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Animals in Space: from Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle (Springer Praxis)

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Animals in Space: from Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle (Springer Praxis) Animals in Space From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle Colin Burgess and Chris Dubbs Animals in Space From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Mr Colin Burgess, BIS Bonnet Bay New South Wales Australia Mr Chris Dubbs Edinboro Pennsylvania USA SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.Sc., B.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-36053-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937358 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Authors' preface ....................................... xvii Acknowledgements...................................... xxiii Foreword............................................ xxv List of ®gures ........................................ xxxi List of abbreviations and acronyms ...........................xxxvii Prologue ............................................ xliii 1 Taming the rockets:From wrath to research .................. 1 The man behind the vision . .......................... 1 Dreams of tomorrow . .......................... 2 Rocket man ................................... 2 A minimum rocket .............................. 3 The work begins ................................ 4 Creating the rockets ................................. 4 Higher and heavier .............................. 5 Von Braun and PeenemuÈ nde........................ 5 Developing the A-5 .............................. 6 Birth of the ``terror weapon''........................ 6 Severe setbacks and relocation ....................... 7 From PeenemuÈ nde to prison ........................ 9 Learning the secrets.................................. 9 A rocket named Waterfall.......................... 10 The Resistance and the rocket ....................... 10 The devastation begins . .......................... 11 vi Contents Operation Paperclip.................................. 12 A brutal bombardment............................ 13 Means of escape ................................ 13 Death in a Berlin bunker .......................... 15 Beating the Russians to the spoils of war. .............. 15 A covert operation .............................. 16 Operation Back®re............................... 17 V-2 rockets launched by the Allies .................... 18 An agreement with the Allies........................ 18 Working for the Americans............................. 19 A close-won race................................ 19 Sent to the steppes .............................. 19 An engineer named Korolev ........................ 20 Russia and the V-2 .............................. 22 References ........................................ 22 2 Holloman and the Albert Hall of Fame ..................... 25 An inauspicious start ................................. 25 Punching a hole in the sand ........................ 27 The coming of the missiles............................. 27 America takes over .............................. 27 Thunder across the desert .......................... 27 Holloman is born ............................... 28 A place known as White Sands .......................... 29 A prime testing facility ............................ 29 Putting the pieces together ......................... 30 A smaller sounding rocket.......................... 30 A rocket for science, not war ........................... 30 Expanding the scope ............................. 30 Jumping on the bandwagon......................... 31 Project Blossom ................................ 31 Animals to ride the rockets............................. 32 Unwilling but essential test subjects.................... 32 The programme's guiding spirit ...................... 33 A unique proposal............................... 34 Exploring the possibilities .......................... 35 An irresistible challenge ........................... 36 The men, the mission and the monkeys ..................... 37 Right place, right time ............................ 37 A wonderful opportunity .......................... 37 Project Albert .................................. 38 Finding a way ................................. 38 Contents vii A suitable ¯ight subject ............................... 39 Training ± with a note of caution..................... 40 The Albert capsule .............................. 40 Too much monkey business......................... 41 The Albert ¯ights begin ............................... 41 Preparing Albert for ¯ight.......................... 42 Straps, supports and steel springs ..................... 42 An end before a beginning ......................... 45 ``Disturbed about the whole thing'' .................... 45 Identifying the problems . .......................... 46 Trying to ®nd some answers ........................ 46 Another monkey called Albert . .......................... 46 Henry and Simons try again ........................ 47 If at ®rst ... .................................. 47 Simons departs, and solutions are sought ................ 48 The frustration of failure .............................. 50 The ®nal animal ¯ight . .......................... 50 ``The V-2 clobbered in'' . .......................... 50 Aerobee ¯ies ...................................... 51 Overcoming the dif®culties ......................... 51 A successor vehicle .............................. 52 Partial success.................................. 52 Breakthroughs at last . .......................... 54 Patricia and Michael ................................. 55 A great milestone achieved ......................... 55 Analysing the results . .......................... 55 The sad saga of an ill-tempered monkey ................ 58 References ........................................ 58 3 Pioneers of destiny:The suborbital dog ¯ights ................. 61 Have you ever seen a rocket being launched? ................. 61 A programme in its infancy......................... 62 Preparing for biological ¯ights . .......................... 62 Which animals would ¯y on rockets? .................. 63 Selecting the ®rst animal cosmonauts................... 63 Training dogs to ¯y in rockets ....................... 64 ``Return with victory'': the ®rst dog ¯ight ................... 66 Tsygan and Dezik lead the way ...................... 66 Launch time draws near . .......................... 67 Shaken but not stirred . .......................... 68 The life of a space dog ............................... 68 Monitoring the health of the dogs .................... 69 viii Contents The second series of dog ¯ights .......................... 70 Spacesuits and life-support systems .................... 70 One small step at a time........................... 73 Things change in 1956 ................................ 74 Devising the best recovery system ..................... 74 The West, and the worst kept secret ................... 75 Oleg Gazenko becomes involved...................... 76 A new and more powerful rocket ..................... 77 The ®rst R-2A dogs.............................. 78 Creating a biological, orbital satellite................... 81 A programme ends, another begins ................... 82 References ....................................... 84 4 High-altitude research................................. 85 A curious phenomenon ............................... 85 First animal passengers............................ 86 On ®re, but safe ................................ 86 The hazards of high-altitude ¯ight .................... 87 A fatal error .................................. 88 Research balloons and rockets ....................... 89 Conducting experiments with cosmic radiation ............ 89 The return of David Simons ........................ 91 Problems continue ............................... 92 Monkeys on instalment plans........................ 93 Summarising the ¯ights............................ 94 Project Man High is born .......................... 96 A man and a monkey? ............................ 98 German rockets for science ............................. 98 Kumulus and Cirrus rockets take to the skies ............. 99 Gerhard Zucker and his problem rockets . .............. 100 ``The Fastest Man Alive'' .............................. 101 Understanding forces that can kill .................... 101 On the path to medical research...................... 102 John Paul Stapp's ``Gee-Whizz'' machine . .............. 103 The sad saga of the Holloman hogs ................... 103 Fast rides and fractures ........................... 106 A sled called
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