Review of Species from Indonesia Subject to Long-Standing Import Suspensions

Review of species from Indonesia subject to long-standing import suspensions

(Version edited for public release)

Prepared for the

European Commission Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

October, 2009

PREPARED FOR

The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

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CITATION UNEP-WCMC. 2009. Review of species from Indonesia subject to long-standing import suspensions. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

Introduction

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1. INDONESIA ...... 4

2. SPECIES REVIEWS ...... 5 SPECIES: Macaca maura ...... 5 SPECIES: Macaca nigra ...... 8 SPECIES: Macaca nigrescens ...... 12 SPECIES: Macaca ochreata ...... 14 SPECIES: Macaca pagensis ...... 16

SPECIES: Goura cristata ...... 19 SPECIES: Goura scheepmakeri ...... 22 SPECIES: Goura victoria ...... 25 SPECIES: Harpyopsis novaeguineae ...... 28 SPECIES: Spizaetus bartelsi ...... 30 SPECIES: Cacatua sanguinea ...... 33 SPECIES: Lorius domicella ...... 36 SPECIES: Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus ...... 39 SPECIES: Eclectus roratus ...... 43 SPECIES: Psittacula alexandri ...... 48 SPECIES: Tanygnathus gramineus ...... 51 SPECIES: Ninox rudolfi ...... 54 SPECIES: Otus angelinae ...... 56 SPECIES: Tyto inexspectata ...... 58 SPECIES: Tyto nigrobrunnea ...... 60 SPECIES: Tyto sororcula ...... 62

SPECIES: Varanus dumerilii ...... 64 SPECIES: Varanus jobiensis ...... 70 SPECIES: Varanus prasinus beccarii ...... 75 SPECIES: Varanus salvadorii ...... 80 SPECIES: Morelia boeleni ...... 86 SPECIES: Manouria emys...... 92

SPECIES: Ornithoptera croesus ...... 99 SPECIES: Ornithoptera tithonus ...... 108 SPECIES: Troides andromache ...... 117 SPECIES: Tridacna gigas ...... 119

ANNEX. PURPOSE AND SOURCE CODES...... 123

Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION Import suspensions for some species/country combinations have been in place for a relatively long time. For this reason, it was agreed that a review of species/country combinations subject to long- standing import suspensions be undertaken in order to determine whether or not the suspensions are still appropriate. Madagascar and Indonesia are the two countries with most EC import suspensions currently in place, with 117 (affecting 423 species) and 72 suspensions respectively. UNEP-WCMC was therefore requested to review species subject to long-standing EC import suspensions (but not subject to other CITES suspensions) from these countries for SRG 49 (Madagascar) and SRG 50 (Indonesia). This report includes a review of all species subject to an EC only import suspension from Indonesia since 2001. Three species subject to long-standing EC import suspensions from Indonesia, namely Cynogale bennettii, Pitta nympha and Polyplectron schleiermacheri were reviewed for SRG 49 and are therefore not reviewed again here.

1.1. INDONESIA Indonesia has been a Party to CITES since 1979. There are 72 EC import suspensions currently in place for Indonesia, 34 of which have been in place since 2001 (or earlier). None of these are subject to other CITES suspensions. During the SRG mission to Indonesia in November 2008, the European Commission requested the Indonesian authorities to send information on the relevant species. No feedback has been received to date. The 31 species subject to long-standing import suspensions from Indonesia (and not reviewed for SRG 49) have been reviewed in this report. CITES Trade Data for 2008 were included in the reviews, although at the time of writing (27th October 2009), only 49 2008 Annual Reports had been received, of which 24 were from EU Member States. Indonesia‟s Annual Report had not been received.

Macaca maura

2. SPECIES REVIEWS

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

MAMMALIA CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca maura

SYNONYMS: Macaca maurus

COMMON NAMES: Moormakaak (Dutch), Celebes Macaque (English), Moor Macaque (English), Macaque maure (French), Macaca mora (Spanish), Brun sulawesimakak (Swedish), Mormakak (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia applied 22/12/1997 and confirmed 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any reported trade in this species involving Indonesia. Global trade from other countries 1997-2008 involved small quantities of live captive-bred animals and pre-convention scientific specimens (Table 1). Global trade before 1997 also involved small quantities of live animals (either captive bred or source unspecified). Indonesia has never published an export quota for this species.

Macaca maura

Table 1. All trade in Macaca maura, 1997-2008.

Importer Exporter Origin Term Purpose Source Reported by 1997 2000 2005 Total Croatia Germany France live Z C Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 live Z C Importer 11 11 Exporter 12 12 Japan France live T C Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 United States Unknown specimens T O Importer Exporter 5 5 specimens T O Importer Exporter 2 2

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: In the contact zone between M. maura and M. tonkeana, at the base of the southwestern peninsula of Sulawesi, hybridisation was found to occur between these two species (Evans et al., 2001). Indonesia: Macaca maura inhabits the south-western peninsula (Selatan) of the island of Sulawesi, south of the Tempe Depression (Okamoto et al., 2000; Groves, 2005; Supriatna et al., 2008). It was reported to occur in four protected areas (Bantimurung National Park, Bulu Saraung National Park, Hasanuddin National Park, and Karaenta Nature Reserve), which collectively cover 87 km2 (Supriatna et al., 2008). The species was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Supriatna et al., 2008), with the following justification: “Listed as Endangered due to a decline of ≥ 50% of the population over the last three generations (30-36 years). The populations of this species are now extremely fragmented, and are increasingly restricted to karst areas which are under increasing threat due to cement mining.” It was given a population trend of Decreasing (Supriatna et al., 2008). Evans et al. (2001) reported that population estimates for M. maura declined from 56,000 in 1983 (Mackinnon, 1983), to under 1,000 individuals by 1994 (Bynum et al., 1999). However, it was noted that different survey methods were used in these two population estimates and the level of decline over three generations was more likely to be between 50 and 80%, than greater than 80% (J. Burton pers. comm. in: Supriatna et al., 2008). Supriatna et al. (2008) reported that “In 1992, Supriatna et al. (1992) conducted an extensive survey and found only 3,000-5,000 individuals (2,500 mature) of the species. They estimated densities to be 25-50 individuals/km2 (18.7SD).” The population density of M. maura at the long-term study site in the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, was reported to be more than 70 individuals/km2 (Matsumura, 1998 in: Okamoto et al., 2000). M. maura was reported to be threatened by habitat loss, disturbance and fragmentation (Okamoto et al., 2000; Evans et al., 2001; Supriatna et al., 2008). Supriatna et al. (2008) also reported that “The species is poisoned and trapped by local farmers where they are considered crop raiders. Increasing human settlement has marginalized the species to karst areas that cannot be developed. However, cement mining is destroying these areas and may be a serious threat to all species persisting in karst in the near future. These animals are frequently kept as pets by local people.” Based on genetic studies, Evans et al. (2001) concluded that “Within M. maura, little or no population subdivision is present […] This species should be managed as a single conservation unit to insure that historical routes of male migration between populations remain open.”

Macaca maura

M. maura is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). However, enforcement on Sulawesi was reported to be poor (Clayton and Milner-Gulland, 2000). REFERENCES: Bynum, E. L., Kohlhaas, A. K., and Pramono, A. H. 1999. Conservation status of Sulawesi macaques. Tropical Biodiversity, 6: 123-144. Clayton, L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. 2000. The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Robinson, J. G. & Bennett, E. L., (eds.), Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University, New York. Evans, B. J., Supriatna, J., and Melnick, D. J. 2001. Hybridization and population genetics of two macaque species in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Evolution: 1686-1702. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates, in Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic reference. Third Ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111-184. Mackinnon, K. 1983. Conservation status of primates in Malaysia with species reference to Indonesia. Primate Conservation, 8: 175-183. Matsumura, S. 1998. Relaxed dominance relations among female moor macaques (Macaca maurus) in their natural habitat, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Folia primatologica, 69: 346-356. Okamoto, K., Matsumura, S., and Watanabe, K. 2000. Life history and demography of wild moor macaques (Macaca maurus): summary of ten years of observations. American Journal of Primatology, 52 (1): 1-11. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Supriatna, J., Froehlich, J. W., Erwin, J., and Southwick, C. 1992. Population, habitat and conservation status of Macaca maurus, Macaca tonkeana and their putative hybrids. Tropical Biodiversity, 1 (1): 31- 48. Supriatna, J., Shekelle, M., and Burton, J. 2008. Macaca maura. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-8-2009.

Macaca nigra

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

MAMMALIA CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca nigra

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Kuifmakaak (Dutch), Celebes Black Macaque (English), Celebes Crested Macaque (English), Gorontalo Macaque (English), Sulawesi Macaque (English), Cynopithèque nègre (French), Macaque des Célèbes (French), Macaca negra (Spanish), Celebesmakak (Swedish), Svart sulawesimakak (Swedish), Svartapa (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Critically Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The only reported trade in this species from Indonesia since 1997 was of scientific specimens going to Germany in 2005 and 2007, and to the United States in 2003 and 2006 (Table 2). Prior to 1997, the only reported trade in this species from Indonesia was of five live animals exported to the United States in 1990 (source not specified). Globally, the only trade in live animals from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 involved animals bred in captivity outside of Indonesia (generally for the purpose of zoos, travelling exhibitions and breeding programmes), with the exception of a live animal of pre-Convention source re-exported by Singapore to Australia in 2003 and a live wild-caught zoo specimen exported by Japan to the Republic of Korea in 1999. Direct exports of live, captive-bred specimens 1997-2008 involved 21 specimens to EU Member States and 10 specimens to non-EU countries (as reported by the importers). Indonesia has never published an export quota for this species.

Macaca nigra

Table 2. All exports of Macaca nigra from Indonesia, 1997-2008.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2003 2005 2006 2007 Total Germany specimens S W Importer 1034 1034

Exporter 15 2554 2569 United States specimens S W Importer 128 128

Exporter 175 100 275

Importer 128 1034 1162 Subtotals Exporter 175 15 100 2554 2849

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: Supriatna and Andayani (2008) reported that “Individuals with intermediate characteristics, presumably hybrids, have historically been seen along the border of this species with M. nigriscens (this contact zone may no longer exist, though) (Sugardjito et al., 1989).” Indonesia: M. nigra is restricted to a small geographic area in the eastern tip of the most northern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, east of the Onggak Dumoga River (Rosenbaum et al., 1998; Groves, 2005). Groves (2005) also reported its occurrence on Lembeh Island, just off the coast of the northeastern tip of Sulawesi. There is also a large population of M. nigra on the island of Bacan, 300 km southeast of Sulawesi, which are generally thought to have been introduced by Indonesian traders in the mid-1800s (Hamada et al., 1994; Rosenbaum et al., 1998). Supriatna and Andayani (2008) reported that M. nigra “occurs in several protected areas (Gunung Lokon, Gunung Amban, Tangkoko Batuangus, Dua Saudara, and Batu Putih). However, there is urgent action needed to stop the encroachment into protected areas especially Tangkoko, which represents the most likely viable natural remaining population of the species to survive.” M. nigra was classified as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Supriatna and Andayani, 2008), “in light of a continuing decline, and that in the past 3 generations (approximately 40 years) the population has been reduced by more than 80% due to habitat loss and hunting pressure.” The introduced population of over 100,000 individuals was not considered in the assessment “as it is a pest and is itself a threat to Bacan Island (Molucca Islands)” (Supriatna and Andayani, 2008). Population density was estimated to be approximately 3 individuals/km2, except in Tangkoko Batuangus where it is approximately 60 individuals/km2 (J. Supriatna pers. comm. in: Supriatna and Andayani, 2008). M. nigra was given a population trend of Decreasing (Supriatna and Andayani, 2008). From population surveys at Tangkoko-Batuangas-DuaSudara (TBDS) Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, conducted 1992-1994, population density was estimated to be 25-69 individuals/km2, with highest densities recorded in protected primary forest (Rosenbaum et al., 1998). This represented a continued decline at TBDS (Rosenbaum et al., 1998), since the estimated 76 individuals/km2 in the 1989 census (Sugardjito et al., 1989), which used the same methodology. O'Brien and Kinnaird (1996) estimated the M. nigra population at TBDS to be 3,100 individuals, a decline from the 15,000 individuals reportedly estimated by MacKinnon and MacKinnon (1980 in: O'Brien and Kinnaird, 1996). The introduced population on Bacan was thought to number at least 100,000 individuals, with population densities of 134-170 individuals/km2 (Rosenbaum et al., 1998). Supriatna and Andayani (2008) gave the following information on threats: “There is extensive habitat loss within its range. Hunting for bush meat is a major threat, so although the habitat appears to be intact in many places much of it is currently unoccupied. Some animals are also caught for the live animal trade. Extensive illegal “small scale” open area mining

