Distúrbios Da Era Informacional: Conflitos Entre a Propriedade Intelectual E a Cultura Livre

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Distúrbios Da Era Informacional: Conflitos Entre a Propriedade Intelectual E a Cultura Livre PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Luis Eduardo Pinto Tavares de Almeida Distúrbios da Era Informacional: conflitos entre a propriedade intelectual e a cultura livre MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE em Ciências Políticas pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação do Prof. Doutor Miguel Wady Chaia SÃO PAULO 2010 Banca Examinadora ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Agradecimentos Aos meus pais, Omar e Lucilla, pelo apoio de sempre. À minha companheira Amanda, por me acompanhar nesse processo. À meu orientador Miguel Chaia, pela generosidade, liberdade e dedicação com que conduziu o trabalho, sempre com observações precisas. Aos meus companheiros de trabalho, Hamilton e Carolina, que ofereceram um ambiente profícuo para formulação das ideias contidas no trabalho e pelo espaço que me concederam para produzi-lo. Resumo O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as tensões decorrentes da transição do capitalismo industrial para o capitalismo informacional, sobretudo aquelas concernentes às possibilidades abertas pelas condições das tecnologias da informação, entre a livre circulação de informações e seu bloqueio privatista pelo capital. Para tanto, enfocamos a instituição da propriedade intelectual que expressa características importantes dessa transição e em torno da qual ocorrem importantes conflitos. O trabalho é constituído de pesquisa bibliográfica e verificação empírica, por meio de quatro experiência elencadas. Com isso avaliamos o processo de transição como irruptivo de possibilidades de construção de uma nova economia, porém condicionadas por forças conservadoras. Palavras-Chave: Política, Internet, Propriedade Intelectual Abstract This paper aims to examine the tensions arising from the transition from industrial capitalism to informational capitalism, especially those concerning the conditions of the possibilities offered by information technology, between the free flow of information and its blockade by the privatized capital. To this end, we focused on the institution of intellectual property that expresses the important features of this transition and around the major conflicts which occur. The work consists of literature review and empirical verification through experience of four listed. Thus we evaluate the transition process as irruptive possibilities of building a new economy, but constrained by conservative forces. Key-Words: Policy, Internet, Intellectual Property Sumário Introdução 1 PARTE I Contexto 1. Revolução Informacional 5 2. Capitalismo Informacional 10 3. Trabalho Imaterial 14 4. Sobre a Tecnologia 20 5. A propriedade intelectual 28 PARTE II Atores Emergentes 6. Cotidiano e Política 41 7. A ética hacker 42 8. Homebrew Computer Club 47 9. Free Software Foundation 49 10. Do software livre ao hardware livre 51 11. Pirate Bay 58 PARTE III Política, Arte... 12. Procedimentos de apropriação e ressignificação 63 13. SUPERFLEX: arte relacional e pós-produção 69 14. MetaArte 77 ...e Mídia 15. Ação Global dos Povos 80 16. Mídia Tática 84 PARTE IV Institucionalidades Emergentes 17. Cultura Livre 88 18. Os Commons 97 19. Partido Pirata 99 Considerações Finais 106 Introdução As transformações que ocorrem no mundo de hoje tem a característica de instaurar em nós a experiência de um estado de permanentes mudanças, decorrentes do nível de aceleração alcançado pelo ritmo das inovações tecnológicas. Esse efeito que sentimos no campo cognitivo foi particularmente grande na última década, prenunciando ser ainda maior nesta que se inicia. Ainda assim, no campo social, parece que estamos no limiar de algo que pouco a pouco vai realizando novas potencialidades e também sendo condicionado por forças conservadoras. Encontramo-nos em uma transição que vem sendo interpretada de diferentes formas, por diferentes ângulos e, como tal, nos impõe grandes dificuldades de análise pelo fato de lidarmos com o inacabado. O que designa a profundidade das transformações em curso são mudanças no sistema de produção e a emergência de um novo marco tecnológico comparável com outros grandes marcos da história da civilização como a agricultura, a cidade, a escrita, a imprensa e a máquina automática, com a diferença de que este é tanto um meio de produção quanto um meio de comunicação, constituindo um conjunto maior de implicações, das quais apenas começamos a compreender. As novas tecnologias pós- mecânicas possuem atualmente um lugar preponderante em nossa vida cotidiana, mediando grande parte de nossas relações sociais e também com a natureza e, por isso, assumem um papel de destaque nas discussões