secondary threat to life if police, fire, and medical personnel cannot respond to calls.
ROADS AND BRIDGES Snow and ice events resulting in icy road conditions can lead to major traffic accidents. Roads blocked by fallen trees during a windstorm may have tragic consequences for people who need access to emergency services. The ability to travel after a natural hazard event is a priority issue for county residents, organizations, and providers of essential services such as hospitals and utilities.
POWER LINES Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages resulting in interruption of services and damaged property. In addition, falling trees can bring electric power lines down, creating the possibility of lethal electric shock. Snow and ice can also damage utility lines and cause prolonged power outages. Rising population growth and new infrastructure in the county creates a higher probability for damage to occur from severe winter storms as more life and property are exposed to risk.
WATER LINES Breaks frequently occur during severe freeze events, as well as during extreme cooling periods during the months of December, January and February. Another common problem during severe freeze events is the failure of commercial and residential water lines. Inadequately insulated potable water and fire sprinkler pipes can rupture and cause extensive damage to property.
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HISTORICAL DATA, SEVERE WINTER STORMS
Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD
POLK 02/09/1994 1227 Ice Storm N/A 0 0 5K 50K POLK 01/12/1997 06:00AM Ice Storm N/A 3 0 0 0 POLK 12/22/1998 04:00 PM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 60K 0 POLK 01/16/2007 20:00 PM Ice Storm N/A 0 0 1K 0K POLK 02/04/2011 00:00 AM Ice Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K POLK 02/04/2011 00:00 AM Winter Storm N/A 0 0 0K 0K TOTALS: 3 0 66K 50K
Description of the Winter Storm - 1997 Freezing rain/sleet event occurred on the 12th-13th. Trees, power lines and roadways were all affected. The weight of the ice caused trees and power lines to snap/fall. Glazed roadways posed hazardous driving conditions. Over 1,100 traffic accidents were reported in Southeast Texas which accounted for 3 deaths. Estimated damage was set at $800,000.37
D. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
As indicated in the historical data above, loss from winter storms in Polk County and the East Texas region in general can be costly. Since such storms occur infrequently, it is difficult to establish a potential dollar loss amount for severe winter storms, but as data collection methods improve, information on total dollar losses of winter storms, estimates of losses can be expected to improve as well.
E. MITIGATION STRATEGIES
It is important that all persons in a winter storm are aware of the dangers that accompany these storms and plan in advance to avoid situations that could cause personal injury and undue hardship. First of all, everyone that could be affected should be familiar with the bulletins issued by the National Weather Service (NWS). A winter storm watch indicates there is a possibility of severe winter weather conditions within a geographic area which will be specified in the bulletin. A winter storm warning indicates that severe weather conditions are occurring in the area. Understanding the meaning of such weather bulletins will assist in emergency planning activities.
Communities can prepare for severe winter weather by ensuring that the necessary equipment for plowing and sanding is operational; adequate personnel are alerted to be available in the event
37 http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 237 December 10, 2012 they are needed; and communications lines are established to the agencies that could be needed to handle any storm related emergencies.
Community leaders must ensure that the general public receives the bulletins issued by the NWS and that they are aware of the dangers inherent in winter storms.
The third largest cause of insured property loss is from water damage caused by unprotected pipes and plumbing that freeze during a Texas "blue norther". These losses can be prevented by ensuring that all exposed pipes and exterior plumbing is properly insulated and protected by some source of heat during subzero temperature conditions. These precautions will prevent thousands of dollars of damage to walls, ceilings, carpets and furniture when the owner is caught away from home during a winter storm or suffers from an acute power failure during a severe winter storm. These types of storms can potentially cause massive power outages for an extended period of days as disruption of utilities due from falling tree limbs and treacherous road conditions can prevent timely repairs38.
The severe winter storm mitigation action items provide direction on specific activities that organizations and residents in Polk County can undertake to reduce risk and prevent loss from severe winter storm events. Each action item is followed by ideas for implementation, which can be used by the steering committee and local decision makers in pursuing strategies for implementation.
Community leaders can reduce vulnerabilities by directing fire, law enforcement and public workers to monitor road conditions and relate deteriorating safety conditions to the public.