Macaca nigra

for gold, using mercury, within the parks is a regional threat. Shifting cultivation by local communities is an increasing threat. This is probably the most threatened primate species on Sulawesi (J. Burton pers. comm.).” Clayton and Milner-Gulland (2000) reported that the local wildlife trade was driving macaques toward extinction in Northern Sulawesi. Macaque meat was reported to be extremely popular in the Minahasa district, and M. nigra was listed among the major wildlife species sold in Minahasan meat markets (based on studies conducted 1989-1995), despite being legally protected (Clayton and Milner- Gulland, 2000). Hunting for meat and pets was cited as the reason for M. nigra declines at TBDS Nature Reserve (Rosenbaum et al., 1998), Manembonembo Nature Reserve and Manado Tua Island, North Sulawesi (Lee, 1997 in: Rosenbaum et al., 1998). Rosenbaum et al. (1998) stated that: “In Sulawesi, all populations of M. nigra are severely threatened by hunting and land clearing. Tangkoko-Batuangas-DuaSudara Reserve (TBDS) may harbour the last viable population. The situation in TBDS, however, is precarious. Primate populations at TBDS continue to decline (75% over 15 years). By far the most important factor contributing to the disappearance of M. nigra at TBDS is commercial hunting for human populations living far away from the reserve. Without significant reductions in hunting pressures, we estimate that the black crested macaque population at TBDS could go extinct within the next 25–50 years.” Habitat degradation, primarily for commercial logging, was reported to be a threat to the introduced population on Bacan Island, but large-scale land clearance for agriculture was reported to have not yet occurred (Rosenbaum et al., 1998). In addition, human pressures were reported to be less, with virtually no hunting of primates because of religious restrictions (Rosenbaum et al., 1998). Clayton and Milner-Gulland (2000) reported that all Sulawesi macaques were given full protection under Indonesian law. However, the species was not found to be listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Enforcement on Sulawesi was reported to be poor, with only one prosecution for trade in M. nigra 1990-2000, which only came about after publicity was raised by a researcher in local and national newspapers (Clayton and Milner Gulland, 2000; Cawthon Lang, 2006). Rosenbaum et al. (1998) suggested that M. nigra populations on Bacan should be included as a critical population for the conservation of M. nigra, and that they might offer a potential reservoir for reintroduction. REFERENCES: Cawthon Lang, K. A. 2006. Primate factsheets: crested black macaque (Macaca nigra) conservation URL: http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/crested_black_macaque/cons Accessed: 12- 8-2009. Clayton, L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. 2000. The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Robinson, J. G. & Bennett, E. L., (eds.), Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University, New York. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates, in Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic reference. Third Ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111-184. Hamada, Y., Oi, T., and Watanabe, T. 1994. Macaca nigra on Bacan Island, Indonesia: Its morphology, distribution, and present habitat. International Journal of Primatology, 15 (3): 487-493. Lee, R. J. 1997. The impact of hunting and habitat disturbance on the population dynamics and behavioural ecology of the crested black macaque (Macaca nigra). Ph.D. dissertation. Eugene, University of Oregon. MacKinnon, J. & Mackinnon, K. 1980. Cagar Alam Gn, Yangkoko-Duasudara, Sulawes Utara management plan 1981-1986. Bogor, Indonesia. O'Brien, T. G. and Kinnaird, M. F. 1996. Changing populations of birds and mammals in North Sulawesi. Oryx, 30 (2): 150-156. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.

Macaca nigra

Rosenbaum, B., O'Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M., and Supriatna, J. 1998. Population densities of Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra) on Bacan and Sulawesi, Indonesia: effects of habitat disturbance and hunting. American Journal of Primatology, 44 (2): 89-106. Sugardjito, J., Southwick, C. H., Supriatna, J., Kohlhaas, A., Baker, S., Erwin, J., Froehlich, J., and Lerche, N. 1989. Population survey of macaques in northern Sulawesi. American Journal of Primatology, 18 (4): 285-301. Supriatna, J. and Andayani, N. 2008. Macaca nigra. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-8-2009.

Macaca nigrescens

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

MAMMALIA CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca nigrescens

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Dumoga-bone Macaque (English), Gorontalo Macaque (English)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has been no trade reported in this species since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1977. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: Sugardjito and Richardson (2008) reported that “The species was previously considered a subspecies of M. nigra. It is believed to hybridize with M. nigra on the western side of Mount Padang, and with M. hecki east of the Bolango River and near Bolaangitang (Groves, 2001).” Indonesia: M. nigrescens inhabits a small geographic area in the mid region of the northern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi, east of Gorontalo to the Onggak Dumoga River (Watanabe and Matsumura, 1991; Groves, 2005). It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Sugardjito and Richardson, 2008), “due to a continuing decline of at least 30% over three generations (approximately 40 years past and future projected) due to loss of habitat and hunting. In addition the species' extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, and its population is fragmented into just a few populations, although at least one is still relatively large.” It was given a population trend of Decreasing (Sugardjito and Richardson, 2008). Sugardjito and Richardson (2008) reported that “Very little is known of the population of this species. A density of 25-30 individuals/km2 (WCS unpubl. data) was observed within a national park.” Sugardjito and Richardson (2008) gave the following information on threats: “Hunting for bush meat is a major threat, particularly during Christmas when the meat is frequently given as a gift; thus, although the forest habitat appears to be intact, much of it is currently unoccupied. Shifting cultivation by local communities is an increasing problem, and there is some decline in habitat

Macaca nigrescens quality. There is extensive illegal “small scale” open area mining for gold, using mercury, occurs even within protected areas.” Clayton and Milner-Gulland (2000) reported that the local wildlife trade was driving macaques toward extinction in Northern Sulawesi; they listed M. nigrescens among the major wildlife species sold in Minahasan meat markets (based on studies conducted 1989-1995). Clayton and Milner-Gulland (2000) reported that all Sulawesi macaques were given full protection under Indonesian law. However the species was not found to be listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). M. nigrescens was reported to occur in at least one protected area, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, and to have been protected by national law since 1970 (Sugardjito and Richardson, 2008). REFERENCES: Clayton, L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. 2000. The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Robinson, J. G. & Bennett, E. L., (eds.), Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University, New York. Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates, in Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic reference. Third Ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111-184. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Sugardjito, J. and Richardson, M. 2008. Macaca nigrescens. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-8-2009. Watanabe, K. and Matsumura, S. 1991. The borderlands and possible hybrids between three species of macaques, M. nigra, M. nigrescens, and M. hecki, in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi. Primates, 32 (3): 365-370.

Macaca pagensis

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

MAMMALIA CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca ochreata

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Grauwarmmakaak (Dutch), Booted Macaque (English), Macaca crestada de Sulawesi (Spanish), Gråbent sulawesimakak (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has been no trade reported in this species since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1977. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: Supriatna (2008) reported that “M. o. brunnescens is sometimes treated as a distinct species. This species hybridizes with M. tonkeana in areas where their ranges overlap (Groves 2001).” Indonesia: M. ochreata was reported to occur in the south-eastern peninsula of Sulawesi (Watanabe et al., 1991; Groves, 2005; Riley et al., 2007), and the islands of Kabaena, Muna and Butung (Groves, 2005). Recent research by Riley et al. (2007) “confirmed that M. ochreata inhabits forests around the Matano, Towuti, and Mahalona lake system and that the distribution of M. ochreata extends as far north-northwest as the Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve at the border of South and Central Sulawesi.” M. ochreata was also reported to occur in mixed species groups with M. tonkeana in the forests in and surrounding Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve (Riley et al., 2007). Supriatna (2008) reported that “Macaca ochreata ochreata occurs in the following protected areas: Rawa Aopa Watomahai, Padang Mata Osu, Tanjung Peropa, Tanjung Batikolo and Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve (Riley et al., 2007). Macaca ochreata brunnescens occurs in the following protected areas: Buton Utara, Buton Lambusango Nature Reserve, and Napabalano.” M. ochreata was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (Supriatna, 2008), “due to a continued decline estimated to be more than 30% over the next 40 years (3 generations), as a result of a projected increase in oil palm, cacao and cotton plantations and human settlement.” It was given a population trend of Decreasing (Supriatna, 2008).

Macaca pagensis

Supriatna (2008) reported that “Density estimates from four locations range from 10 to 40 individuals/km2 (J. Supriatna pers. comm.). Group size ranges from 12 to 30 individuals.” Riley et al. (2007) reported group densities of 0.97–1.56 per km² at the Matano site and 1.45– 2.00 per km² at the Kasintuwu site. Supriatna (2008) gave the following information on threats: “There is extensive habitat loss within its range. Shifting cultivation by local communities is an increasing threat, as are oil palm and cacao plantations, as well as cotton cultivation, are displacing the natural habitat. Expanding human settlements are also a problem. There is extensive illegal „small scale‟ open area gold mining, using mercury, within protected areas. All of these factors are combining to increase the rate of habitat loss. Animals are also poisoned for crop raiding.” In protected forests in south Sulawesi, Riley et al. (2007) reported that “Despite the protected status of these forests, we encountered considerable human-induced disturbance in the form of rattan collection and clearing of forest for agriculture” and that because cacao was frequently planted on the borders of protected forests, “human-macaque conflict resulting from crop raiding may eventually pose a threat.” Riley et al. (2007) commented that as M. ochreata had a more extensive range than previously recognised, “the conservation status of booted macaques may, therefore, not be as precarious as previously thought, since their habitat is protected in not only two large conservation areas in Southeast Sulawesi (Rawa Aopa National Park and Tanjung Peropa Game Reserve), but also in South Sulawesi in the Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve.” They recommended that “Conservation management of these forest-plantation edges will need to involve coordinated efforts among local farmers, PHKA personnel, and agriculturalists to determine how to minimize crop raiding” (Riley et al., 2007). Clayton and Milner-Gulland (2000) reported that all Sulawesi macaques were given full protection under Indonesian law. However, M. ochreata is not listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999), although M. brunnescens (normally considered a subspecies of M. ochreata) was listed. Enforcement on Sulawesi was reported to be poor (Clayton and Milner-Gulland, 2000). REFERENCES: Clayton, L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. 2000. The trade in wildlife in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in Robinson, J. G. & Bennett, E. L., (eds.), Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University, New York. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates, in Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic reference. Third Ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111-184. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Riley, E. P., Suryobroto, B., and Maestripieri, D. 2007. Distribution of Macaca ochreata and Identification of Mixed ochreata-tonkeana Groups in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Primate Conservation, 22: 129-133. Supriatna, J. 2008. Macaca ochreata. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-8-2009. Watanabe, K., Matsumura, S., Watanabe, T., and Hamada, Y. 1991. Distribution and possible intergradation between Macaca tonkeana and M. ochreata at the borderland of the species in Sulawesi. Primates, 32 (3): 385-389.

Macaca pagensis

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

MAMMALIA CERCOPITHECIDAE

SPECIES: Macaca pagensis

SYNONYMS: Macaca nemestrina pagensis

COMMON NAMES: Mentawai Macaque (English), Pagai Island Macaque (English)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Critically Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Prior to CITES CoP 14 in 2007, Macaca pagensis was considered to be a subspecies of M. nemestrina and the Article 4.6(b) suspension for Indonesia previously applied to the name M. nemestrina pagensis (now a synonym of M. nemestrina).