sobre a sociedade contemporânea. As tecnologias da informação e comunicação também tem um papel de destaque nesta dissertação, porém sem uma abordagem reificada. As tecnologias são o instrumento e, portanto, são antes consequência do que causa, embora causem muitos efeitos. As revoluções tecnológicas são, todas, resultado da evolução das forças produtivas e é este o elemento principal que devemos compreender. O que nos ajuda a entender o processo de transformação em curso e que, portanto, permeia todo este trabalho é a instituição da propriedade intelectual, enquanto um fenômeno sociológico que exprime importantes tensões do mundo atual. A propriedade intelectual que, ao longo da história, vem se transformando em conjunto com a economia capitalista, hoje se encontra na grande encruzilhada do capitalismo na sua fase informacional, no choque gerado entre o fluxo da informação no ambiente 1 constituído pelas novas tecnologias e os bloqueios privatistas que buscam o controle desse fluxo. Nesta encruzilhada estão elementos formadores de novas subjetividades que configuram movimentos sociais, projetos políticos, formas de repressão, criação e práticas cotidianas. Os rumos e soluções possíveis, pouco a pouco, vão se definindo no horizonte, sobretudo a partir das articulações e criações dos circuitos de produção constituídas fora da alçada capitalista, mas em grande parte capturados por ela. Essas encruzilhadas nos põem diante da iminência de uma nova economia, cuja realização mais ou menos efetiva de seus pressupostos depende das circunstâncias criadas no jogo entre os atores envolvidos no processo e, neste momento, muitas questões encontram-se ainda sem definição. São estas linhas de instabilidades que procuramos apreender no mundo atual, onde se confrontam formas de controle e transformação social, continuidades e rupturas com a ordem estabelecida, poder e liberdade. Identificamos uma rede de atores emergentes que se colocam contrários à ordem vigente, protagonizando os conflitos em torno da propriedade intelectual, bem como o contexto que os envolve e forma seus projetos sociais. Mas damos destaque a quatro experiências distintas que tem em comum estarem neste mesmo campo de disputa. São elas a MetaReciclagem, que propõe a recuperação e reuso de computadores descartados e equipamentos eletrônicos de baixa tecnologia, como contraponto à obsolência programada da indústria da informática geradora de desigualdades e externalidades ambientais; SUPERFLEX, coletivo de artistas dinamarqueses, cuja forma de arte relacional problematiza diretamente as questões envolvidas na produção com destaque às questões relativas à propriedade intelectual; Pirate Bay, site sueco de compartilhamento de arquivos, que resiste às fortes pressões da indústria fonográfica e cinematográfica hollywoodiana; e Partido Pirata, partido oficializado na Suécia, cuja plataforma consiste basicamente na reforma dos copyright, na abolição das patentes e no direito, na liberdade e na privacidade do acesso, compartilhamento e criação de bens culturais A dissertação está dividida em quatro partes. Na Parte I, que chamaremos de Contexto, buscaremos um panorama geral do cenário que constitui as problemáticas em questão. Nesta parte é descrito o processo de transformação em curso como uma Revolução Informacional, sucessora da Revolução Industrial, e da qual participam um novo sistema de produção - o Capitalismo 2 Informacional -, uma nova organização do trabalho - o Trabalho Imaterial Pós-fordista -, um novo complexo tecnológico de produção e comunicação, bem como as transformações cruciais na instituição da propriedade intelectual. Nesse contexto, ao expormos o novo cenário também apresentaremos as contradições que ele instaura e seus conflitos decorrentes. Na Parte II – Atores Emergentes, procuraremos situar algumas vertentes onde se formam novos projetos sociais e de onde emergem novos atores contrários à ordem hegemônica, bem como suas formas de ação política e suscetibilidades a capturas por essa ordem. Nesse sentido, o destaque é para ética hacker, típica da sociedade informacional, e sua potência criadora neste contexto que a torna também política, mas uma política que está presente no cotidiano, no próprio trabalho e no lazer. A ética hacker é hoje amplamente disseminada nos movimentos de contestação, apresentando- se, inclusive, em nossos objetos de estudo MetaReciclagem e Pirate Bay que nos dedicaremos a expor nessa parte. Na Parte III – Política, Arte e Mídia, exploraremos outras vertentes, onde se formam novos projetos sociais, seus atores e ação política. A convergência entre arte e mídia são um forte componente do sistema de produção informacional que se estende para além das demandas do capitalismo e, dessa forma, um componente forte da ação política. Procuraremos demonstrar essa questão
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