38 Reference: Texas Almanac - 1997-1998 – Weather, National Weather Service-Houston-Galveston, Polk County Enterprise
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F. SEVERE WINTER STORM MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain ST=Short Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by LT=Long Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing SWS=Severe Winter Storm exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-SWS#1: IMPROVE STRATEGIES FOR DEBRIS MANAGEMENT FOR SEVERE WINTER STORMS. Implementation: Develop coordinated management strategies for de-icing roads, plowing snow, clearing roads of fallen trees, and clearing debris from public and private property.
Estimated Cost: $25,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Road and Bridge Departments 1, 2, 3, & 4, Livingston Public Works Department, Onalaska Public Works Department, Corrigan Public Works Department, Goodrich Public Works Department, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Partnerships and Implementation, Emergency Services Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-SWS#2: IMPLEMENT PROGRAMS TO COORDINATE MAINTENANCE AND MITIGATION ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE RISK TO PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE FROM SEVERE WINTER STORMS. Implementation: Partner with responsible agencies and organizations to implement programs that reduce risk to life, property, and utility systems; and
Work with utility providers and county and local public works agencies to document known hazard areas.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
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Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston Public Works, Onalaska Public Works, Corrigan Public Works, Goodrich Public Works, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Emergency Services, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
UPDATE: New Short-Term Project ST-SWS#3: IMPLEMENT VEGETATION MANAGEMENT BY TRIMMING HANGING TREE LIMBS AND CONDUCTING TREE REMOVAL TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO PROPERTY AND INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN THE CITY OF SEVEN OAKS. Implementation: Trim hanging tree limbs to prevent damage to power lines, property and infrastructure within the City of Seven Oaks during ice and windstorms.
Remove dangerous trees near Seven Oaks City Hall which is the only shelter facility in the city.
Estimated Cost: $6,000
Coordinating Organization: Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 1 - 2 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Seven Oaks 1
LT-SWS#1: INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF SEVERE WINTER STORM MITIGATION ACTIVITIES. Implementation: Collect information on public education materials for protecting life, property, and the environment from severe winter storm events;
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Distribute educational materials to Polk County residents and public and private sector organizations regarding evacuation routes during road closures; and
Target the vulnerable populace for disseminating preparedness information.
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, City of Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-SWS#2: ENHANCE WEATHER MONITORING TO ATTAIN EARLIER SEVERE WINTER STORM WARNINGS, IMPROVE DATA GATHERING CAPABILITIES OF COUNTY ON IMPACTS OF SEVERE WINTER STORMS. Task Complete: Polk County has partnered with the EAS system and has been designated as a Storm Ready county. The Skywarn system is in place within the county. Polk County also utilizes the Upper Lake Livingston Wireless Association to serve as weather warn advisors to the county. Polk County Sheriff Department has 24-hour access to monitor the internet network, telephone and weather stations for early public warning.
Implementation: Coordinate with appropriate organizations to evaluate the need for more weather stations and/or weather instrumentation.
Estimated Cost: $25,000
Coordinating Organization: Hazard Mitigation Taskforce, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
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Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
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APPENDIX 7 – DROUGHT
A. DEFINITION
A drought is a condition of climate dryness, which is severe enough to reduce soil moisture and water below the minimums necessary to sustain plant, animal and human life. When defining drought as an occurrence in Texas, it is best to consider two types of drought: agricultural and hydrologic. Agricultural drought is a dry period of sufficient length and intensity that markedly reduces crop yields. Hydrologic drought is a long-term condition of abnormally dry weather that ultimately leads to the depletion of surface and ground water supplies, the drying up of rivers and streams and the cessation of spring flows. These two types of drought may, but do not necessarily, occur together. It is possible to have an agricultural drought, short in duration so that hydrologic factors are not significantly affected, even though crop failure occurs. It is also possible to obtain reasonable crop yields during a long dry period that affects hydrologic factors, if the rainfall during the growing season is well-timed, and sufficient to prevent severe stress on the crops. It should be noted that the severity of a drought cannot be completely measured in terms of precipitation alone, but precipitation statistics do provide an easily obtainable index of drought severity. Declining reservoir and stock tank levels due to a prolonged lack of precipitation are stark evidence of a severe drought.
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
Prior to the extreme Texas drought currently taking place in 2011 (discussed below), there have been nine drought events in Polk County that have been registered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 1996. This equates to a 1.1 drought per year average over the period and thus a “highly likely” probability of future occurrence rating. The nine droughts were multi-county events resulting in a total of $270M worth of damage in the 23 counties affected. Drought in Texas typically occurs mid-to-late summer (June through September).39 As a climatological hazard, drought affects broad regions and therefore presents a threat to locations throughout the county on a more or less equal probability.