TRADE PATTERNS: There has been no trade reported using the names Macaca pagensis or Macaca nemestrina pagensis since the taxon was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1977, although it is possible trade has occurred in the past but was reported as M. nemestrina. It should be noted that the last reported export of live, wild-caught M. nesmestrina from Indonesia occurred in 1998. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: Macaca pagensis was previously considered a subspecies of M. nemestrina (Fooden, 1975; 1980 in: Roos et al., 2003), however, it is now considered a distinct species (Groves 2001; 2005; Roos et al., 2003). Until recently, M. pagensis included the subspecies M. pagensis siberu (Roos et al., 2003). However, Roos et al. (2003) and Ziegler et al. (2007) found a clear division between M. pagensis from the Mentawai islands of Sipora, North Pagai and South Pagai, and M. siberu from the Mentawai island of Siberut. Indonesia: M. pagensis inhabits the southern Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra: North Pagai, South Pagai, and Sipora (Roos et al., 2003; Groves, 2005; Whittaker and Mittermeier, 2008). It was classified as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Whittaker and Mittermeier, 2008), “due to a past and continued population decline, estimated at more than 80% over the past 40 years

Macaca pagensis

(3 generations), due to hunting and loss of habitat.” It was given a population trend of Decreasing (Whittaker and Mittermeier, 2008). Whittaker (2006) reported that the most recent estimates of density for M. pagensis suggested 7- 12 individuals/km2 in suitable habitat in the Pagai Islands (Paciulli, 2004), giving a total of about 2,100 to 3,700 individuals (down from 14,500 in 1980). Macaques were found to live at much higher densities in logged than unlogged forest, with highest density recorded in forest logged 20 years ago (Whittaker, 2006). Whittaker (2006) recommended that M. pagensis be downgraded to Vulnerable. However, at that time, the 17,000-30,000 macaques on the island of Siberut (now recognised as the separate species M. siberu) were included in the assessment. The main threats to M. pagensis were reported to be hunting and commercial logging (Fuentes, 2002; Whittaker, 2006; Whittaker and Mittermeier, 2008). Whittaker (2006) reported that “The primates of the Mentawai Islands are dependent on the forests that are now threatened by legal and illegal logging, conversion to commercial oil palm plantations, and forest clearing and product extraction by local people. Much of the forest is highly disturbed, with numerous logging companies present on all four islands. Fuentes (1998 in: Fuentes 2002) reported that as of 1996, less that 17% of the original forest cover of the southern three islands remained. Whittaker (2006) reported that hunting was on the increase because of increased access to remote forests and replacement of traditional hunting equipment with air rifles, and that ”While macaques are not a preferred food item because their meat is considered unpalatable, they still suffer from hunting because they are considered pests (Fuentes, 2002; Paciulli, 2004).” M. pagensis is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). However, Fuentes (2002) reported that whilst the primates of the Mentawais were officially protected, making hunting illegal, few arrests had been made. She stated that “Unfortunately, even if hunting is continued in a regulated fashion the decreasing numbers of monkeys and gibbons and the vanishing habitat paint a very bleak picture for the nonhuman primates of the Mentawai Islands” (Fuentes, 2002). The species does not occur in any protected areas (Whittaker and Mittermeier, 2008). Whittaker (2006) reported that “Protection of the primate populations on the Pagai Islands is essential.” However, despite several attempts to establish a primate reserve on South Pagai Island, this had not yet been accomplished. Whittaker (2006) recommended working closely with the PT Minas Pagai Lumber Corporation, to conserve M. pagensis within their logging concession. He also recommended that a campaign of education and law enforcement against hunting of primates throughout the Mentawai Islands was needed (Whittaker, 2006). REFERENCES: Fooden, J. 1975. Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Fieldiana.Zoology, 67: 1-169. Fooden, J. 1980. Classification and distribution of living macaques (Macaca Lacepede, 1799), in Lindberg, D. G., (ed.), The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution. van Nostrand Rheinhold, Amsterdam. Fuentes, A. 1998. Current status and future viability for the Mentawai primates. Primate Conservation, 17: 111-116. Fuentes, A. 2002. Monkeys, humans and politics in the Mentawai Islands: no simple solutions in a complex world, in Fuentes, A. & Wolfe, L. D., (eds.), Primates face to face: conservation implications of human-nonhuman primate interactions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 187-207. Groves, C. P. 2001. Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Groves, C. P. 2005. Order Primates, in Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic reference. Third Ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111-184. Paciulli, L. M. 2004. The effects of logging, hunting and vegetation on the densities of the Pagai, Mentawai Islands primates. PhD thesis, State University of New York, Stony Brook.

Macaca pagensis

President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Roos, C., Ziegler, T., Keith Hodges, J., Zischler, H., and Abegg, C. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of Mentawai macaques: taxonomic and biogeographic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29 (1): 139-150. Whittaker, D. and Mittermeier, R. A. 2008. Macaca pagensis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-8-2009. Whittaker, D. J. 2006. A conservation action plan for the Mentawai primates. Primate Conservation, 20 (1): 95-105. Ziegler, T., Abegg, C., Meijaard, E., Perwitasari-Farajallah, D., Walter, L., Hodges, J. K., and Roos, C. 2007. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of Southeast Asian macaques forming the M. silenus group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42 (3): 807-816.

Goura cristata

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES COLUMBIDAE

SPECIES: Goura cristata

SYNONYMS: Columba cristata

COMMON NAMES: Kroonduif (Dutch), Blue Crowned-Pigeon (English), Common Crowned Pigeon (English), Great Goura (English), Western Crowned-Pigeon (English), Goura couronné (French), Gura occidental (Spanish), Paloma crestada azul (Spanish), blå kronduva (Swedish), vanlig kronduva (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: Over the period 1997-2008, the only trade in this species involving Indonesia was the import of four captive-bred specimens for personal purposes reported by Sri Lanka in 2002. Prior to 1997, the only trade reported from Indonesia was the export of 70 live specimens to Italy in 1983, for commercial purposes (reported by Italy but not Indonesia, source not given). From countries other than Indonesia, there was a small volume of trade in live, captive-bred specimens 1997-2008, (with 96 direct imports of captive-bred specimens to EU Member States, and 177 to non-EU countries, as reported by the importers), originating mainly from the Philippines and Singapore. The only trade in wild specimens reported from any country 1997-2008 was the export of one live wild- caught specimen from the United States to Canada in 1998 (which was only reported by the exporter). No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Goura cristata is a huge terrestrial pigeon endemic to Indonesia (Strange, 2002; BirdLife International, 2009), where it is found “in the West Papuan Islands (Misool, Waigeo, Salawati, Batanta), the Vogelkop and western Papua (formerly Irian Jaya), west of Geelvink and Etna Bays, Indonesia (King and Nijboer, 1994), and also on Seram, South Maluku (Kitchener et al., 1993; Macdonald, 1995), where it was almost certainly introduced (Coates and Bishop, 1997)”(BirdLife International, 2009). It was reported to occur mainly in lowland rainforest, where it is often seen near flooded areas, in mangroves and along rivers (Strange, 2002).

Goura cristata

It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This spectacular pigeon is classified as Vulnerable because its population is suspected to be rapidly declining, through habitat loss and hunting. However, the total population size, the effect and extent of habitat degradation and the impact of hunting and trade are all poorly known, and further research may lead to its reclassification.” A population estimate of 2,500-9,999 individuals was given by BirdLife International (2009), with a population trend of Decreasing. Strange (2002) described G. cristata as “An uncommon resident in West Papua, including the islands of Misool and Waigeo”, and reported that it has been “Much reduced in numbers due to capture for the bird trade.” BirdLife International (2009) reported that G. cristata was “historically common (Rand and Gilliard, 1967) and remains locally fairly common at several sites on mainland Papua (Erftemeijer et al., 1991; Gibbs, 1993; Poulsen and Frolander, 1994) Salawati (Gibbs, 1993; Poulsen and Frolander, 1994; Eastwood, 1996) and Seram (Macdonald, 1995; Coates and Bishop, 1997) but may be extinct on Batanta (D. Gibbs in litt.), and has been extirpated from many sites on Papua (King and Nijboer, 1994).” G. cristata was reported to be threatened by habitat depletion, domestic utilisation and international trade (Collar et al., 1994; King and Nijboer, 1994; BirdLife International, 2001). BirdLife International (2009) gave the following information on threats: “It is heavily hunted for food and its plumes (although less than the two other Goura species because gun ownership is lower in Indonesia than Papua New Guinea) (Beehler, 1985) and is also subject to "significant" levels of trade, being a highly prized aviary bird (King and Nijboer, 1994). Extensive logging concessions have been granted within its range and habitat has already been lost to substantial transmigration schemes (Collins et al., 1991). Logging roads and oil and mineral exploration also increase access to hunters (K.D. Bishop in litt. 2000).” King and Nijboer (1994) reported that domestic utilisation and commercial trade posed serious threats to Goura, and that evidence from animal handlers, bird markets and the numbers of specimens held in captivity in South East Asia indicated that illegal trade in wild-caught G. cristata was probably taking place. They noted that bird dealers primarily sold crowned pigeons to East European countries and within South East Asia and that “All three species have been offered for sale in western Europe by a Czechoslovakian animal dealer in 1992 (R. Verkade, pers. comm.)” (King and Nijboer, 1994). Species of the genus Goura are listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). BirdLife International (2009) reported that “There are single protected areas on all the West Papuan Islands of occurrence and three very large proposed nature reserves within its mainland Papuan range, but most are in the mountains (Sujatnika et al., 1995).” REFERENCES: Beehler, B. 1985. Conservation of New Guinea rainforest birds, in Diamond, A. W. & Lovejoy, T. E., (eds.), Conservation of tropical forest birds. International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.), Cambridge, UK. 233-247. BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008. Goura cristata. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Goura cristata URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 17-9- 2009. Coates, B. J. and Bishop, K. D. 1997. A guide to the birds of Wallacea. Dove, Alderley, Australia.

Goura cristata

Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J., and Stattersfield, A. J. 1994. Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. Collins, N. M., Sayer, J. A., and Whitmore, T. C. 1991. The conservation atlas of tropical forests: Asia and the Pacific. Macmillan, London. Eastwood, C. 1996. A trip to Irian Jaya. Muruk, 8: 12-23. Erftemeijer, P., Allen, G., Kosamah, Z., and Kosamah, S. 1991. Birds of the Bintuni Bay region, Irian Jaya. Kukila, 5: 85-98. Gibbs, D. 1993. Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 21 January--12 March 1991: a site guide for birdwatchers, with brief notes from 1992. King, C. E. and Nijboer, J. 1994. Conservation considerations for crowned pigeons, genus Goura. Oryx, 28: 22-30. Kitchener, A. C., Macdonald, A. A., and Howard, A. 1993. First record of the Blue Crowned Pigeon Goura cristata on Seram. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club, 113: 42-43. Macdonald, A. A. 1995. Distribution of Blue Crowned Pigeon Goura cristata on north Seram. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club, 115: 33-35. Poulsen, B. O. & Frolander, A. 1994. Birding Irian Jaya, Indonesia, New Guinea. Unpublished. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Rand, A. L. and Gilliard, E. T. 1967. Handbook of New Guinea birds. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London. Sujatnika, J. P., Soehartono, T. R., Crosby, M. J., & Mardiastuti, A. 1995. Conserving Indonesian biodiversity: the Endemic Bird Area approach. BirdLife International Indonesia Programme. Bogor.

Goura scheepmackeri

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES COLUMBIDAE

SPECIES: Goura scheepmakeri

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Scheepmakers kroonduif (Dutch), Maroon-breasted Crowned-Pigeon (English), Masked Goura (English), Scheepmaker's Crowned-Pigeon (English), Southern Crowned-Pigeon (English), Goura de Scheepmaker (French), Goura de Sclater (French), Gura sureña (Spanish), Paloma crestada de Scheepmaker (Spanish), rödbröstad kronduva (Swedish), rödhalsad kronduva (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br), Papua New Guinea (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There was no reported trade in Goura scheepmakeri from Indonesia between 1997 and 2008. There was no reported trade prior to this, except that the United States reported the import of three live wild- caught birds from Singapore in 1993, which originated from Indonesia. From countries other than Indonesia, there was a very small trade in live, captive-bred specimens 1997- 2008, (with 67 direct imports of captive-bred specimens to EU Member States, and 82 to non-EU countries, as reported by the importers), originating mainly from the Philippines and Singapore. There was also a small trade in wild-caught bodies and feathers (none reported by EU importers). There was no trade in live wild-caught specimens from any country 1997-2008, but small numbers of wild-sourced bodies and feathers were traded up until 2004. No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Goura scheepmakeri is a large terrestrial pigeon species endemic to New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), which inhabits undisturbed dry and flooded forest in the lowlands up to 500 m (Coates, 1985; Beehler et al., 1986; Collar et al., 1994; BirdLife International, 2009). It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification:

