DOCSLIB.ORG

The Persian Influence on the Traditional Arts of Kashmir with Special Reference to Textile Industry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Persian Influence on the Traditional Arts of Kashmir with Special Reference to Textile Industry WALIA journal 35(1): 1-11, 2019 Available online at www.Waliaj.com ISSN 1026-3861 © 2019 WALIA The Persian influence on the traditional arts of Kashmir with special reference to textile industry Safina Latif 1, Zain Ul Wahab 1,*, S. Manzoor Shah 2, Muhammad Tehmash Khan 3 1Department of Conservation Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2Pro Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 3Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan Abstract: In Kashmir, textile design forms a very important part of various traditional crafts such as wood carvings, paper mashie and carpet industry. Over the last few centuries, these crafts not only absorbed local tradition, but also are infused by the Persian cultural interaction with a clear visibility of its patterns and motifs of natural beauty. This impact was a result of constant political, cultural, and artistic exchange between the two regions. This research aims at tracing the origin of these motifs and patterns and examining the influences through an in-depth analysis. The study also highlights the impact of the rule of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and Sultan Zain ul Abidin in promoting the arts and crafts of Kashmir. Moreover, it focuses on the first Shawl industry established during the Sultanate period as the Shawls were decorated with Paisley patterns. Kashmir was well disposed to Persian arts and crafts that it was known as Iran-e-Sagheer. The designers, artists and craftsmen used a range of similar patterns which imply similitude to Persia. Through the comparative analysis, results show the ascendency of Persian design patterns and motifs in Kashmiri textile art. Different cultures has an impact on Kashmiri culture, but it is highly influenced by Persian culture especially in field of art and crafts and linguistic. The beautiful design patterns of Kashmir are results of immigrants and the craftsmen of Persia. One can tell the origin and the story of Kashmir by the cursorily glance on the textiles of Kashmir. Key words: Cultural heritage; Interpretation; Historic motifs; Comparative analysis; Textiles 1. Introduction cultures especially the Persian and Central Asian culture. The handicrafts of a culture or region is *Kashmir has superabundant glorious Art and developed by aesthetic sense of its art and craft. Craft, with cultural and architectural heritage which These expressions can be seen in the folk works of has a deep influence of Persia on it. The interaction craftsmen of textile and wood. The cultural history of of ancient Kashmir with Persia is clearly visible in its Kashmir can also be explained with its geographical arts and crafts, and the traditional clothing. The location. It will not be fallacious to say that the cultural imprint of Persia, which sustained great climate and the natural beauty of Kashmir are one of impact on Kashmir, emerged in 14th century with reasons of its robust traditions of arts and literature. the establishment of Sultanate rule. Henceforth, the Further, the long winter season may explain the skilled men, in the subject of arts and crafts, from Kashmiri tradition in textile art. Persia embarked on the route to Kashmir from their The textile of Kashmir is influenced by different native areas of Khurasan, Fars and Mawra-ul-Nahar. cultures but Persian culture has much influenced The history of Kashmir exists before thousands of this art of Kashmir but the literature does not years. Probably the “Aryans” were the first civilized provide much information relating to this impact on people who went Kashmir from West Pakistan, that this geographical region. Some of the studies is, 21 Hindu rajas (4000 B.C. - 1324 A.D.) ruled over conducted in past only shows the invasion of the Kashmir and 18 of these ruling dynasties were different rulers in Kashmir but no one studied the Kashmiri. During the reign of the most famous ruler textile designing and textile patterns of Kashmir. Raja Liltadat (762-715 