C. VULNERABILITY
Overall vulnerability to drought in Polk County historically has been considered moderate, but recent trends in frequency may indicate a moderate to high rating. Vulnerability to loss or damage due to drought would be considered relatively low to buildings, infrastructure and public safety. However, the droughts that affected Polk County in 1998,40 and again in 2011 reflect the vulnerability of industries to this hazard. The impact was greatest on cattle ranchers, farmers and the timber industry. The hay crop was seriously affected, with drought reducing the normal three hay cuttings to just one for the season. The resulting shortage of hay created a greater cost in feeding farm animals during the winter months. Additionally, great care had to be taken by the timber industry to prevent the dry conditions from contributing to the spread of wildfires. The
39 http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms 40 Polk County Enterprise, Polk County Chamber of Commerce Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 243 December 10, 2012 normal process of controlled burning of undergrowth had to be completely stopped. Outdoor burning of household refuse was banned because of the drought and the extreme fire danger that accompanied it. Developers and builders complained that banning outdoor burning had an economical impact on them. The county felt that major forest fires were averted because of early preparation by the Texas Forest Service, preparation and training by local fire departments, enforcing burn-ban restrictions, restricting use of fireworks and educating the public on the dangers of forest fires. Polk County has suffered the effects of three significant droughts in the last 10 years.
Drought of 1989 In 1989, a drought severely affected the water level on Lake Livingston. Recreation and tourism were severely affected. Even though 1998 was an extremely dry spring and summer, it was short-lived. Eventually, tropical storms in the Texas Valley and in the Pacific produced rains that helped curb the effects. Polk County had periods in September and October of 1998 in which over 25 inches of rain fell, on one occasion 8.25 inches fell over a twenty-four hour period, and yet no significant flooding was reported. Water shortages in some populated areas caused water conservation and reduction measures to be required over an extended period. Lake Livingston was down two feet, causing some reduction in the aquatic recreational business
Drought of 1996 In 1996, the entire state of Texas was affected by a drought that was the direct cause of the worst fire season, at that time, in the history of Polk County.
Drought of 2011 In 2011, wildfires have been particularly severe due to the ongoing 2011 Southern United States drought covering the State of Texas. Exacerbating the problem is rapid desertification, the unusual convergence of strong winds, unseasonably warm temperatures, and low humidity.41 During 2011, Texas has endured its most severe single-year drought since the 1950s, received the lowest single-year rainfall since 1895, and experienced the hottest June-August period of any U.S. state at any point in time on record—exceeding that of even the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.42
U.S. DROUGHT MONITOR AT HTTP://DROUGHTMONITOR.UNL.EDU According to the U.S. Drought Monitor, tracking drought blends science and art. No single definition of drought works for all circumstances, so people rely on drought indices to detect and measure droughts. But no single index works under all circumstances, either. That's why we need the Drought Monitor, a synthesis of multiple indices and impacts, that represents a consensus of federal and academic scientists. The product will be refined over time as we find ways to make it better reflect the needs of decision-makers and others who use the information.43
41 Source, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Texas_wildfires 42 Source, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County_Complex_fire 43 Source, http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 244 December 10, 2012
U.S. drought maps, which are based on analysis of the data, are released each Thursday at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time. Following is a Texas drought map for October 18, 2011
KEETCH-BYRAM DROUGHT INDEX (KBDI) The Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) is basically a mathematical system for relating current and recent weather conditions to potential or expected fire behavior. This system was originally developed for the southeastern United States and is based primarily on recent rainfall patterns. The KBDI is the most widely used drought index system by fire managers in the south. It is also one of the only drought index systems specifically developed to equate the effects of drought with potential fire activities. The result of this system is a drought index number ranging from 0 to 800 that accurately describes the amount of moisture that is missing. A rating of zero defines the point where there is no moisture deficiency and 800 is the maximum drought possible. These numbers correlate with potential fire behavior as follows:
0 - 200 Soil and fuel moisture are high. Most fuels will not readily ignite or burn. However, with sufficient sunlight and wind, cured grasses and some light surface fuels will burn in spots and patches.
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200 - 400 Fires more readily burn and will carry across an area with no gaps. Heavier fuels will still not readily ignite and burn. Also, expect smoldering and the resulting smoke to carry into and possibly through the night.