Goura scheepmackeri

“This species is suspected to be declining rapidly owing to its susceptibility to hunting, being tame and gregarious. It is therefore categorised as Vulnerable. However there is an urgent need to research its population size and trends.” It was given a population estimate of 10,000-19,999 individuals with a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2009). Indonesia: G. scheepmakeri occurs in the southern lowlands of New Guinea, from the Mimika River in the Indonesian province of Papua, east to the Fly River in Papua New Guinea (King and Nijboer, 1994; BirdLife International, 2009). In King and Nijboer (1994) it was reported that “Goura scheepmakeri was originally considered „fairly common to common‟ but is now very rare anywhere near human settlements (Rand and Gillard, 1968; Bell, 1969; 1970; 1982; Coates, 1985) […] K. Bishop (pers. comm. in: Collar and Andrew, 1988) found it to be still common in undisturbed forests on the Biau (Biaru) River in south-east Irian Jaya [western New Guinea], but noted that it was shot indiscriminately there by police and military, and young were taken for pets.” King and Nijboer (1994) also noted that whilst some populations had remained healthy despite exploitation by native people, they had become eliminated with the arrival of transmigration settlers. BirdLife International (2009) reported that despite being rare or extirpated around most villages, it was still locally common in remote regions of Papua. G. scheepmakeri was reported to be threatened by hunting for meat and its feathers (Coates, 1985; Beehler, 1985; King and Nijboer, 1994; BirdLife International, 2001; 2009), logging/habitat loss (Collar et al., 1994; BirdLife International, 2001; 2009) and oil and gas exploration (K.D. Bishop in litt 1994, 2000, in: BirdLife International, 2009). Beehler (1985) reported that all Goura species were threatened by domestic hunting for food, as these large, ground dwelling birds are prime targets for hunters. In addition, their plumes are bought and sold for traditional ceremonial use (despite this contravening local laws), making these already small populations even more vulnerable (Beehler, 1985). King and Nijboer (1994) reported that domestic utilisation and commercial trade posed serious threats to Goura, and that evidence from animal handlers, bird markets and the numbers of specimens held in captivity in south east Asia indicated that illegal trade in wild-caught specimens was probably taking place. They also noted that “Large numbers of birds [Goura spp.] are rumoured to enter Europe illegally, for example 31 birds were confiscated in Spain in 1988 (L. Colom, pers.comm.)” (King and Nijboer, 1994). Species of the genus Goura are listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). The species was also reported to be “protected from commercial trade and most domestic use” within Papua New Guinea (Nichols et al., 1991 in: King and Nijboer, 1994). REFERENCES: Beehler, B. 1985. Conservation of New Guinea rainforest birds, in Diamond, A. W. & Lovejoy, T. E., (eds.), Conservation of tropical forest birds. International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.), Cambridge, UK. 233-247. Beehler, B. M., Pratt, T. K., and Zimmerman, D. A. 1986. Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Bell, H. L. 1969. Field notes on the birds of the OK Tedi River drainage, Papua. Emu, 69: 193-211. Bell, H. L. 1970. Field notes on the birds of the Nomad River sub-district, Papua. Emu, 70: 97-104. Bell, H. L. 1982. Birds in New Guinea rainforest. Emu, 82: 24-41. BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008. Goura scheepmakeri. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009.

Goura scheepmackeri

BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Goura scheepmakeri. URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed 16- 9-2009. Coates, B. J. 1985. The birds of Papua New Guinea - including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Vol. I. Non-passerines. Dove Publications. Collar, N. J. and Andrew, P. 1988. Birds to watch, the ICBP world checklist of threatened birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 8. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J., and Stattersfield, A. J. 1994. Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. King, C. E. and Nijboer, J. 1994. Conservation considerations for crowned pigeons, genus Goura. Oryx, 28: 22-30. Nichols, D. G., Fuller, K. S., McShane-Caluzi, E., & Klerner-Ecknrode, E. 1991. Wildlife trade laws of Asia and Oceania. TRAFFIC USA / WWF. Washington, DC. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Rand, A. L. and Gillard, E. T. 1968. Handbook of New Guinea birds. Natural History Press, Garden City.

Goura victoria

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES COLUMBIDAE

SPECIES: Goura victoria

SYNONYMS: Lophyrus victoria

COMMON NAMES: Victoria kroonduif (Dutch), Victoria Crowned-Pigeon (English), Victoria Goura (English), Goura de Victoria (French), Gura Victoria (Spanish), Paloma crestada victoria (Spanish), drottningkronduva (Swedish), solfjädersduva (Swedish), victoriakronduva (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br), Papua New Guinea (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The only trade in Goura victoria ever reported from Indonesia was the export of one live specimen to Malaysia in 1992 (source unported) and four live, wild-caught specimens to Viet Nam in 1995. From countries other than Indonesia, there was some trade in live, mainly captive-bred specimens 1997- 2008, (with 114 direct imports of captive-bred specimens, and a further two source „F‟ specimens to EU Member States and 778 captive-bred specimens, 10 wild-sourced specimens and a few source „F‟ and „U‟ specimens to non-EU countries, as reported by the importers), originating mainly from the Philippines and Singapore. There was also a small trade in mainly wild-caught feathers and specimens (none reported by EU importers). The only trade in live wild-caught specimens from any country 1997-2008 was the export of 10 zoo animals from the Philippines to Canada in 2001 (as reported by the importer), and the export of one zoo animal from Papua New Guinea to Japan in 1997 (as reported by the exporter). No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Goura victoria is a large terrestrial pigeon species which occurs on New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) and surrounding islands (Coates, 1985; Collar et al., 1994; BirdLife International, 2001; 2009). It mainly occurs in lowland and swamp forest, but is occasionally found in drier areas and up to 600 m (Coates, 1985; Strange, 2002; BirdLife International, 2009).

Goura victoria

It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This species is categorised as Vulnerable because its population is suspected to be rapidly declining through logging and hunting. It is particularly easy to hunt as it is tame, gregarious, and flushed birds are easy to shoot from their low perches. However, there are few quantitative data and new information may lead to its reclassification.” Indonesia: G. victoria occurs on Biak-Supiori (where it may have been introduced), the Yapen islands, and across the north of Papua Province, New Guinea (Beehler et al., 1986; King and Nijboer, 1994; BirdLife International, 2001; Strange, 2002; BirdLife International, 2009). Its main Indonesian population was reported to be in the Mamberamo Basin of Papua (B. Beehler in litt. 2007 in: BirdLife International, 2009). Coates (1985) provided the following account of the species: “Originally fairly common to common over much of its range but now, due to hunting pressure, absent from large areas of forest. Only in the more remote places is it still numerous. It is killed primarily for food though its feathers are sometimes used in headdresses.” Rand and Gillard (1968; in: King and Nijboer, 1994) also noted that this species is usually extirpated near villages and towns. Strange (2002) described it as “An uncommon resident” and reported that it was “Previously numerous, but now much reduced due to habitat clearance and capture for the bird trade, since this species is popular in zoos and safari parks. Today it is difficult to find even in remote areas.” BirdLife International (2009) provided the following information on threats: “It is prized by hunters for meat and, to a lesser extent, for its feathers (K.D. Bishop in litt., 1994). Nestlings are also taken to be reared for food (K.D. Bishop in litt., 1999). Around populated areas, it has been hunted to local extirpation or survives only in forests many hours or days walk away from the nearest village (Beehler et al., 1986; K.D. Bishop in litt., 1994; King and Nijboer, 1994). It has become extirpated from the vicinity of some transmigration settlements in Papua where it had survived constant hunting from indigenous people (King and Nijboer, 1994). Lowland forests (such as in the Sepik basin) (B. Beehler in litt., 2007), particularly on the flat terrain favoured by this species, are threatened by logging, and logging roads open up access to hunters (I. Burrows in litt., 1994; P. Gregory in litt., 1994; King and Nijboer, 1994). The reduction in shotguns in Papua New Guinea means a reduced threat in that nation (B. Beehler in litt., 2007). Capture for trade may also be significant (King and Nijboer, 1994).” Beehler (1985) reported that all Goura species were threatened by domestic hunting for food, as these large, ground dwelling birds are prime targets for hunters. In addition, their plumes are bought and sold for traditional ceremonial use (despite this contravening local laws), making these already small populations even more vulnerable (Beehler, 1985). King and Nijboer (1994) reported that domestic utilisation and commercial trade posed serious threats to Goura, and that evidence from animal handlers, bird markets and the numbers of specimens held in captivity in south east Asia indicated that illegal trade in wild-caught specimens was probably taking place. They also noted that “Large numbers of birds [Goura spp.] are rumoured to enter Europe illegally, for example 31 birds were confiscated in Spain in 1988 (L. Colom, pers.comm.)” (King and Nijboer, 1994). Species of the genus Goura are listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). REFERENCES: Beehler, B. 1985. Conservation of New Guinea rainforest birds, in Diamond, A. W. & Lovejoy, T. E., (eds.), Conservation of tropical forest birds. International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.), Cambridge, UK. 233-247.

Goura victoria

Beehler, B. M., Pratt, T. K., and Zimmerman, D. A. 1986. Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press, Princeton. BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008. Goura victoria. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Goura victoria URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 18-9- 2009. Coates, B. J. 1985. The birds of Papua New Guinea - including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Vol. I. Non-passerines. Dove Publications. Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J., and Stattersfield, A. J. 1994. Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. King, C. E. and Nijboer, J. 1994. Conservation considerations for crowned pigeons, genus Goura. Oryx, 28: 22-30. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Rand, A. L. and Gillard, E. T. 1968. Handbook of New Guinea birds. Natural History Press, Garden City. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London.

Harpyopsis novaeguineae

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES ACCIPITRIDAE

SPECIES: Harpyopsis novaeguineae

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Harpij-arend (Dutch), New Guinea Eagle (English), New Guinea Harpy Eagle (English), Aigle de Nouvelle-Guinée (French), Arpía papúa (Spanish), Känguruörn (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br), Papua New Guinea (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported for this species from Indonesia. Globally, there were only three records of this species in trade 1997-2008 (all were wild sourced): Papua New Guinea exported three feathers to Australia in 1999 for personal purposes, the United States imported one scientific specimen from Papua New Guinea in 2002 and the United States exported seven claws (originating in Papua New Guinea), to Australia in 2007, for educational purposes. No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Harpyopsis novaeguineae is a very large forest eagle endemic to the island of New Guinea (Western New Guinea, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea), where it occurs at low population densities and is never common (Coates, 1985; BirdLife International, 2009). It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008) with the following justification: “This huge eagle is classified as Vulnerable on the basis of an estimated small population which may be declining through habitat loss, and locally at least, hunting. However, very little is known about its population size or trends and it may yet prove to be more secure than currently thought.” BirdLife International (2009) reported that “There are no data regarding territory or total population size, but it is significantly less common or extirpated in most densely inhabited regions (Coates, 1985; Beehler, 1985). There are only three records in four years from the heavily hunted Ok Tedi area [Papua New Guinea] (Gregory, 1995), but it has been reported to be relatively common in the Kikori basin [Papua New Guinea] where hunting pressure is low (K.D. Bishop in litt. 1999).”

Harpyopsis novaeguineae

Hunting was reported to be the main threat to the species (Coates, 1985; BirdLife International, 2001; 2009), as “it is hunted in most if not all forests of New Guinea, especially the highlands, for its tail and flight feathers which are used in ceremonial head-dresses (BirdLife International, 2009). Beehler (1985) listed H. novaeguineae among 24 rare New Guinea birds that may be in need of conservation attention; he noted that the species was probably rare due to hunting, and because it is a large species with widespread, very sparse, populations. Indonesia: H. novaeguineae was reported to occur in Western New Guinea (Coates, 1985; van Balen, 1998; BirdLife International, 2009), where it was thought to be “presumably still safe” (van Balen, 1998). The species was reported to be threatened by hunting, its low density/small population and possibly forest fragmentation (van Balen, 1998). Guns were reported to be becoming increasingly available in West Papua, locally increasing hunting pressure (Coates, 1985 in: BirdLife International, 2009). H. novaeguineae is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999, as are all members of the Family Accipitridae (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). REFERENCES: Beehler, B. 1985. Conservation of New Guinea rainforest birds, in Diamond, A. W. & Lovejoy, T. E., (eds.), Conservation of tropical forest birds. International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ.), Cambridge, UK. 233-247. BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008. Harpyopsis novaeguineae. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 3-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Harpyopsis novaeguineae URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 3-9-2009. Coates, B. J. 1985. The birds of Papua New Guinea - including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Vol. I. Non-passerines. Dove Publications. Gregory, P. 1995. Further studies of the birds of the Ok Tedi area, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Muruk, 7: 1-38. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. van Balen, S. 1998. Tropical forest raptors in Indonesia: recent information on distribution, status and conservation. Journal of Raptor Research, 32 (1): 56-63.

