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The Political Ecology of Environmental Justice: Environmental Struggle and Injustice in the Yeongheung Island Coal Plant Controversy Hosuk Lee

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The Political Ecology of Environmental Justice: Environmental Struggle and Injustice in the Yeongheung Island Coal Plant Controversy Hosuk Lee Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 The Political Ecology of Environmental Justice: Environmental Struggle and Injustice in the Yeongheung Island Coal Plant Controversy Hosuk Lee Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: ENVIRONMENTAL STRUGGLE AND INJUSTICE IN THE YEONGHEUNG ISLAND COAL PLANT CONTROVERSY By HOSUK LEE A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Hosuk Lee defended on July 13, 2009 Dan Klooster Professor Co-Directing Dissertation Tony Stallins Professor Co-Directing Dissertation Ivonne Audirac Outside Committee Member Barney Warf Committee Member Jonathan Leib Committee Member Approved: Victor Mesev, Chair, Department of Geography David W. Rasmussen, Dean, College of Social Sciences The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1 ...............................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2 ...............................................................................................................................9 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ...................................................................................................9 DEFINITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ................................................................................. 9 HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ......................................................... 10 ENVIRONMENTALISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE.............................................................. 12 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ENERGY ................. 13 JUSTICE ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ........................................................................... 17 1. Theories of Social Justice and Environmental Justice ................................................................... 17 2. Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice and Environmental Justice ................................................ 19 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 23 POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ...... 23 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ............................................................. 23 1. Political Economy .................................................................................................................. 23 2. Political Economy of Neoliberal Capitalism and Nature ............................................................... 24 3. The Political Economy of Environmental Justice in Geography ..................................................... 30 POLITICAL ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE .............................................................. 32 1. Theoretical Political Ecology and Practical Environmental Justice ................................................. 33 2. Justice in Political Ecology ...................................................................................................... 34 3. Scale in Political Ecology and Environmental Justice .................................................................. 36 4. The Social Construction of Nature and the Environment .............................................................. 42 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 44 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN KOREA ............................................................................. 44 A HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN KOREA ................................................................. 44 1. Short History of the Environmental Movement in Korea .............................................................. 44 iii 2. History of Environmental Justice in Korea ................................................................................. 48 DEBATES ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN KOREA............................................................. 51 1. Local Case Studies of Environmental Justice in Korea ................................................................. 51 2. Political Economy of Environmental Justice in Korea .................................................................. 55 3. Alternatives ........................................................................................................................... 56 DIFFERENCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND KOREA ..... 57 1. Different Subjects ................................................................................................................... 58 2. Different Victims .................................................................................................................... 59 3. Different Geographies ............................................................................................................. 60 COAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN KOREA ........................................................ 61 1. Global Trends of Coal Energy .................................................................................................. 63 2. National Trends in Coal Energy in Korea ................................................................................... 65 3. Coal Energy and Environmental Justice ..................................................................................... 67 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 68 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................. 70 RESEARCH METHODS .......................................................................................................... 70 THE QUALITATIVE APPROACH ..................................................................................................... 71 TEXT, DOCUMENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ........................................................................... 72 INTERVIEWS WITH ENVIRONMENTALISTS AND LOCAL RESIDENTS .......................................... 73 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF RESEARCH METHODS ......................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................. 78 CASE STUDY OF THE COAL PLANT ................................................................................... 78 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 79 1. Yeongheung Island.................................................................................................................. 79 2. Yeongheung Coal Plant ........................................................................................................... 82 3. The Cultural Landscape of Yeongheung Island ............................................................................ 83 THE FAILURE OF ENVIRONMENTALISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ................................. 87 1. The Beginning of the Coal Plant Plan (1990-1995) ...................................................................... 87 2. Environmental Conflicts (1995-1998) ........................................................................................ 89 3. Construction of Four Units and Extensions (1999-2007) .............................................................. 90 THE EXISTENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE ...................................................................... 94 1. Coal Dust .............................................................................................................................. 94 2. The Noise and Vibration of the Power Transmission Towers ......................................................... 96 3. Destruction of Tidelands .......................................................................................................... 98 POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ............................................................... 101 iv 1. Power Relations
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