A.D.), Kashmir was bordered This study will contribute in the literature by with Indian Ocean in south and towards north it was focusing only the textile designs and patterns of bordered with Bokhara, Samarkand and Dakkan Kashmir which will be the future guidance for the plateau whereas Afghanistan in the west. textile designers and artisans who purely wants to Culture is referred as the combination of human study the textile of Kashmir. developed strategies and the aesthetic sense of surviving effectively. Kashmir remained rich and Research objectives important trade route so it is influenced by different The key objectives of this research paper were to examine the influence of Persia on the textile designs of Kashmir and the formation of their design. * Corresponding Author. 1 Latif et al. / WALIA, 35(1) 2019, Pages: 1-11 Further, the research will aim to understand the authorities in this area, to analyze the importance of revolution that was brought by Syed Mir Ali patterns in religious perspective. Moreover, a brief Hamadani when he entered in Kashmir. The research study of miniature paintings of Mughal Period will be also focuses on the investigation of motifs, patterns analyzed to understand the importance of Persian and designs like Lotus, Paisley, Graphs, motifs in Mughal era. This will enhance the value of Pomegranates etc., that were added in textile art and Kashmiri art and craft in literature as well as in craft of Kashmir after the entrance of different foreign market. Fig. 1: Map of Kashmir in 14th century 2. Methodology the social order of Kashmir. Consequently, the Sultans and the nobles of Kashmir engaged in The study is conducted using the Descriptive matrimonial relationship with each other. They also Qualitative research method. The design related married at the places of Jammu, Kashtiwar, Sindh, etc information is collected using semi-structured to disperse their social activities. (Bamzai, 1994) The interviews, observations and visual data. The Kashmiri claim the existence of their national dress participants of research are art and craft instructors, in Kashtiwar which resembles the Kashmiri dress authors and skilled persons in the field of textile art and this affirms their journey to this place in the region of Kashmir. (Lawrence, 1895) Muslim rulers and nobles also married with 3. Literature Review Hindu women (Hashmatullah Khan, 1992) permitting them to retain their faith and names. Persian Influence on Culture and Language They used to take part in each of their festivals During early days of Islam, Iranians entered making a composite society. The women of elite Kashmir and left with traces and marks of their families used to cover themselves with veil to avoid culture and language. In the 8th Hijri, the first saint public gaze (Lawrence, 1895) who came Kashmir was Hazrat Mir Syed Ali Many ulemas (Islamic scholars) from outside of Hamadani along with Iranian Sadat families. He Kashmir came their while Islam was spreading in brought in Kashmir the revolutionary and epoch- Kashmir. The local ulemas learned from pious men making changes in the civilization, culture and residing in Srinagar and then proceeded Herat and religious aspects. Mir Syed Ali Hamadani came with Samarkand to undergo training. (Hasan, 1959) In highly skilled Irani men and introduced the art of Kashmir many castes like Dars, Magres, Rainas etc carving, mosaic work, Samawar making, carpet were residing there. Therefore, Sufis tried to bridge designing and cloth making. He also brought with the gap between different castes and classes (Hasan, him different seeds of fruits and trees from Iran and 1959). The towns and cities became the hub of Afghanistan including Lilly Hyacinth, Saffron etc. socio-cultural activities because besides Jagirdars, Moreover, he introduced some changes in dresses of the provincial officials lived in these centers. These Kashmiri including Iranian shirt. actions resulted the assimilation of social and The Iranians brought new customs with them cultural diversity. (Mattoo, 1988) and mixed with locals of valley and got influenced by 2 Latif et al. / WALIA, 35(1) 2019, Pages: 1-11 During the reign of Sultan Sikandar, Persian Bilal Shah or Bulbul Shah language flourished