Spizaetus bartelsi

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES ACCIPITRIDAE

SPECIES: Spizaetus bartelsi

SYNONYMS: Spizaetus nipalensis bartelsi

COMMON NAMES: Javaanse kuifarend (Dutch), Javan Hawk-Eagle (English), Aigle de Java (French), Javaadler (German), Javahaubenadler (German), Águila-azor de Java (Spanish), Javahökörn (Swedish), Javaörn (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Spizaetus bartelsi is a medium-sized, forest-dwelling eagle endemic to the island of Java, Indonesia (Tilford, 2000; Strange, 2002; BirdLife International, 2008a), where it “Occurs in forest and along forest edges from sea level to 3,000 m, but prefers the lower slopes from 200 to 1,200 m” (Strange, 2002). Tilford (2000) described it as “A rare endemic, found only in hill and mountain forests and open wooded areas in western Java, and down to the coast at Meru Betiri National Park in the east”; Strange (2002) described it as “A rare resident on Java only […] Now rarely seen since its forest habitat has been much reduced”; and BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “It is distributed widely throughout much of the island with a recent increase in the number of known localities, though it remains unrecorded from large areas of the north.”A last stronghold of the species was reported to be Gunung Halimun National Park (Tilford, 2000). Van Balen et al. (2000) listed 22 forest blocks in west, central and east Java (ranging from 30 to 900 km2) that were found to contain S. bartelsi, based on surveys conducted 1980-1999. They estimated the total number of breeding pairs to be 137±188, which was extrapolated to 600±900 individuals for the total population including immature birds (van Balen et al., 2000). S. bartelsi was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008b), with the following justification:

Spizaetus bartelsi

“The population of this impressive raptor is very small. Moreover, given the destruction, disturbance and degradation that is currently being inflicted on its preferred habitat, it is likely to be declining and increasingly fragmented, a circumstance that qualifies it as Endangered.” It was given a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2008a). BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “An increase in survey effort and knowledge of the species's home-range size has led to consecutive upward revisions of the global population, now estimated at over 600 individuals (Prawiradilaga, 2004) (with one estimate of 270-600 pairs, Gjershaug et al., 2004)” and that “Although there is no direct indication of a decline, the ongoing diminution of forest-cover on Java is certain to have been detrimental.” BirdLife International (2008a) gave the following information on threats: “The key threats are habitat loss and trade. The burgeoning human population on Java brings with it intense pressure on natural resources, one aspect of which has been a massive reduction in forest cover, particularly in the lowlands. This threat continues in the form of conversion to agriculture, development and uncontrolled fire, even within protected areas. The species is also sold openly in Javan bird markets, with 30-40 reported in trade each year, and presumably many more undetected. This threat appears to be intensifying, following the elevation of the species to national bird.” Van Balen (1998) listed habitat loss, forest fragmentation, hunting and low density/small population as threats to S. bartelsi. Nijman et al. (2009) reported that whilst it is illegal to trade S. bartelsi or keep it as a pet, it is threatened by the illegal pet trade. The species was declared as Indonesia‟s National Rare/Precious Animal in 1993, increasing in public awareness of the species, and evidence indicated that this led to an increase in its trade, as well as illegal exports to other parts of Asia (Nijman et al., 2009): “Prior to 1993 few Javan hawk eagles were observed in trade. […] Following declaration as Indonesia‟s National Rare Animal more Javan hawk eagles were observed in trade, and from a number of surveys conducted during the mid and late 1990s it appears that 1–2 were occasionally observed for sale. In November 1999 a single Javan hawk eagle was for sale in Mataram, on the island of Lombok, c. 100 km east of Java. After 2000, Javan hawk eagles were regularly observed on markets. In the first 6 months of 2004 P. H. Hoyois observed c. 20 for sale at markets in towns on Java. Allegedly, in March 2004, 10 birds were sent to South Korea from Jakarta in west Java, and later that year another 11 were sent to either Singapore or Taiwan from Surabaya in East Java (P.H. Hoyois, pers. comm. to VN, 2004). […] These data suggest that a substantial number of Javan hawk eagles have been observed in trade within the last 2 decades.” Tsuyuki (2008) also reported that illegal hunting and trade had recently become a serious threat. He reported that: “Improved roads, including the opening up of forests by logging concessions and plantations, have greatly increased access for hunters and trappers. The past decade has seen an increase in reports of JHE [the Javan hawk eagle] being offered for sale, notably in Jakarta markets (Nijman et al., 2000), and because the species builds traditional, obvious, and locally well-known nests, it is easy to collect nestlings.” S. bartelsi is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999, as are all members of the Family Accipitridae (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). BirdLife International (2001) reported that “In 1970 the Javan Hawk-eagle (Elang Jawa), along with Indonesia‟s other diurnal raptors, was protected by statute, and since 1990 rare and endangered species have received extra protection: penalties can total fines equivalent to US$50,000 and imprisonment for up to five years (Mooney, 1997; Nijman et al., 2000)” With regards to conservation and management, BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “Strict legislation protects it from hunting or trading, although this is often ineffective. It occurs in several protected areas, including Gunung Halimun, Gunung Gede-Pangrango and Meru Betiri National

Spizaetus bartelsi

Parks, although these still face serious problems. An action plan has been compiled and conservation awareness programmes including several training and awareness raising workshops have been initiated (Prawiradilaga, 2006).” Tsuyuki (2008) noted that: “The financial value of these birds means that people will go to great lengths to capture them, and attempts to control trade may be undermined by corruption.” REFERENCES: BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008a. Species factsheet: Spizaetus bartelsi URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 8- 9-2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Spizaetus bartelsi. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009b. Gjershaug, J. O., Rov, N., Nygard, T., Prawiradilaga, D. M., Afianto, M. Y., Hapsoro, A., and Supriatna, A. 2004. Home-range size of the Javan Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) estimated from direct observations and radiotelemetry. Journal of Raptor Research, 38: 343-349. Mooney, N. 1997. Status and conservation of Elang Jawa (the Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi). Environment Australia. Hobart. Nijman, V., Shepherd, C. R., and van Balen, S. 2009. Declaration of the Javan hawk eagle Spizaetus bartelsi as Indonesia's National Rare Animal impedes conservation of the species. Oryx, 43 (01): 122-128. Nijman, V., van Balen, S., and Sözer, R. 2000. Breeding biology of Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi in West Java, Indonesia. Emu, 100 (2): 125-132. Prawiradilaga, D. 2004. Javan hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi). Fauna Flora, 6: 29. Prawiradilaga, D. 2006. Ecology and conservation of endangered Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi. Ornithological Science, 5: 177-186. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London. Tilford, T. 2000. A photographic guide to birds of Java, Sumatra and Bali. New Holland Publications, London, UK. Tsuyuki, S. 2008. GIS-based modeling of Javan Hawk-Eagle distribution using logistic and autologistic regression models. Biological Conservation, 141: 756-769. van Balen, S. 1998. Tropical forest raptors in Indonesia: recent information on distribution, status and conservation. Journal of Raptor Research, 32 (1): 56-63. van Balen, S., Nijman, V., and Prins, H. H. T. 2000. The Javan hawk-eagle: misconceptions about rareness and threat. Biological Conservation, 96 (3): 297-304.

Cacatua sanguinea

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES CACATUIDAE

SPECIES: Cacatua sanguinea

SYNONYMS: Kakatoe sanguinea

COMMON NAMES: Naaktoogkakatoe (Dutch), Bare-eyed Cockatoo (English), Little Cockatoo (English), Little Corella (English), Cacatoès corella (French), barögd kakadua (Swedish), nakenögonkakadua (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Australia (br), Indonesia (br), Papua New Guinea (br), Singapore (int, br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: Direct exports from Indonesia to the EU 1997-2008 consisted of small quantities of live, wild-caught and captive-bred specimens (Table 3). There have been no exports of this species from Indonesia since 2002, and no exports of wild specimens since 1998 (Tables 3-5). Prior to 1997, there was some trade from Indonesia globally and to the EU, mainly of live specimens (source not reported). EU importers reported the import of 134 live specimens 1981-1987, all with source unreported. Global trade from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 involved mainly live, captive-bred and source F specimens, totalling 448 direct exports, as reported by the importer (223 of which were reported to have been imported into the EU). There was a small trade in live, wild-caught specimens from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 (mainly re-exports of specimens originating in Indonesia, exported from Singapore to non-EU countries), although there has been no trade in live, wild-caught specimens from any country since 2002 Indonesia had an export quota of 190 live wild-sourced specimens in 1998. Trade was well within this quota, with Indonesia reporting the export of 155 live, wild-caught specimens in this year (55 of which were reported by the importers).

Cacatua sanguinea

Table 3. Direct exports of Cacatua sanguinea from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1998 2000 2001 2002 Total Greece W Importer 10 10 Exporter Italy C Importer 10 10 Exporter 10 10 Netherlands W Importer Exporter 5 5 Portugal W Importer Exporter 5 5 Spain C Importer 4 5 9 Exporter 4 9 6 19 W Importer 20 20 Exporter 15 15 United Kingdom W Importer Exporter 10 10 Importer 30 14 5 49 Subtotals Exporter 35 14 9 6 64

Table 4. Indirect exports of Cacatua sanguinea originating in Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live wild-caught specimens for commercial purposes.

Exporter Importer Reported by 1997 1998 Total Singapore Italy Importer Exporter 38 38 Netherlands Importer Exporter 2 10 12 Importer Subtotals Exporter 40 10 50

Table 5. Direct exports of Cacatua sanguinea from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total RoW C Importer 16 21 37 Exporter 4 17 4 25 W Importer 25 5 30 Exporter 120 120 Importer 25 5 16 21 67 Subtotals Exporter 120 4 17 4 145

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Cacatua sanguinea is a medium-sized white cockatoo with most of its range in Australia, although it also occurs in the extreme south of the island of New Guinea (Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) (del Hoyo et al., 1997; Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). It was classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification:

Cacatua sanguinea

“This species has a large range, with an estimated global Extent of Occurrence of 1,000,000- 10,000,000 km². The global population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large as the species is described as 'common' in at least parts of its range (del Hoyo et al., 1997). Global population trends have not been quantified, but there is evidence of a population increase (del Hoyo et al., 1997), and so the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.” BirdLife International (2009) reported that the population trend appeared to be increasing. Juniper and Parr (1998) reported the species to be “abundant through much of its range”, with an increasing population, particularly through a southward spread in South Australia and Victoria, linked to the spread of agriculture and the availability of artificial water sources. Foreshaw (2006) described the species as “Very common to abundant in open woodlands in both coastal and semi arid to arid regions, but seldom far from permanent water” and “One of the most conspicuous inland birds, and often encountered in immense flocks that can defoliate roosting trees.” Foreshaw (1989) reported that C. sanguinea were “troublesome pests in ricefields.” C. sanguinea was subject to the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 1986 and 1991-1992. Indonesia: C. sanguinea was reported to occur in southern New Guinea, between Kumbe (Kurik, Merauke) in the extreme south-east of Papua province, Indonesia, across the border with Papua New Guinea to the lower Fly River (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). Foreshaw (1989) reported that C. sanguinea “seems to be quite common” within its restricted range in southern New Guinea. Hoogerwerf (1964 in: Foreshaw, 2006) reported that in the Merauke district, Papua province, large flocks had been seen in rice fields and along the Kumbe River. No information was found regarding threats to the Indonesian population. REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008. Cacatua sanguinea. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Cacatua sanguinea URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 14- 9-2009. CITES Secretariat. 2008. Review of Significant Trade in specimens of Appendix-II species: evaluation of the Review of Significant Trade. Seventeenth meeting of the Plants Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 15-19 April 2008. PC17 Doc 8.1. URL: http://www.cites.org/eng/com/PC/17/E-PC17-08-01.pdf . del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Foreshaw, J. M. 1989. Parrots of the world. 3rd edn. Blandford Press, London. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Hoogerwerf, A. 1964. On birds new for New Guinea or with larger range that previously known (cont.). Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club, 84: 153-161. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex.

Lorius domicella

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES LORIIDAE

SPECIES: Lorius domicella

SYNONYMS: Domicella domicella, Domicella tibialis, Lorius tibialis, Psittacus domicella

COMMON NAMES: Vrouwenlori (Dutch), Purple-capped Lory (English), Purple- naped Lory (English), Lori des dames (French), Lori damisela (Spanish), Ärkelori (Swedish), Svarthuvad lori (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The only direct exports of Lorius domicella from Indonesia to EU-27, 1997-2008 were a small number of live, captive-bred specimens imported by Spain in 1997 and 1998 (Table 6). There were no indirect exports to the EU. Exports from Indonesia to non EU-27 countries 1997-2008 consisted of small numbers of live, captive-bred specimens to Japan and Malaysia (Table 7). Prior to 1997, the only trade from Indonesia was the import of two live specimens (source unreported) to Switzerland in 1987, for the purpose of trade. Trade in L. domicella from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 consisted mainly of live captive- bred specimens, totalling 151 birds (as reported by the importers), 86 of which were imported to EU- 27 countries. There was no trade in wild-caught specimens from any country 1997-2008. No export quotas have ever been set for this species. Table 6. Direct exports of Lorius domicella from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live captive-bred specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Reported by 1997 1998 Total Spain Importer 7 10 17 Exporter 7 34 41

Lorius domicella

Table 7. Direct exports of Lorius domicella from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997- 2008. All trade was in live captive-bred specimens for commercial purposes.