400 - 600 Fire intensity begins to significantly increase. Fires will readily burn in all directions exposing mineral soils in some locations. Larger fuels may burn or smolder for several days creating possible smoke and control problems.
600 - 800 Fires will burn to mineral soil. Stumps will burn to the end of underground roots and spotting will be a major problem. Fires will burn thorough the night and heavier fuels will actively burn and contribute to fire intensity44.
SEQUENCE OF DROUGHT IMPACTS The sequence of impacts associated with meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought further emphasizes their differences. When drought begins, the agricultural sector is usually the
44 http.wegis.tamu.edu/tfs/kbdi_daily/kbdicounty.png Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 246 December 10, 2012 first to be affected because of its heavy dependence on stored soil water. Soil water can be rapidly depleted during extended dry periods. If precipitation deficiencies continue, then people dependent on other sources of water will begin to feel the effects of the shortage. Those who rely on surface water (i.e., reservoirs and lakes) and subsurface water (i.e., ground water), for example, are usually the last to be affected. A short-term drought that persists for 3 to 6 months may have little impact on these sectors, depending on the characteristics of the hydrologic system and water use requirements.
When precipitation returns to normal and meteorological drought conditions have abated, the sequence is repeated for the recovery of surface and subsurface water supplies. Soil water reserves are replenished first, followed by streamflow, reservoirs and lakes, and ground water. Drought impacts may diminish rapidly in the agricultural sector because of its reliance on soil water, but linger for months or even years in other sectors dependent on stored surface or subsurface supplies. Ground water users, often the last to be affected by drought during its onset, may be last to experience a return to normal water levels. The length of the recovery period is a function of the intensity of the drought, its duration, and the quantity of precipitation received as the episode terminates.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS Many economic impacts occur in agriculture and related sectors, including forestry and fisheries, because of the reliance of these sectors on surface and subsurface water supplies. In addition to obvious losses in yields in crop and livestock production, drought is associated with increases in insect infestations, plant disease, and wind erosion. Droughts also bring increased problems with insects and diseases to forests and reduce growth. The incidence of forest and range fires increases substantially during extended droughts, which in turn places both human and wildlife populations at higher levels of risk.
Income loss is another indicator used in assessing the impacts of drought because so many sectors are affected. Reduced income for farmers has a ripple effect. Retailers and others who provide goods and services to farmers face reduced business. This leads to unemployment, increased credit risk for financial institutions, capital shortfalls, and loss of tax revenue for local, state, and federal government. Less discretionary income affects the recreation and tourism industries. Prices for food, energy, and other products increase as supplies are reduced. In some cases, local shortages of certain goods result in the need to import these goods from outside the stricken region. Reduced water supply impairs the navigability of rivers and results in increased transportation costs because products must be transported by rail or truck. Hydropower production may also be curtailed significantly.
COSTS AND LOSSES TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS Annual and perennial crop losses Damage to crop quality Income loss for farmers due to reduced crop yields Reduced productivity of cropland (wind erosion, long-term loss of organic matter, etc.) Insect infestation Plant disease
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Wildlife damage to crops Cost of new or supplemental water resource development (wells, dams, pipelines)
COSTS AND LOSSES TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCERS High cost/unavailability of water for livestock Cost of new or supplemental water resource development (wells, dams, pipelines) High cost/unavailability of feed for livestock Increased feed transportation costs Decreased stock weights Increased predation Wildfires
LOSS FROM TIMBER PRODUCTION Wildland fires Tree disease Insect infestation Impaired productivity of forest land Direct loss of trees, especially young ones
GENERAL ECONOMIC EFFECTS Decreased land prices Unemployment from drought-related declines in production Revenue losses to federal, state, and local governments (from reduced tax base) Reduction of economic development Rural population loss
ENERGY-RELATED EFFECTS Increased energy demand and reduced supply because of drought-related power curtailments Costs to energy industry and consumers associated with substituting more expensive fuels (oil) for hydroelectric power
WATER SUPPLIERS Revenue shortfalls and/or windfall profits Cost of water transport or transfer Cost of new or supplemental water resource development
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Environmental losses are the result of damages to plant and animal species, wildlife habitat, and air and water quality; forest and range fires; degradation of landscape quality; loss of biodiversity; and soil erosion. Some of the effects are short-term and conditions quickly return to normal following the end of the drought. Other environmental effects linger for some time or may even become permanent. Wildlife habitat, for example, may be degraded through the loss of
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 248 December 10, 2012 wetlands, lakes, and vegetation. However, many species will eventually recover from this temporary aberration. The degradation of landscape quality, including increased soil erosion, may lead to a more permanent loss of biological productivity of the landscape. Although environmental losses are difficult to quantify, growing public awareness and concern for environmental quality has forced public officials to focus greater attention and resources on these effects.