and Kashmir was considered as The real name of Bulbul Shah was Sharaf-ud-Din the center of Persian language and literature. Ghani Sayyid Abdur Rahman Turkistani. He was a spiritual Kashmiri, Kamal and Sheikh Yaqoob Surfi were some disciple of a Khalifa of Suhrawardi tariq, Nimatullah of the famous Persian poets. Moreover, few great Wali Farsi. Bulbul Shah was the first Muslim who Persian poets also travelled to Kashmir from Iran. visited Kashmir in the reign of Raja Suhadeva, the Thus, making an addition of Persian words in the predecessor of Rinchan. He was one of the Muslim language of Kashmiris. scholars and preachers who inspired many people specifically Sultans (Bamzai, 1962). As a result of his Persian Influence in Ghaznavid Period efforts, he was succeeded in converting King Amir Nasiruddin Sabuktakin and then Sultan Rinchina to a Muslim and acquired state patronage Mahmud Ghaznavi entered in India accompanied by for the faith of Islam. The simplicity and the faith of thousands of Iranian scholars, writers, poets and Bulbul Shah led him to embrace Islam at his hands. physicians who brought with them Persian language, After accepting Islam, he named him Sultan Sadr-ud- customs and usages this led to serious and all-out Din and happened to be the first Muslim ruler of the impact of the Iranian cultural traditions on the Valley of Kashmir. After that many people embraced Indian culture. So, Iranian culture was effectively Islam and the place of congressional for the new grafted on the Indian soil which was enhanced more converts was built on Vitasta’ bank and named as and more with the passage of time (Javādī, 1991). Bulbul Lankar, which was the first Masjid in Kashmir.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 241 of 2020.Pdf
    ANNEXURE-"A" TO GOVERNMENT ORDER NO. -EDU OF 2020 DATED -09-2020. FINAL SENIORITY LIST OF PG MASTERS/TEACHERS IN THE DISCIPLINE OF MATHEMATICS AS IT STOOD ON 01-07-2020. S. No. NAME DESIG. PLACE OF POSTING DATE OF DATE OF 1st DATE OF YEAR/DATE BIRTH APPOINTMENT PROMOTION OF PASSING AS MASTER PG 1 BAL KRISHAN MASTER HSS MIGRANT CAMP PURKHOO 15/03/58 01/01/80 08/06/00 1988 2 ASHOK KUMAR ANAND MASTER SRML HSS JAMMU 03/10/57 09/09/81 31/03/01 13/03/09 3 SAT PAUL MASTER MS SANYAL 03/08/61 04/06/84 24/06/03 17/07/91 4 KULDEEP KUMAR MASTER CAMP HSS ROOP NAGAR 01/03/59 07/11/83 01/08/03 03/09/09 5 BABU RAM (RBA) MASTER C/O ZEO KHAWAS 15/10/60 14/09/84 08/08/03 Jul-08 6 ABDUL RASHID KHAN (RBA) MASTER HS THANDI KASSI 01/01/60 13/09/84 18/08/03 1992 7 DAVINDER KUMAR MASTER HS SHIVA 27/07/60 05/10/84 23/08/03 1989 8 KARNAIL SINGH MASTER C/O ZEO MARH 07/01/61 08/07/85 16/12/03 2009 9 DALJEET SINGH (OSC) MASTER HS MAWA BRAHMANA 06/02/60 04/09/85 22/01/04 1998 10 KARAN SINGH MASTER HS JODHPUR 03/01/61 04/09/85 22/01/04 1992 11 PURAN CHAND SHARMA (ALC) MASTER GHS PALLANWALA 20/12/61 04/09/85 22/01/04 1993 12 MOHINDER PAUL MASTER HSS MANSAR 28/03/61 05/09/85 22/01/04 05/05/84 13 ASHOK KUMAR KALSI (OSC) MASTER HSS DABLEHAR 05/06/61 05/09/85 22/01/04 12/03/08 14 VARINDER KUMAR KHAJURIA MASTER C/O ZEO AKHNOOR 13/08/61 05/09/85 22/01/04 1993 15 ASHOK KUMAR MASTER HS RANGPUR MOULANA 16/09/61 05/09/85 22/01/04 1991 16 RATTAN LAL SHARMA MASTER HS RAHSALYOTE 19/03/62 05/09/85 22/01/04 1993 17 AVTAR SINGH (ALC) MASTER GMS DERIAN 02/04/62 05/09/85 22/01/04 1984
    [Show full text]
  • Caiozzo & Duchêne
    Stéphane A. Dudoignon « Le gnosticisme pour mémoire ? Déplacements de population, histoire locale et processus hagiographiques en Asie centrale postsoviétique » in A. Caiozzo & J.-C. Duchène, éd., La Mongolie dans son espace régional : Entre mémoire et marques de territoires, des mondes anciens à nos jours Valenciennes : Presses de l’Université de Valenciennes, 2020 : 261–93, ill. Le rôle d’une variété de marquages territoriaux, notamment culturels (sanctuaires et lieux de mémoire, en particulier) en Asie centrale est au cœur de recherches saisonnières que l’auteur de ces lignes a entreprises ou dirigées à partir de l’automne 2004 1. Individuels et collectifs, ces travaux visaient à promouvoir une géohistoire de l’islam en général, du soufisme spécialement, et de ses sociabilités gnostiques, en Asie centrale soviétique et actuelle. Cette recherche était axée sur l’étude