Reported by 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total Importer 2 3 4 2 11 Exporter 2 3 4 2 11

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Lorius domicella is a “Spectacular, forest-dwelling parrot” (BirdLife International, 2009), endemic to the islands of Seram and Ambon (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006; BirdLife International, 2009), and possibly also Haruku and Saparua, South Maluka, Indonesia (BirdLife International, 2009). There are also historical records from Buru, where it was probably introduced (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006; BirdLife International, 2009). The only relatively recent records were reported to be from Manusela National Park, central Seram, where it is scarce, and from the Wae Fufa catchment, east Seram, where it is fairly common on ridges between 900 and 1,050 m (Juniper and Parr, 1998; BirdLife International, 2009). BirdLife International (2009) surmised that “It is probably distributed thinly throughout the island [Seram] at appropriate altitudes.” There are also unconfirmed local reports that it still survives above Hila on Ambon (BirdLife International, 2009). It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List “because it has a small population, which is undergoing a continuing decline owing to trapping for trade” (BirdLife International, 2008). It was estimated to have a population of 2,500-9,999 and given the population trend Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2008; 2009). BirdLife International (2009) reported that “It appears always to have been uncommon or rare,” and Foreshaw (2006) described the species as “Generally uncommon, occurring at low densities in hill and submontane primary or secondary forest.” During fieldwork conducted in the Moluccas 1979–1981, L. domicella was encountered three times (single birds) in montane primary forest on Seram, but not on Ambon or Buru (Smiet, 1985). In Juniper and Parr (1998), it was reported that Bowler and Taylor (1989) encountered L. domicella at a rate of 0.7 birds per hour at Kineke, Manusela National Park in 1987; but that during nearly two months of observations in 1990, only 10 individuals were seen. BirdLife International (2009) gave the following information on threats: “This species is widely trapped and kept as a pet in large numbers in villages on Seram, where it is much admired for its melodious call and skilful mimicry. It is also traded externally, to Ambon at least (for which permits exist legalising trade of 300-600 parrots per week), and is a popular souvenir of Seram for visitors. Its apparent avoidance of logged forest indicates that habitat degradation, and certainly deforestation, poses a serious threat. Widespread commercial timber extraction, oil drilling and hydroelectric projects are thus further pressures within its range.” Foreshaw (2006) also reported that L. domicella was threatened by excessive trapping, and Juniper and Parr (1998) stated that “expansion of external trade could pose a threat to its survival.” Snyder et al. (2000) stated that “Although it has been suggested that any external trade in this species would pose a serious threat to its survival (Bowler and Taylor, 1989; Bishop, 1992), as population size and volume of trade have not been quantified it is not clear what the impact of trade is (BirdLife IP in litt. 1997).” L. domicella is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999), and has been since 1972 (BirdLife International, 2009). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). However, despite being legally protected, Smiet (1985) reported that illegal trade in L. domicella went unregistered: “In spite of its protected status I have seen it in captivity on Seram and Ambon and it is still exported, as the presence of a specimen on the

Lorius domicella

Jakarta bird market proved.”It was reported to occur in Manusela National Park (BirdLife International, 2009). REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008. Lorius domicella. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Lorius domicella URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 7-9- 2009. Bishop, K. D. 1992. Parrots in Indonesia: a brief review of their status and conservation, in Joseph, L., (ed.), Issues in the conservation of parrots in Australia and Oceania: challenges to conservation biology. Royal Australian Ornithologists' Union (RAOU Report no. 83), Victoria, Australia. 1-9. Bowler, J. and Taylor, J. 1989. An annotated checklist of the birds of Manusela National Park, Seram (birds recorded on the Operation Raleigh Expedition). Kukila, 4: 3-29. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Smiet, F. 1985. Notes on the field status and trade of Moluccan parrots. Biological Conservation, 34: 181- 194. Snyder, N., McGowan, P., Gilardi, J., & Grajal, A. 2000. Parrots. Status survey and conservation action plan 2000-2004. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. URL: http://www.freeparrots.net/parrot_action_plan/chapter5.pdf .

Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES PSITTACIDAE

SPECIES: Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus

SYNONYMS: Aprosmictus chloropterus

COMMON NAMES: Groenvleugelkoningsparkiet (Dutch), Green-winged King- Parrot (English), Papuan King-Parrot (English), Perruche à ailes vertes (French), Papagayo papú (Spanish), grönvingad kungsparakit (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Papua New Guinea (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern (A. chloropterus)

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 02/02/2001 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Previous negative opinion for Indonesia formed on 26/11/1998. As noted below, Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus appears to occur only in Papua New Guinea, and not Indonesia.

TRADE PATTERNS: As trade is generally reported at the species level, the data presented in this section are for Alisterus chloropterus from Indonesia, including any trade reported at the level of subspecies. Some of the trade was reported as Alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii, which is noted in the tables in brackets. EU countries reported the import of 683 live, predominantly wild-caught specimens from Indonesia 1997-2002 but no trade since then (Table 8). Prior to 1997, there was also some trade in live specimens from Indonesia to the EU (of wild or unreported source), totally 1,068 specimens 1981-1996, as reported by the importers.

Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus

Trade from Indonesia to non-EU countries 1997-2008 comprised the reported export of 570 live, wild- caught specimens and 14 live, captive-bred specimens (Table 9) but no exports have been reported since 2002 . Indonesia set separate export quotas for the subspecies Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus and Alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii in 1997 and 1998, and at the species level 1999-2001 (Table 6). According to the values reported by Indonesia, quotas were exceeded in 1997, 1998 and 2001. However, this was not confirmed by values reported by the imports, which suggests that Indonesia may have been reporting on the basis of permits issued rather than actual trade. Table 8. Direct exports of Alisterus chloropterus from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008 (including trade reported as Alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii noted in brackets). All trade was in live specimens.

Reported Importer Purpose Source by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total Belgium T C Importer Exporter 3 3 Czech Republic T W Importer 36 (12) 10 (all) 20 66 (22) Exporter 16 (all) 20 36 (16) France T W Importer 15 15 Exporter 15 15 Germany B C Importer 6 6 Exporter P W Importer 25 25 Exporter T C Importer 4 4 10 18 Exporter 17 6 4 (all) 27 F Importer 2 2 Exporter 1 1 W Importer 140 90 45 10 15 300 Exporter 371 (191) 117 50 50 588 (191) Greece T W Importer 20 6 26 Exporter 20 (20) 6 20 46 (20) Hungary T W Importer Exporter 14 14 Italy T W Importer Exporter 12 12 Netherlands T W Importer Exporter 16 3 19 Portugal T W Importer 9 16 25 Exporter 20 9 12 41 Slovakia T W Importer Exporter 26 (20) 26 (20) Spain B F Importer 5 5 Exporter T C Importer 29 29 Exporter 29 5 34 W Importer 44 (10) 98 (25) 142 (35) Exporter 63 (35) 46 11 120 (35)

Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus

Reported Importer Purpose Source by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total United Kingdom T W Importer 6 18 24 Exporter 27 (27) 18 45 (27) Importer 300 (22) 233 (35) 84 20 46 683 (57) Subtotals Exporter 552 (309) 246 108 80 (4) 38 3 1027 (313)

Table 9. Direct exports of Alisterus chloropterus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008 (including trade reported as Alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii noted in brackets). All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total P C Importer 8 8 Exporter W Importer Exporter 1 2 2 (all) 5 T C Importer 6 6 Exporter 2 6 6 14 W Importer 5 4 26 14 49 Exporter 269 (127) 135 45 20 96 565 (127) Importer 5 4 26 6 8 14 63 Subtotals Exporter 270 (127) 137 47 28 (2) 102 584 (129)

Table 10. CITES export quotas for Alisterus chloropterus from Indonesia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter (including trade reported as Alisterus chloropterus moszkowskii noted in brackets). All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Quotas 810 830 175 135 135 (360 A. c. chloropterus, (380 A. c. chloropterus, Quotas set at the species level 450 A. c. moszkowskii) 450 A. c. moszkowskii) Exports reported by importer 305 (22) 237 (35) 110 26 54 Exports reported by exporter 822 (436) 383 155 108 (6) 140

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Alisterus chloropterus is endemic to the island of New Guinea (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). New Guinea is made up of eastern New Guinea, which is the „mainland‟ portion of the nation of Papua New Guinea, and western New Guinea, which contains the two Indonesian provinces, West Papua and Papua. There has been some confusion as to the distribution of the three A. chloropterus subspecies, and whether Alisterus c. chloropterus occurs in Indonesian territory at all. In the CITES standard reference (Dickinson, 2003), the distribution of the three subspecies was given as follows: A. c. chloropterus - E New Guinea, A. c. callopterus - SC New Guinea and A. c. moszkowskii – NC New Guinea. Foreshaw (1989) reported that A. c. chloropterus “occurs in eastern New Guinea west in the north to the Huon Peninsula and in the south to Hall Sound, Papua New Guinea.” The species distribution map provided by Foreshaw (1989) indicated that whilst the subspecies A. c. chloropterus occurs entirely/almost entirely in Papua New Guinea, the western-most portion of its range lies on/just over the border with Indonesia. However, in Foreshaw (2006), A. c. chloropterus was reported to occur in

Alisterus chloropterus chloropterus

“Eastern New Guinea” and in this version, the distribution map clearly showed that the subspecies occurs in the east of Papua New Guinea and nowhere near the border with Indonesia. Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that A. c. chloropterus was “confined to the south-east including Huon Peninsula in the north and to around Hall Sound in the south.” Their distribution map also indicated that A. c. chloropterus occurs only in the east of Papua New Guinea. BirdLife International (2008a; 2008b) reported the species occurrence in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but gave no information on the distribution of subspecies. A. chloropterus was classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008a), with the following justification: “This species has a large range, with an estimated global Extent of Occurrence of 50,000- 100,000 km². The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), even though the species is described as 'rare' in at least parts of its range (del Hoyo et al., 1997). Global population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.” Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that A. chloropterus “Occurs in dense forest from near sea-level to 2,800 m. Birds are sometimes found in cultivated areas at higher altitudes, in more open habitats with casuarinas, and in secondary growth.” They reported the world population to be estimated at around 70,000 birds, and commented that “Although locally common, the species is probably suffering from trade to some degree” (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Foreshaw (2006) reported that A. chloropterus was “locally common, though generally scarce in rainforest or monsoon forest, or less commonly in tall secondary growth.” The species A. chloropterus was subject to the CITES Review of Significant Trade in 1986 and 1994- 1995. Indonesia: Current literature indicates that the subspecies A. c. chloropterus does not occur in Indonesia (although the subspecies A. c. callopterus and A. c. moszkowskii do occur there (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Dickinson, 2003; Foreshaw, 2006). Little information was found on the status of A. chloropterus specifically in Indonesia. ProFauna Indonesia reported that A. chloropterus was one of the most sought-after birds in Indonesian bird markets, despite trade being prohibited under the 1990 government regulation on the natural ecosystem and the 1999 regulation on animal preservation (The Jakarta Post, 2006). REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008a. Alisterus chloropterus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Species factsheet: Alisterus chloropterus URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 11-9-2009b. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Dickinson, E. C. 2003. The Howard and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. 3rd edn. Christopher Helm, London. Foreshaw, J. M. 1989. Parrots of the world. 3rd edn. Blandford Press, London. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. The Jakarta Post. 2006. Illegal wildlife trade running wild, The Jakarta Post.com 23/2/2006, URL: http://www.wildaid.org/index.asp?CID=8&PID=485&SUBID=&TERID=217 Accessed: 14-9-2009.

Eclectus roratus

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES PSITTACIDAE

SPECIES: Eclectus roratus

SYNONYMS: Lorius roratus

COMMON NAMES: Edelpapegaai (Dutch), Eclectus Parrot (English), Grand Éclectus (French), Loro ecléctico (Spanish), ädelpapegoja (Swedish), eclectuspapegoja (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Australia (br), Indonesia (br), Palau (int, br), Papua New Guinea (br), Solomon Islands (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The majority of trade reported for this species from Indonesia 1997-2008 has been in live, captive-bred specimens (Tables 11-13). There have been no recorded exports of this species from Indonesia to any country since 2005 and no imports reported by the EU since 2003 (Tables 11 & 12). The last recorded export of wild caught specimens was of four reported by Indonesia as going to the Russian Federation in 1999 (Table 13). Prior to 1997, there was some trade in captive-bred and wild-caught specimens from Indonesia. For example, Indonesia reported the export of 319 live wild-caught specimens 1995-1996, 213 to EU-27 countries (although this trade was not reported by the importers). Global trade from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 involved mainly live, captive-bred specimens, totalling 9,618 direct exports of live, captive-bred birds, as reported by the importer, 1997- 2008 (1,423 of which were imported into the EU). There was also some trade in wild-caught specimens 1997-2008, including the direct export of 2,510 wild-caught birds from the Solomon Islands (as reported by the importers), 274 of which were to the EU. No export quotas have ever been set for this species.