DAMAGE TO ANIMAL SPECIES Reduction and degradation of fish and wildlife habitat Lack of feed and drinking water Greater mortality due to increased contact with agricultural producers, as animals seek food from farms and producers are less tolerant of the intrusion Disease Increased vulnerability to predation (from species concentrated near water) Migration and concentration (loss of wildlife in some areas and too many wildlife in other areas) Increased stress to endangered species Loss of biodiversity
HYDROLOGICAL EFFECTS Lower water levels in reservoirs, lakes, and ponds Reduced flow from springs Reduced stream flow Loss of wetlands
SOCIAL IMPACTS: Social impacts mainly involve public safety, health, conflicts between water users, reduced quality of life, and inequities in the distribution of impacts and disaster relief. Many of the impacts specified as economic and environmental have social components as well. Population out-migration is a significant problem in many countries, often stimulated by greater availability of food and water elsewhere. Migration is usually to urban areas within the stressed area or to regions outside the drought area; migration may even be to adjacent countries, creating refugee problems. However, when the drought has abated, these persons seldom return home, depriving rural areas of valuable human resources necessary for economic development. For the urban area to which they have immigrated, they place ever-increasing pressure on the social infrastructure, possibly leading to greater poverty and social unrest.
The era of plentiful water, when needs could be readily met with development of nearby surface or ground water supplies, is past. Even with water conservation and sound water management, the County’s rapidly growing population and economy will require additional water supplies. The amount and manner in which this basic resource is provided will define, to a large degree, our County’s economic potential and its quality of life in the future. Water, more than any other natural resource, will determine Polk County’s future in the decades to come. Today, increasing demands and competition for available water, the high cost of new water supply development,
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 249 December 10, 2012 and heightened environmental concerns regarding waste water and sub-surface septic systems make it difficult to gain public support needed to bring Polk County into the 21st century. The population in Polk County has grown by 10.4% over the past ten years. With this continued growth county officials are faced with the fact that meeting future water needs of Polk County will require a full range of management tools. Water availability, economics, environmental concerns, and even public acceptance will identify which particular tool is best suited to meet Polk County’s water needs.
HISTORICAL DATA, DROUGHTS 9 DROUGHT event(s) were reported in Polk County, Texas Mag: Magnitude between 01/01/1950 and 04/30/11. (Data obtained from the Dth: Deaths National Weather Service is not available after 09/01/2000.) Inj: Injuries PrD: Property Damage CrD: Crop Damage
Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD
POLK 04/01/1996 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 05/01/1996 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 06/01/1996 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 05/01/1998 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 06/01/1998 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 07/01/1998 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 08/01/1998 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 23.0M 167.9M POLK 08/01/2000 12:01 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 0 POLK 09/01/2000 12:00 AM Drought N/A 0 0 0 102.3M TOTALS: 0 0 23.000M 270.200M
The following are more detailed descriptions of the impact of drought on Polk County and the surrounding region.
08/01/1998: Drought conditions continue from July. After months of extremely dry and hot weather across SE Texas, relief came late in the month with welcomed rainfall and slightly cooler temperatures. Over 20 people across the region lost their lives due to the extreme heat and property and crop damage averaged $8.3 million per county since May. Locations across the region were finally catching up with rainfall toward the end of the month as the drought was coming to an end. NOTE: CROP AND PROPERTY DAMAGE LISTED HERE IS FOR THE PERIOD MAY-AUGUST 1998.
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08/01/2000: Severe drought across southeast Texas through the month of August. Rainfall for the month of August averaged on 30 to 50 percent of normal across southeast Texas. Several cities were placed under water rationing with large crop losses were noted across the area. Wildfires became increasingly common, especially toward the end of the month. Drought losses in dollars will be computed at the end of the summer growing season.