des manières dont les pratiques et identités religieuses s’inscrivent dans une grande diversité de territoires, dans un contexte marqué, depuis le lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, par les impacts des répressions des années 1920 et 30, puis des déplacements massifs de populations des années 40-50 et par la création de nouvelles communautés territorialisées dans le cadre du système des fermes collectives. En grande partie inédite, interrompue un temps après 2011 par la dégradation du climat politique dans la région et une prévention générale envers la recherche internationale, ce travail s’est focalisé sur l’analyse d’un ensemble de processus hagiographiques dont le rapide développement a pu être observé dans cette partie du monde à partir de la chute du Mur, en novembre 1989, puis la dissolution de l’URSS deux ans plus tard.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani on Vocational Education in Kashmir
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 21, Issue 3, Ver. II (Mar. 2016) PP 38-46 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Influence Of Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani On Vocational Education In Kashmir Mehraj Din Dar, Dr. Nighat Basu Research Scholar In Department Of Education, University Of Kashmir Srinagar Professor In Department Of Education, Central University Of Kashmir. Abstract: Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani, The Apostle Of Kashmir Was Born In Hamadan, Iran. He Belonged To Kubraviya Order Of Sufis. The Kubraviya Silsalah Was An Offshoot Of The Suharwardi Silsalah. He Received His Early Education From His Maternal Uncle, Saiyid Alau Din, A Great Sufi Of His Time. Shah-I-Hamadan Travelled Across The Continents For Twenty One Years, In Pursuit Of Knowledge. The Shah Of Hamadan Reached Kashmir In 1372. The Arrival Of Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani Is By All Standards A Turning Point In The History Of Kashmir. It Heralded The Dawn Of A New Era In The Sense That The History Of Kashmir Took A Decisively New Turn And A Vigorous Process Of Socio-Cultural Change Got Activated. At The Time Shah-I-Hamadan Arrived In Kashmir, Morality Was At Its Lowest Ebb. The Sheltered Economy, Prevalence Of Castes And Sub-Castes In The Society, Exploitation Of Common People At The Hands Of Traditional Brahmins, Frequent Inter And Intra Group Civil Wars Between Various Sections Of Society, Confusing Paths And Lawlessness Had Rendered Average People Helpless. People Were Ready To Welcome Any Change In The System. Thus A Good Number Of 37000 People Got Converted To Islam Within A Brief Period Of Time.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Politics: a Study of Sayyid Ali Hamdani
    American International Journal of Available online at http://www.iasir.net Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences ISSN (Print): 2328-3734, ISSN (Online): 2328-3696, ISSN (CD-ROM): 2328-3688 AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Religion and Politics: A Study of Sayyid Ali Hamdani Umar Ahmad Khanday Research Scholar Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract: Sayyid Ali Hamdani was a multi-dimensional personality. He belonged to Kubraviya order of Sufis. When he landed in Kashmir, the ethical quality was at its most reduced ebb. The pervasiveness of standings and sub-stations in the general public, misuse of ordinary citizens because of conventional Brahmins, had rendered normal individuals defenceless. Individuals were prepared to welcome any change in the framework. Under his effect, the impact of Brahmans declined. His Khanqah was available to all from the Sultan to poor Hindu. He had no reservation in counselling rulers and nobility because he saw that their policies were key to the welfare of people. He was a social reformer other than being a preacher.Among the 700 devotees, who went with him to Kashmir were men of Arts and Crafts Crafts, as a result, several industries of Hamadan (Iran) became well introduced in Kashmir. Key Words: Khanqah, Rights,Ruler, Sayyid Ali Hamdani,Sufi ,Zakhiratul-Muluk I. Introduction Sayyid Ali Hamdani, who belonged to the family of Alawi Sayyids1 was born on 12 Rajab, 714/22 October, 1314 at Hamdan2.