Eclectus roratus

Table 11. Direct exports of Eclectus roratus from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total Czech Republic B C Importer 25 25 Exporter T C Importer Exporter 25 30 55 France B C Importer 8 20 2 30 Exporter T C Importer 12 6 23 20 61 Exporter 20 20 21 10 20 91 Germany P F Importer 2 2 Exporter T C Importer 43 6 52 18 119 Exporter 11 32 70 113 F Importer 4 4 Exporter 18 18 Italy T C Importer 5 5 Exporter 17 21 38 Netherlands T C Importer 2 2 Exporter F Importer Exporter 2 2 Spain T C Importer 78 121 208 188 50 20 665 Exporter 78 115 257 168 45 20 683 F Importer Exporter 10 10 Importer 98 190 222 270 88 20 25 913 Subtotals Exporter 109 195 280 265 86 20 25 30 1010 Table 12. Indirect exports of Eclectus roratus originating in Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 Total Switzerland Germany - C Importer Exporter 2 2 Malaysia Greece T C Importer Exporter 6 6 Thailand Hungary B W Importer Exporter 4 4 T W Importer Exporter 10 10 Importer Subtotals Exporter 14 2 6 22

Eclectus roratus

Table 13. Direct exports of Eclectus roratus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997- 2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total B C Importer 15 15 Exporter P C Importer 4 4 Exporter 2 2 T C Importer 18 15 69 88 131 122 40 224 707 Exporter 32 83 97 177 103 108 91 244 935 F Importer 10 10 Exporter 10 14 24 W Importer Exporter 4 4 8 Z C Importer 2 2 Exporter C/F Importer 18 25 69 105 131 126 40 224 738 Subtotals Exporter 32 10 97 97 179 103 108 91 244 961

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Eclectus roratus was reported to occur in a broad range of habitats (particularly lowland forest, coastal habitats and around cultivation) across Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and on Cape York Peninsula in the far north of Australia, with some introduced populations in the Republic of Palau (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). It was classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This species has a large range, with an estimated global Extent of Occurrence of 100,000- 1,000,000 km². The global population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large as the species is described as 'common' in at least parts of its range (del Hoyo et al., 1997). Global population trends have not been quantified; there is evidence of a population decline (del Hoyo et al., 1997), but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as Least Concern.” Juniper and Parr (1998) described it as “one of the commonest and most familiar parrots throughout much of its range”, with a world population above 300,000 individuals. Foreshaw (2006) also described it as “common to very common” over parts of its range, and “often [the] most familiar large parrot in or around settlements.” Indonesia: Strange (2002) described E. roratus as “An adaptable parrot found from primary rainforest to disturbed areas near villages. Occasionally seen in coastal scrub.” It was reported to occur in “Sumba in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, and the Moluccas including Buru, Seram, Ambon, Haruku, Saparua, the Gorong Islands (apparently introduced), Obi, Damar, Bacan, Halmahera, Mare, Ternate and Morotai, into the W Papuan islands including Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati and Misool; thence through the lowlands of New Guinea, and in the Tanimbar, Kai and Aru Islands to the south and on islands in Geelvink Bay ” (Juniper and Parr, 1998). Foreshaw (1989) gave the following information on status: “Smiet (1985) reports that during 1979-81 they were found to be among the commonest parrots in the Moluccan Islands, being abundant in coastal areas, […] but they were not recorded in primary forest. Conversely, on Ceram, central Moluccas, Stresemann (1914) observed pairs in primary forest below

Eclectus roratus

625 m, but they were not common. Toxopeus found that on nearby Buru they were common […] (in Siebers, 1930). Lendon (1946) recalls that on Morotai, northern Moluccas, they were fairly common […] Coates (1985) points out that in New Guinea, up to about 1,000 m, Eclectus parrots are generally common to abundant […] Hoogerwerf (1971) recalls that in the Manokwari district, Irian Jaya [western New Guinea], they were among the most common parrots and were recorded in almost any locality where there were tall trees.” Strange (2002) reported that the species was “A common resident on Halmahera and parts of West Papua. Widespread but less numerous on Sumba, Tanimbar and the Kai Islands, and the remainder of Maluku.” Foreshaw (2006) reported that in some parts of the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, E. roratus was “scarce and declining because of rapid deforestation and trapping for live-bird market.” Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that “Local trapping on Ambon, Saparua and Haruku has apparently rendered the species extinct in these three islands.” The distinctive population on the island of Sumba in the Lesser Sunda chain was reported to be threatened by habitat loss and trapping pressure (del Hoyo et al., 1997; Marsden and Jones, 1997; Juniper and Parr, 1998). Marsden and Jones (1997) reported that it had “suffered from a history of heavy trapping for the international pet trade”, but that it was difficult to determine whether harvest rates had been instrumental in causing the observed population decline, as forest cover had also been greatly reduced on the island. Del Hoyo et al. (1997) reported that E. roratus was “now rare on Obi, having been so common 40 years ago that it was a major crop pest” and that “the decline is due to overtrapping, which suggests the species is unable to recover from heavy exploitation.” E. roratus is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999, under the synonym Lorius roratus (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). However, an investigation conducted by ProFauna Indonesia (2008) revealed that many Indonesian parrots (mostly from Halmahera Island, North Maluku), were being smuggled to the Philippines, as well as being traded domestically: “it is estimated that there are around 9760 individuals of parrot poached for the trade every year. They are white Cockatoo (Cacatua alba), chattering Lory (Lorius garrulus), Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), and the violet-Necked Lory (Eos squamata) […] It is thought that about 41% (4000 individuals) of the parrots are smuggled to the Philippines.” E. roratus was reported to be the third most popular parrot in domestic trade, with law enforcement reported to be weak (ProFauna Indonesia, 2008). REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008. Eclectus roratus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 8-9-2009. Coates, B. J. 1985. The birds of Papua New Guinea - including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville. Vol. I. Non-passerines. Dove Publications. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1997. Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Foreshaw, J. M. 1989. Parrots of the world. 3rd edn. Blandford Press, London. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Hoogerwerf, A. 1971. On a collection of birds from the Vogelkop, near Manokwari, northwestern New Guinea. Emu, 71: 1-12. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Lendon, A. H. 1946. Memoires of the Moluccas. Avicultural Magazine, 52: 206-213. Marsden, S. J. and Jones, M. J. 1997. The nesting requirements of the parrots and hornbill of Sumba, Indonesia. Biological Conservation, 82 (3): 279-287. Pratt, H. D., Bruner, P. L., and Berrett, D. G. 1987. A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific. Princeton University Press.

Eclectus roratus

President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. ProFauna Indonesia. 2008. Pirated parrots: ProFauna's investigation of the Indonesian parrot smuggling to the Philippines. URL: www.profauna.org . Siebers, H. C. 1930. Fauna Buruana: Aves. Treubia, 7: 165-303. Smiet, F. 1985. Notes on the field status and trade of Moluccan parrots. Biological Conservation, 34: 181- 194. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London. Stresemann, E. 1914. Die vögel von Seran (Ceram). Novitates Zoologiciae, 21: 25-153.

Psittacula alexandri

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES PSITTACIDAE

SPECIES: Psittacula alexandri

SYNONYMS: Psittacus alexandri

COMMON NAMES: Roseborstparkiet (Dutch), Moustached Parakeet (English), Red-breasted Parakeet (English), Perruche à moustaches (French), Cotorra pechirroja (Spanish), Mindre alexanderparakit (Swedish), Mustaschparakit (Swedish), Skäggparakit (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh (br), Bhutan (br), Cambodia (br), China (br), Hong Kong (v), India (br), Indonesia (br), Lao People's Democratic Republic (br), Malaysia (br), Myanmar (br), Nepal (br), Singapore (int, br), Thailand (br), Viet Nam (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The last commercial exports of wild-caught specimens from Indonesia were in 1997 (Japan reported importing 113 birds in 1998 on permits issued by Indonesia in 1997) (Tables 14 & 15). Between 1999 and 2002 there was some trade in captive-bred specimens, mainly imported by Spain (139 birds), Japan (19 birds) and Malaysia (nine birds). Four wild-caught pet birds were reported by Indonesia as going to the United States in 2003 but there has been no trade reported since. Prior to 1997, Indonesia reported direct exports of 25,266 live specimens, globally and to the EU, (of which 770 were reported by EU importers). The majority were wild-caught or source unspecified. Global trade from countries other than Indonesia 1997-2008 involved mainly live, wild-caught and captive bred specimens, totalling 2,285 direct exports of live specmens, as reported by the importers, (of which 590 mainly captive-bred specimens were imported into the EU). Trade in wild-caught specimens 1997-2008 came from Vietnam and Myanmar, with no trade to the EU since 2000 and globally since 2005. No export quotas have ever been set for this species.

Psittacula alexandri

Table 14. Direct exports of Psittacula alexandri from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1999 2000 2001 Total Czech Republic W Importer 60 60 Exporter 60 60 Greece W Importer 20 20 Exporter 20 20 Spain C Importer 64 65 10 139 Exporter 97 60 10 167 United Kingdom W Importer Exporter 30 30 Importer 80 64 65 10 219 Subtotals Exporter 110 97 60 10 277

Table 15. Direct exports of Psittacula alexandri from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 Total P W Importer Exporter 4 4 T C Importer 4 9 15 28 Exporter 4 18 6 28 W Importer 124 113 237 Exporter 1267 1267

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Psittacula alexandri is a south-east Asian parakeet that frequents forest and wooded habitats, usually below 2,000 m (Juniper and Parr, 1998). It is the commonest parrot in some parts of its range, whilst becoming locally scarce and declining in others, due to deforestation and trapping for the live bird trade (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). It was classified as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.” BirdLife International (2009) reported international trade to be a threat, on the basis of CITES trade data available in 2005, that indicated high numbers traded since 1981. However, recent trade data show that there has been no commercial trade from Indonesia since 2002 (Tables 14 & 15). Indonesia: Strange (2002) described P. alexandri as “A locally fairly numerous but generally scarce resident on Java, Bali, Kangean as well as Simeulue, Banyak and the Nias islands off Sumatra” and

Psittacula alexandri

Juniper and Parr (1998) reported the species‟ occurrence “on Java, Bali, Karimunjawa, Kangean, southern Borneo (where probably introduced from Java) and Simeuluë, Nias and Banyak off western Sumatra.” There were also reports of its occurrence in the swamps of south Sumatra (Strange, 2002). In an investigation of Indonesia‟s bird trade, based on surveys of the three bird markets in Medan (Jalan Bintang, Petisah and Sembahe), north Sumatra (carried out monthly between 1997 and 2001), Shepherd (2006) recorded 120 P. alexandri offered for sale, and commented that “Psittacula alexandri and other species of parrots are sold in large volumes in Medan.” Shepherd (2006) did not specify whether this species was fully protected by Indonesian law, but as trade in all native species must adhere to a harvest and export quota system, he concluded that much of the trade in the 300 species observed was likely to be illegal “as the regulations and quotas governing legal trade were not adhered to, based on numbers observed during these surveys, and information gleaned from conversations with the bird dealers.” Strange (2002) reported that P. alexandri was “Formerly numerous in Indonesia, but its numbers are now much reduced around settlements due to trapping for the pet trade” and Foreshaw (2006) described the species as “Locally scarce and declining in […] Java because of extensive deforestation and trapping for live-bird trade.” Juniper and Parr (1998) also reported local extinctions on Java and Bali due to the live-bird trade, and suggested that the nominate race may be at risk as a result. Strange (2002) reported that flocks could still be seen visiting flowering and fruiting trees in remote and protected areas. REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008. Psittacula alexandri. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 7-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Psittacula alexandri URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 7- 9-2009. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Shepherd, C. R. 2006. The bird trade in Medan, north Sumatra: an overview. BirdingASIA, 5: 16-24. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London.