09/01/2000: Severe drought continued across southeast Texas through September 2000. The combination of excessive heat and dryness caused many wildfires to burn during the first week of the month including a 4500 acre fire in Liberty County on the 4th and a 1,965 acre fire in Polk County on the 2nd. Water rationing continued during the first half of the month in several small communities and was briefly instigated in the city of Houston. Water line breaks and small grass fires were a common problem across southeast Texas, especially at the beginning of the month. By the end of September, damage estimates for the season to cotton, wheat, and forage crops and increased irrigation reached $102.3 million for southeast Texas.
9/01/2011: This historic Texas drought has led to a record $5.2 billion in agricultural losses, making it the most costly drought on record, according to Texas AgriLife Extension Service economists. The $5.2 billion in losses exceeds the previous record of $4.1 billion during the 2006 drought. The losses also represent 27.7% of the average value of agricultural production over the last four years. The 2011 drought losses have reached record levels in large part due to Texas farmers failing to cash in crops during times of high commodity prices. The state’s cattle producers continue to cull herds at historic levels and spend money on expensive supplemental feed. Livestock losses include the increased cost of feeding due to lack of pastures and ranges and market losses. Market losses include the impact of fewer pounds sold per calf and the impact of lower market prices due to the large number of cattle sold in a very short time period. The drought, coupled with prolonged high winds and record temperatures, were enormously destructive to Texas agriculture and natural resources. The summer rains caused grass growth, which provided fuel for an unprecedented fire season, with more than 3.3 million acres of Texas ravaged by wildfire.45
D. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
Apart from the historical dollar loss amounts above, there is insufficient data at this point to establish a specific potential dollar loss figure from drought in Polk County. This is due to the data provided by the NCDC reflecting dollar losses over a 23-county region. A very rough estimate of $293 million divided by the 23 counties equates to a figure of $12.7 million in losses for Polk County due to drought impacts.
45 http://agriliferesearch.tamu.edu/ Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 251 December 10, 2012
E. DROUGHT MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain ST=Short Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by LT=Long Term two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing D=Drought exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these projects.
ST-D#1: DEVELOP EDUCATION PROGRAMS AIMED AT MITIGATING DROUGHT HAZARDS AND REDUCING THE EXPOSURE OF CITIZENS, PUBLIC AGENCIES, AND PRIVATE PROPERTY OWNERS. Implementation: Utilize the media and public service announcements to inform the public about drought management options and activities
Improve water-efficient land use and development practices through public awareness programs and other media.
Estimated Cost: $10,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
ST-D#2: IMPROVE METHODS OF GATHERING AND DELIVERING DROUGHT-RELATED INFORMATION TO THOSE WHO ARE VULNERABLE Update: Current KBDI being used to monitor drought effects. County issuing burn bans throughout the county and using various forms of media to deliver notice to the public.
Implementation: Continue education efforts through the use of educational programs for drought public awareness.
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Research into methods for improving drought monitoring, assessment, and mitigation.
Modernize the statewide environmental monitoring and forecasting system.
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
ST-D#3: EDUCATE THE PUBLIC ON THE DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLAN Implementation: Post the Drought Contingency Plan on the City’s website
Add Drought Contingency Plan as a utility billing insert
Use social media and other public information outlets to increase public awareness
Estimated Cost: $2,000
Coordinating Organization: Livingston City Council and Staff Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Livingston 1
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LT-D#1: IMPROVE AVAILABLE DATA, COMMUNICATION, COORDINATION, AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN PROPERTY OWNERS, LOCAL AND COUNTY PLANNERS, AND OFFICIALS TO ASSESS AND ADDRESS RISKS, EXISTING MITIGATION MEASURES, STATE AND FEDERAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Implementation: Provide educational emphasis to forest and land management practices for the minimizing of drought impacts.
Coordinate drought response activities, particularly water use restrictions, among neighboring water systems.
Estimated Cost: $18,500
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, City of Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 2 – 3 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
LT-D#2: ESTABLISH STRONGER ECONOMIC AND OTHER INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE INVESTMENTS IN WATER CONSERVATION. Implementation: Improve water-efficient land use and development practices.
Establish stronger economic and other incentives for private investments in water conservation.
Improve water conveyance infrastructure efficiencies in agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses.
Explore tax abatement for utility districts to develop new wells.
Estimated Cost: $20,000 Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 254 December 10, 2012
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council, Onalaska City Council, Corrigan City Council, Goodrich City Council, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: 2 - 3 years Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life and Property, Public Awareness, Partnerships and Implementation Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
UPDATE: New Long-Term Project LT-D#3: FIND ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE FOR THOSE COMMUNITIES WHO ONLY HAVE A PRIMARY WATER SOURCE. Implementation: Contact all communities to discover information on their primary source and encourage those communities to seek secondary water source.