    [Show full text]
  • Insight Islamicus an Annual Journal of Studies and Research in Islam
    INSIGHT ISLAMICUS AN ANNUAL JOURNAL OF STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN ISLAM Vol.13 ISSN-0975-6590 2013 Shah-i-Hamadan Inst153itu te of Islamic Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190006 INSIGHT ISLAMICUS AN ANNUAL JOURNAL OF STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN ISLAM Vol.13 ISSN-0975-6590 2013 Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190006 153 The Director S.H. Institute of Islamic Studies, University of Kashmir, Srinagar - 190006 Price : 400I N R Foreign : 40U S D Published by: The Director, S.H. Institute of Islamic Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006 ISSN-0975-6590 Printed at: Mehak Printing Press Naid Kadal, Srinagar Contact : +91-9419063159 Designed by: Professional Graphics, K.U. Campus, Srinagar Contact: +91-9419974394 INSIGHT ISLAMICUS AN ANNUAL JOURNAL OF STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN ISLAM VOL. 13 ISSN-0975-6590 2013 Chief Edit or Pro f. Naseem Ahmad Shah Editor Dr. Abdu l Ras hid B hat Associate Editor Dr. Manz oor Ah mad B hat Advisory E ditorial Board 1. Prof. M. Yasin Mazhar Siddique, Institute of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. 2. Prof. Akhtar al-Wasey, Institute of Islamic Studies, Jamia Milllia Islamia, New Delhi. 110025 3. Prof. Syed Abdul Ali, Former Director, Institute of Islamic Studies, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh. 4. Prof. S. Fayyaz Ahmad, Professor of Commerce, University of Kashmir, Srinagar. 5. Prof. S. M. Yunus Gilani, Department of General Studies, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 6. Prof. G.R. Malik, Former Professor and Head, Department of English and Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Safavid-Mughal Cultural Exchange Through Luxury Silks in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 10-2020 Shared Provenance: Investigating Safavid-Mughal Cultural Exchange Through Luxury Silks in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Nazanin Hedayat Munroe Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Materials Conservation Commons, Art Practice Commons, Fashion Design Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Fine Arts Commons, and the Museum Studies Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Shared Provenance: Investigating Safavid-Mughal Cultural Exchange Through Luxury Silks in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Nazanin Hedayat Munroe [email protected] This study introduces the possibility of reattributing a group of woven figural silks depicting the Khamsa (Quintet of epic poetry) from Safavid Iran (1501-1722) to Mughal India (1526-1761). The group is comprised of eleven different designs in multiple fragments illustrating scenes from two eponymous love stories from Medieval Persian poetry: “Layla and Majnun,” and “Khusrau and Shirin.” Through close examination of this group of figural silks attributed to Iran, this study contemplates the
    [Show full text]
  • Grade University- Accredited by Naac
    UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU “A” GRADE UNIVERSITY- ACCREDITED BY NAAC COLLEGE DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Candidates who have/will obtain B.Ed. Degree from the University of Jammu are eligible for Employment in Central Govt. and other states as communicated by the NCTE (A statutory body of the Govt. of India) vide its circular No. 49/21/2005/NCTE (N&S) Dated May 31, 2007 ON LINE - AVAILABLITY OF ON LINE APPLICATION FORM ON UNIVERSITY WEBSITE W.E.F. 05.08.2014 (10:00 a.m.) COUNSELLING - LAST DATE FOR SUBMISSION OF ON LINE SCHEDULE APPLICATION FORM 25.08.2014 (11:59 p.m.) OF B.Ed. ADMISSION 2014-2015 Candidates can log: http://www.jammuuniversity.in OR www.jucdc.in & http://bedjammu.org (For detailed information/admission) 1 The University of Jammu established in 1969 has emerged as one of the leading Universities of India and has been reaccredited as ‘A’ grade by NAAC. The University during the last 4 decades has shown accelerated growth in infrastructure and academics. With just 11 departments and 10 numbers of affiliated colleges in 1969, it has presently more than 35 teaching departments and more than 207 permanently/ temporarily affiliated colleges. University has its main campus in Jammu, besides it has established offsite campuses at Bhaderwah, Kathua, Udhampur, Ramban, Reasi, Poonch, Kishtwar and Ramnagar in its sole motto of providing higher education at the door steps in view of mountainous terrain of Jammu province. Out of more than 207 (Govt./Non Govt.) Colleges affiliated permanently / temporarily to the University there are 73 Colleges of Education, one college is the Government College of Education while other 72 are the Non-Government Colleges of Education.
    [Show full text]
  • Full-Text (PDF)
    THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES Volume 26, Issue 1 (2019), Pages 1-94 SPECIAL ISSUE: Justice Director-in-Charge: Seyed Mehdi Mousavi, Associate Professor of Archaeology Editor-in-Chief: Masoud Ghaffari, Associate Professor of Political Science Guest-editor: Dr Seyed Alireza Hosseini Beheshti, Assistant Professor of Political Science Managing Editors: Shahin Aryamanesh English Edit by: Ahmad Shakil Published by Tarbiat Modares University Editorial board: A’vani, Gholamreza; Professor of philosophy, Tarbiat Modares University Bozorg-e-bigdeli, Saeed; Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Dabir moghaddam, Mohammad; Professor of Linguistics, Allame Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran Ehsani, Mohammad; Professor of Sport Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Etemadi, Hossein; Associate Professor of Accounting jobs, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Ghaffari, Masoud; Associate Professor of Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hafezniya, Mohammadreza; Professor in Political Geography and Geopolitics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hojjati, Seyed Mohammad bagher; Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hossini, Ali Akbar, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Khodadad Hosseini, Seyed Hamid; Professor in Business, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Kiyani, Gholamreza; Associate Professor of Language & Linguistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Kord Zafaranlu, Aliyeh; Associate Professor of General
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval History(A.D 750-A.D1707)