Assist communities in establishing new wells and connecting to their existing piping system.
Estimated Cost: $500,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston Public Works Department, Onalaska Public Works Department, Corrigan Public Works Department, Goodrich Public Works Department, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Health and Safety Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
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APPENDIX 8 – EXTREME HEAT
A. DEFINITION
Excessive heat is defined as a period of abnormally high ambient air temperatures, often coinciding with high humidity, that constitute a hazard public health and safety. Also commonly referred to as a “heat wave.”
B. RISK/PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
In the south-eastern region of Texas that includes Polk County, there have been seven occurrences of excessive heat events that have resulted in the loss of lives in the last 14-year period. This equates to an average of two (2) events per year, thus resulting in a ‘likely’ probability of future occurrence rating. In terms of location, as a meteorological occurrence, excessive heat most often occurs as a regional phenomenon and has potential to appear in any of the jurisdictions of Polk County.
C. VULNERABILITY
Overall vulnerability to negative impacts of extreme heat is considered moderate for Polk County. People region-wide are the main asset vulnerable to damage from heat events, and it is assumed that the elderly and disabled without sufficient cooling systems and people disregarding the impact of heat events are at the highest vulnerability. Buildings are at a low vulnerability to impact from extreme heat events; however, asphalt roads and highways are prone to increased wear and tear from heavy trucking during periods of extremely high temperatures. In addition, excessive heat events on a regional scale can create peaks in electricity usage that can lead to blackouts, therefore local utilities managers, public officials and emergency responders should be aware of the connections between these scenarios.
The seven excessive heat events affected many surrounding counties that comprise Southeast Texas, and caused 38 fatalities across the region.
HISTORICAL DATA, EXCESSIVE HEAT (Note: Data obtained from the National Weather Service is not available after 09/01/2000)
Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD
POLK 07/21/1995 2050 Heat Wave N/A 2 200 0 0 POLK 06/26/1999 06:00 AM Excessive Heat N/A 3 0 0 0 POLK 08/01/1999 06:00 AM Excessive Heat N/A 6 0 0 0 POLK 07/06/2000 06:00 AM Excessive Heat N/A 19 0 0 0 POLK 08/29/2000 06:00 AM Excessive Heat N/A 3 0 0 0
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Location or County Date Time Type Mag Dth Inj PrD CrD
POLK 09/01/2000 12:00 AM Excessive Heat N/A 5 0 0 0 POLK 06/24/2009 15:05 PM Heat N/A 0 0 0K 0K TOTALS: 38 200 0 0
07/06/2000: Excessive heat impacted southeast Texas for much of the month of July. High temperatures ranged from 98 to 105 degrees on a daily basis over all but the immediate coast during a 2-week period. College Station recorded 12 consecutive days with temperatures of 100 degrees or higher. Highest temperatures for the month included 103 degrees at Houston Intercontinental Airport and 105 degrees at College Station. Only traces of rainfall were observed during this period. Of the 19 heat related deaths reported during this period, 17 were in Harris County and 2 were in Galveston County46.
08/29/2000: Excessive heat occurred over southeast Texas during the last 3 days of August. High temperatures reached well over 100 degrees over inland areas, with Galveston reaching 100 degrees on the 31st. The high temperature of 107 degrees at Houston Intercontinental on the 31st ties the all-time record high temperature observed in Houston up to that date. College Station recorded a high temperature of 109 degrees on the 31st. All 3 heat-related deaths were in Harris County.
09/01/2000: A record setting heat wave continued over southeast Texas through the first week of September 2000. The temperature at Houston Intercontinental soared to 109 degrees on the 4th and 108 degrees on the 5th, setting new records for the all-time highest temperatures recorded in Houston. The temperatures in College Station peaked at 112 degrees on the 4th and 111 degrees on the 5th, both the highest temperatures ever recorded in College Station. In Galveston, the all-time record high temperature of 101 degrees was tied on the 4th, then broken the next day when the temperature rose to 104 degrees. Temperatures over southeast Texas began to cool on the 6th. In all, Houston recorded 6 consecutive days with temperatures of 104 degrees or higher and College Station recorded 6 consecutive days of 107 degrees or higher. Galveston reached 100 degrees or higher for the first time since 1939, and for the first time on record had more than one day in a season with 100-degree temperatures. A heat wave with temperatures of this duration and magnitude is unprecedented for southeast Texas. All 5 heat-related deaths occurred in Harris County.