    Medieval History(A.D 750-A.D1707) • Early Medieval History (A.D750-A.D1206 ) • Delhi Sultanate (A.D 1206 –A.D1526) • Mughal History (A.D 1526-A.D 1707) Great Mughals • Gap of 15 yrs (A.D 1540-A.D1555) • Later Mughals (A.D1707-A.D1858) www.classmateacademy.com 125 The years AD 750-AD 1206 • Origin if Indian feudalism • Economic origin beginning with land grants first by satavahana • Political origin it begins in Gupta period ,Samudragupta started it (samantha system) • AD750-AD950 peak of feudalism ,it continues under sultanate but its nature changes they allowed fuedalism to coexist. www.classmateacademy.com 126 North India (A.D750 –A.D950) Period of Triangular Conflict –Pala,Prathihara,Rashtrakutas Gurjara Prathiharas-West Pala –Pataliputra • Naga Bhatta -1 ,defends wetern border • Started by Gopala • Mihira bhoja (Most powerful) • Dharmapala –most powerful,Patron of Buddhism • Capital -Kannauj Est.Vikramshila university Senas • Vijayasena founder • • Last ruler –Laxmana sena Rashtrakutas defeated by • Dantidurga-founder, • Bhakthiyar Khalji(A.D1206) defeated Badami Chalukyas (Dasavatara Cave) • Krishna-1 Vesara School of architecture • Amoghvarsha Rajputs and Kayasthas the new castes of Medival India New capital-Manyaketa Patron-Jainism &Kannada Famous works-Kavirajamarga,Ratnamalika • Krishna-3 last powerful ruler www.classmateacademy.com 127 www.classmateacademy.com 128 www.classmateacademy.com 129 www.classmateacademy.com 130 www.classmateacademy.com 131 Period of mutlicornered conflict-the 4 Agni Kulas(AD950-AD1206) Chauhans-Ajayameru(Ajmer) Solankis Pawars Ghadwala of Kannauj • Prithviraj chauhan-3 Patronn of Jainsim Bhoja Deva -23 classical Jayachandra (last) • PrthvirajRasok-ChandBardai Dilwara temples of Mt.Abu works in sanskrit • Battle of Tarain-1 Nagara school • Battle of tarain-2(1192) Chandellas of bundelKhand Tomars of Delhi Kajuraho AnangaPal _Dillika www.classmateacademy.com 132 Meanwhile in South India..
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 Final.Qxd (Page 1)
    RNI No. : 66908/96 Vol. 26 Issue 97 z Jammu z Friday z April 9, 2021 z Pages 12 z ` 3.00 Regd. No. JK/346/2019/2021 Air surcharge 50 paisa for Leh Over Rs 250 cr sanctioned for COVID BJP will form next government Pak sponsored narco-terror module busted; 03 management in Northeast: Dr Jitendra 04 in J&K with party's CM: Raina 11 terror associate nabbed with 9 Kg heroin Website : www.statetimes.in, Email: [email protected] LG announces Corona curfew in urban areas of 8 J&K districts between 10 PM - 6 AM from today 835 new COVID cases reported in UT; HC puts physical hearing in abeyance Areas in-around GGM Science College, Sanskrit University, Kanger Morh declared as micro containment zones; permission for fairs, exhibitions cancelled in Jammu; testing for incoming travellers at Lower Munda STATE TIMES NEWS cases during the past 24 JAMMU: Lieutenant hours-- 280 from Jammu DHS, GMC cancel all kinds of PM asks states to check laxity in Governor Manoj Sinha on division and 555 from leaves to employees Thursday announced Corona Kashmir division-the High containing COVID; calls for curfew in the urban areas of Court has put physical hear- JAMMU: The Directorate of Health Services Jammu and eight districts of Jammu and ing of the cases in abeyance Principal Government Medical College Jammu and vaccine festival from Apr 11-14 Kashmir between 10 PM and for the time being. Associated Hospitals on Thursday ordered cancelation of all NEW DELHI: Noting that administration was appearing 6 AM from tomorrow.