06/24/2009: Hot humid conditions led to heat indices above 105 degrees for several days in late June. An upper level ridge built over the area, corresponding to a period of hot and humid
46 http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~storms
Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 257 December 10, 2012 conditions. A number of indirect fatalities were attributed to the heat. 2009 was the hottest summer on record in, when there were 68 days of 100-degree heat.47
06-2011: During 2011, Texas endured its most severe single-year drought since the 1950s, received the lowest single-year rainfall since 1895, and experienced the hottest June-August period of any U.S. state at any point in time on record—exceeding that of even the Dust Bowl of the 1930s.48
D. POTENTIAL DOLLAR LOSS
There is a lack is data regarding the potential dollar loss due to heat events. However, the limitations in the available data will be improved through the implementation of action items that address this deficiency. In general terms, the costs of health related effects, negative impacts on agricultural production, reduced commercial activity and decreased labor productivity are the most common losses due to extreme heat events.
47 Source, http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/local/records-fall-as-heat-wave-intensifies 48 Source, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastrop_County_Complex_fire Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 258 December 10, 2012
E. EXTREME HEAT MITIGATION ACTION ITEMS
The mitigation actions that have no comment and remain LT = Long Term unchanged are ongoing. Polk County has been impacted by EH = Excessive Heat two major hurricanes since 2005 and is currently facing LT- EH#1: Reduce the exposure of exceptional drought conditions. Therefore, the county has had limited human assets and budgetary funding to complete these citizens to dangerous heat-related projects. events.
Implementation: Enhance outreach and education programs aimed at teaching citizens the health hazards associated with extreme heat. Estimated Cost: $1-5000 per training (includes materials)
Target vulnerable communities, such as senior citizens, schools, etc.
Generate and/or distribute literature that outlines the safety measures one should take during a severe heat event
Establish emergency cooling centers (i.e.: school gyms) and to explore options to pay utility bills once costs amount has been determined.
Estimated Cost: $50,000
Coordinating Organization: Polk County Commissioners Court, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Minimize threat to public safety Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 1 Livingston 1 Onalaska 1 Corrigan 1 Goodrich 1 Seven Oaks 1
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LT-EH #2: CREATE DATA BASE OF ADDRESSES AND CONTACT INFORMATION OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY THAT ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE DURING EXTREME HEAT EVENTS; ASSIMILATE DATA ON CROP LOSSES AND OTHER ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EXTREME HEAT. Implementation: Compile addresses and contact information of community members that are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat conditions (e.g. elderly populations).
Create method for assimilating data on crop losses and other economic impacts of extreme heat to improve future vulnerability assessment efforts.
Estimated Cost: $5,000
Coordinating Organization: Local Health Care Organizations and/or Consultants, Local Texas Department of State Health Services Office, Polk County Office of Emergency Management, Polk County Extension Office, Livingston City Council and Staff, Onalaska City Council and Staff, Corrigan City Council and Staff, Goodrich City Council and Staff, Seven Oaks City Council Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Rapid and organized response for community members in need of assistance during periods of extreme heat Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Polk County 2 Livingston 2 Onalaska 2 Corrigan 2 Goodrich 2 Seven Oaks 2
LT-EH #3: ESTABLISH COOLING SHELTERS WITHIN THE CITY OF GOODRICH FOR EXTEAME HEAT CONDITIONS. Implementation: Locate churches willing to setup as cooling shelters in extreme heat conditions
Secure funding for reimbursement of electric and food costs
Estimated Cost: $2,000
Coordinating Organization: Goodrich City Council, Polk County Office of Emergency Management Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Protect Life, Create Partnerships with Local Churches Polk County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 260 December 10, 2012
Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Goodrich 1 LT-EH #4: INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS EDUCATION TO INDIVIDUALS AND PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS. Implementation: Increase public awareness and disaster preparedness education to individuals and public and private organizations.
Estimated Cost: $2,000
Coordinating Organization: Goodrich City Council and Staff Timeline: Ongoing Plan Goals Addressed: Public Awareness, Protect Life and Property Possible Funding Sources: Operating budget, general revenue, FEMA, PDM, HMGP
Jurisdiction Priority Rank of this Mitigation Item Goodrich 1
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