    [Show full text]
  • Under J&K Forest Conservation
    DECISIONS OF 54th MEETING OF THE FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE (UNDER J&K FOREST CONSERVATION ACT) HELD UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF SHRI S.S. KAPUR, CHIEF SECRETARY, JAMMU AND KASHMIR GOVERNMENT, AT CIVIL SECRETARIAT, JAMMU, ON 21-01-2011. AGENDA ITEM NO. 54.01 Sub:-Proposal to allow use of 77.397 Ha. of forest Land for four laning, tunneling & Muck disposal by NHAI in Batote, Udhampur and Jammu Forest Divisions. (A) Agenda item No.53.18 “Constr. Of Chenani Nashri Tunnel in Batote Forest Division” 1. User Agency/Applicant Project Officer, NHAI 2. Location Comptt. 17, 16 & 14c/Btt Range : Batote Division: Batote District : Ramban 3. Forest land involved 22.207 Ha. 4. Crop Density of the area (Less than 40% , class VI) Open Forest in Area underground tunnel. And (40% -70%, class VI) Dense Forest in North Portal end. 5. Total length of the Tunnel=9.20 Km. 6. No. of Poles / Saplings involved. Trees (30-40 Saplings( 0-10 cm) Species Poles/Sap. (20-30 cm & below) Total cm & above) Chirpine 11 2 4 5 green 7 Kail green 2 0 5 22 Champ green 12 0 10 40 Total 16 4 20 7. Net Present Value of forest land Rs. 1,51,85,775/- in underground Tunnel (@Rs.6.99 lac involved per hectare for Open Forest and Eco-Value Class VI) for 21.725 Ha. of forest land and RS. 4,32,354/- in North Portal end Rs.8.97 lac per hectare for Dense Forest and Eco-Value Class for 0.482 Ha. of forest land VI) Total NPV chargeable is Rs.1,56,18,129/- as per Hon’ble Supreme Court Order dated 28.03.2008 and dated 09.05.2008 in I.A.
    [Show full text]
  • LIST of DISTRICT WISE CRECHE CENTRES with NAME UNDER RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL CRECHE SCHEME (De- CENTRALIZED)
    LIST OF DISTRICT WISE CRECHE CENTRES WITH NAME UNDER RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL CRECHE SCHEME (De- CENTRALIZED) DISTRICT:- BUDGAM. S. Name of the Institution Location of Creche No Centre 1 Janta Social Welfare Society, Madin Village Wanihama, Sahib Hawal, Srinagar. Block Narbal Secretary, Mirza Sajid Hussain 2 Escorts Organization, Zadibal, Near Chaira, Block Narbal Astana Mir Shamus-Din Iraqi, Tehsil Beeru Sehpora, Srinagar . Block Narbal, General Secretary, Smt. Shipora, Budgam Shaheen 3 Master’s Institute, Namchabal Near Gund Maqsood Gandhi Memorial College, Srinagar Chadoora Secretary, Muzaffar Hussain Dad Ompora, Budgam 4 Shahmeer Welfare Educational & Zinbagh, Kanihama, Environmental Truss (SWEET), Hamzah Colony, B.K.Pora. General Secretary, Bazila Jan 5 Centre for Slum Development, New Hajan Mohalla National Hotel Khona Khan Dalgate, Hakarmulla, Bemina Budgam Secretary, G.M.Bhat Dandoosa, Bemina Budgam Near Imam Bara 6 Sheikh-Ul-Alam Welfare Society, Nassar-ullahpora, Naikbagh Nowgam Gundipora Beerwah, President, Bilal Ahmad Sof Ichkote 7 Shams-memorial Islamic Shamasabad, Educational Institute, Shamasabad, Khansahib, Block Khansahib Budgam Munpapai, Chairman, Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Bhat Dabipora, Khansahib, Braripora 8 Allamdar Social Welfare Society, Hushroo, Block Shamas abad Budgam Chandoora, Raithan, Block Khansahib, Chairman, Mohd Ramzan Bhat Kachwari, Porvora, Chandoora, Ichikoot, 9 NEAT NGO Education & Training B.K.Pora Chief Administrator, S.M Aslam Wahab Pora 10 Tameer-e-Mashira (NGO), Gulshan B.K.Pora Nagar Sringar Kral Pora President, Sajad Ahmad 11 Mother Land Women Welfare Alipora, Budgam Society, Srinagar Secretary, Mehjabeen Kamli 12 Welfare Project, Bugdam. Cheki Kawoosa Distt: Budgam. Sheelipura Chairman, Master Mohd. Dist:Budagm. Maqbool Nasrullapora. Distt:Budgam. Utilgam, Distt:Budgam PanzanChadora. Distt:Budgam Kenihama Chadora.
    [Show full text]