Tanygnathus gramineus

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES PSITTACIDAE

SPECIES: Tanygnathus gramineus

SYNONYMS: Psittacus gramineus

COMMON NAMES: Zwartteugelpapegaai (Dutch), Black-lored Parrot (English), Perruche de Buru (French), Loro de Buru (Spanish), Svartpannad stornäbbspapegoja (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: The only trade ever reported in this species from Indonesia involved 22 live specimens to the USA in 1988 and 10 live specimens to Germany in 1989, both of which were only reported by the exporter. The only other trade ever reported in this species involved four scientific specimens imported by the USA from Nicaragua in 1996. No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Tanygnathus gramineus is a little known, forest-dwelling parrot endemic to the island of Buru, South Maluku, Indonesia (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Snyder et al., 2000; BirdLife International, 2001; Foreshaw, 2006; BirdLife International, 2008a). It is thought to occur in the north-west of the island, in mountain forest above 600-700 m and also in lowland, hill forests and coastal areas (Juniper and Parr, 1998; Foreshaw, 2006). It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008b), with the following justification: “The small population of this poorly known parrot occupies a small range (at few locations), which is decreasing in size and degrading in quality as a result of habitat loss, at least at the lower fringes of its altitudinal distribution. The population is suspected to be declining, and it therefore meets the thresholds for Vulnerable.” It was given an estimated population size of 2,500-9,999 with a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2008a).

Tanygnathus gramineus

Juniper and Parr (1998) reported that “its present status is difficult to assess owing to its nocturnal habits and precipitous habitat. There is a recent record of birds heard as they were flying long distances downhill just after dusk at around 1,100 m. The current world population estimate is 5,000 birds.” Snyder et al. (2000) reported that “There is only one recent record of the black-lored parrot (Smiet, 1985) and it was not found during the 1989 survey, but calls which may be this species were heard in western Buru in 1995 (BirdLife-IP in litt.1997).” BirdLife International (2001) reported that “The species was heard rather frequently at Kunturun, 1921–1922 […] (Siebers, 1930). It has been reported as “quite common... at higher altitudes” (F. Smiet in White and Bruce, 1986); indeed, the area of habitat at the top of Buru is fairly extensive (e.g. 1,789 km2 of the island lies above 900 m, and 872 km2 above 1,200 m: Poulsen and Lambert, 2000), so it is possible that, despite the extreme rarity of contact with this species, it might prove to be moderately numerous.” BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “There are very few recent records from few localities […] The only relatively recent records relate to two encounters in 1980 and two more encounters in 1995 on Buru, and one bird was recorded as a pet on Bali in 2001 (Collar, 2006). According to early accounts, it was probably not uncommon, and the fact that recent searches have met with little success suggests it may have declined.” Foreshaw (2006) reported that the species was “Rarely recorded, but said to be locally fairly common in montane forest in north-west of island.” BirdLife International (2008a) gave the following information on threats: “Habitat loss appears to be the main threat. Most forest in the coastal lowlands of Buru has now been cleared, and much of the forest in the northern part of the island has been selectively logged or degraded and fragmented by shifting agriculture, such that only a few small patches of primary lowland forest remain. The island's montane forests are largely undisturbed, although none currently receives formal protection. There is historical documentation of some minor exploitation of the species, but around 1980 there was no evidence of any trade. It has since been observed as a cage bird on Bali in 2001(Collar, 2006).” BirdLife International (2001) reported that “in 1998 a captive bird was being held in Ambon and was being offered for sale on the international market (R. F. A. Grimmett in litt. 2001).” An area of 1,450 km2, encompassing Gunung Kelapatmada in the west of Buru, was reported to have been proposed as a reserve (BirdLife International, 2008a). BirdLife International (2001) reported that the species was not protected under Indonesian law, and it is not listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). REFERENCES: BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008a. Species factsheet: Tanygnathus gramineus URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 9-9-2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Tanygnathus gramineus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 9-9-2009b. Collar, N. J. 2006. Two strange parrots in the genus Tanygnathus. BirdingASIA, 6: 28-33. Foreshaw, J. M. 2006. Parrots of the world: an identification guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Juniper, T. and Parr, M. 1998. Parrots - a guide to the parrots of the world. Pica Press, Sussex. Poulsen, M. and Lambert, F. 2000. Altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of forest birds on Halmahera and Buru, Indonesia: implications for conservation of Moluccan avifaunas. Ibis, 142 (4): 566-586. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Siebers, H. C. 1930. Fauna Buruana: Aves. Treubia, 7: 165-303.

Tanygnathus gramineus

Smiet, F. 1985. Notes on the field status and trade of Moluccan parrots. Biological Conservation, 34: 181- 194. Snyder, N., McGowan, P., Gilardi, J., & Grajal, A. 2000. Parrots. Status survey and conservation action plan 2000-2004. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. URL: http://www.freeparrots.net/parrot_action_plan/chapter5.pdf . White, C. M. N. and Bruce, M. D. 1986. The birds of Wallacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia): an annotated checklist. British Ornithologists' Union, London.

Ninox rudolfi

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES STRIGIDAE

SPECIES: Ninox rudolfi

SYNONYMS: Ninox novaeseelandiae rudolfi

COMMON NAMES: Soemba-valkuil (Dutch), Sumba Boobook (English), Ninoxe de Sumba (French), Nínox de Sumba (Spanish), Sumbahökuggla (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Near Threatened

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Ninox rudolfi was reported to be restricted to the island of Sumba, Indonesia, where it occurs in primary, disturbed primary and secondary forests up to 1,000m a.s.l. (BirdLife International, 2009). It was classified as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This species has a moderately small population within its small range, and numbers are declining owing to ongoing forest conversion. However, the range is not yet severely fragmented or restricted to few locations, and the species is therefore classified as Near Threatened.” König and Weick (2008) described the species as “Rare or uncommon” and reported that “Surveys in Sumba in 1989 and 1992 recorded small numbers in five localities, in monsoon forest and rainforest, both primary and secondary.” BirdLife International (2009) reported that “Although characterised as uncommon or rare, recent observations have revealed that the species is widespread and moderately common on Sumba, despite forest cover being reduced to just 10% of the island.” It was given an estimated population size of 10,000-19,999 individuals, with a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2009). The main threat was reported to be forest clearance and repeated burning for grazing and agriculture (König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2009).

Ninox rudolfi

Olsen et al. (2009) reported that studies were urgently needed to determine the status and conservation of all four owl species on Sumba. REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008. Ninox rudolfi. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 3-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Ninox rudolfi URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 3-9- 2009. König, C. and Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. 2nd edn. Christopher Helm, London. Olsen, J., Trost, S., and Myers, S. D. 2009. Owls on the Island of Sumba, Indonesia. Australian Field Ornithology, 26 (1/2): 2-14.

Otus angelinae

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES STRIGIDAE

SPECIES: Otus angelinae

SYNONYMS: Otus spilocephalus angelinae, Pisorhina angelinae

COMMON NAMES: Angelina- Dwergooruil (Dutch), Javan Scops-Owl (English), Petit-duc de Java (French), Autillo de Java (Spanish), Javadvärguv (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Otus angelinae is endemic to the island of Java, Indonesia (Strange, 2002; König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2009). Strange (2002) described it as “A rare resident in montane areas of west Java only”, whereas BirdLife International (2001) also reported a historical sighting of the bird in Gunung Ijen, East Java. König and Weick (2008) gave the following information on distribution: “Mountains of Java at altitudes of 900-2,500 m. Definite records from Mt Halimun, Mt Salak, Mt Gede/Pangrango, Mt Tangkubanprahu, Mt Papandayan and Mt Ceremay in W Java, and Ijen Highlands in E Java. No record exists from C Java but it is likely that this owl occurs along the whole central mountain chain of the island (from Halimun in the west to Ijen Highlands in the east), its detection hampered by its being rare, elusive and not very vocal.” O. angelinae was reported to have been recorded in the following protected areas: Gunung Gede- Pangrango National Park and Gunung Halimun Nature Reserve, with historical records from nature reserves on Gunung Tangkuban Prahu and Gunung Ijen (BirdLife International, 2009). Strange (2002) reported that O. angelinae was “Known only at a few locations, mainly at Gunung Tangkubanprahu and Gunung Gede-Pangrango National Park.” BirdLife International (2009) reported that it was “known from seven mountains, though there are recent records from only three” and that “An evaluation of records and museum/zoo specimens, coupled with its reputed silence, suggests it may be more numerous and widespread than available evidence shows.”

Otus angelinae

It was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008), with the following justification: “This small owl qualifies for Vulnerable because its small range is undergoing contraction and increasing fragmentation through habitat loss, a factor that implies reductions in its small population. However, its silent, nocturnal habits and unobtrusive behaviour may have resulted in it being consistently under-recorded. Additional locality records and population data may require a reassessment of its threat status.” It was given an estimated population size of 2,500-9,999 individuals, with a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2009). König and Weick (2008) reported that as O. angelinae was elusive and difficult to locate, its status was uncertain, but may be considered rare. BirdLife International (2009) gave the following information on threats: “The main threat is from forest loss, degradation and fragmentation through widespread agricultural encroachment by shifting cultivators. Localised development (e.g. for holiday resorts and geothermal projects) is probably becoming an increasing threat in the lower part of its altitudinal range (1,000-1,500 m), particularly on unprotected mountain slopes. The area above this zone is still relatively secure.” König and Weick (2008) reported that “As an endemic species of the montane forest of Java, it is endangered by the destruction of virgin forest.” REFERENCES: BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008. Otus angelinae. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 3-9-2009. BirdLife International. 2009. Species factsheet: Otus angelinae URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 3-9- 2009. König, C. and Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. 2nd edn. Christopher Helm, London. Strange, M. 2002. A photographic guide to the birds of Indonesia. Christopher Helm, London.

Tyto inexpectata

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES TYTONIDAE

SPECIES: Tyto inexspectata

SYNONYMS: Strix inexspectata

COMMON NAMES: Minahassa-kerkuil (Dutch), Minahassa Barn-Owl (English), Minahassa Masked-Owl (English), Minahassa Owl (English), Effraie de Minahassa (French), Lechuza de Minahassa (Spanish), minahassatornuggla (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: T. inexpectata is a medium-small, forest-dwelling owl endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia (Holmes and Phillipps, 1996; König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2008a). The species is known from just 11 specimens collected on the Minahasa peninsula and north-central regions of the island and a handful of sightings (Holmes and Phillipps, 1996; König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2008a). A dead specimen was found in Lore Lindu National Park in November 1980 (König and Weick, 2008). It was reported to inhabit “primary and lightly disturbed rainforest […] and also, at least occasionally, disturbed riverine forest and forest edge, from 100 m to 1,600 m” (BirdLife International, 2008a). T. inexpectata was classified as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008b), with the following justification: “Given the continuing habitat destruction and degradation taking place in its range, the apparently small population of this elusive owl is likely to be declining and fragmented. As a result, it qualifies as Vulnerable.” BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “It appears to be sparsely distributed, and has been described as very uncommon or rare. However, it is shy, easily overlooked, and consequently almost certainly commoner than records suggest. Numbers are likely to have declined steadily in line with

Tyto inexpectata ongoing habitat loss.” They gave it a population estimate of 2,500-9,999 individuals and a population trend of Decreasing (BirdLife International, 2008a). König and Weick (2008) commented that “The biology and behaviour of the Minahassa Masked Owl remain totally unknown.” BirdLife International (2008a) gave the following information on threats: “The loss, degradation and fragmentation of forests pose the major threat to the species. It has doubtless contracted in range in the lowlands of Sulawesi, particularly on the Minahasa peninsula, as a result of land clearance [....] Destruction of lowland forest on the Minahasa peninsula is described as "almost complete", and most primary forest below 1,000 m has been reduced to remnant patches, supplanted by secondary, disturbed and commercially utilised forest. Recent records of the species from higher altitudes provide some hope that healthy populations survive in more secure montane forests. In Indonesia new regional autonomy laws were passed in 1999 (and enacted in early 2000); these empower regional governments to determine the licensing of forest concessions and exploitation of natural resources. Unfortunately there has been a significant increase in the amount of logging taking place in protected areas since decentralisation, especially in Sulawesi.” BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “It is known to occur in two protected areas, Bogani Nani Wartabone and Lore Lindu National Parks, which have been described as "two of the largest, biologically most important and best administered parks in Wallacea." In addition, 21 protected areas, with a total area of c.9,000 km2, have been proposed and/or established within the known range of the species.” REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008a. Species factsheet: Tyto inexspectata URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 10- 9-2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Tyto inexspectata. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 10-9-2009b. Holmes, D. and Phillipps, K. 1996. The birds of Sulawesi. Oxford University Press, Oxford. König, C. and Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. 2nd edn. Christopher Helm, London.

Tyto nigrobrunnea

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES TYTONIDAE

SPECIES: Tyto nigrobrunnea

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Neumanns kerkuil (Dutch), Sula Barn-Owl (English), Taliabu Masked-Owl (English), Taliabu Owl (English), Effraie de Taliabu (French), Lechuza de la Taliabu (Spanish), taliabutornuggla (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: T. nigrobrunnea is a medium-sized, forest-dwelling owl endemic to the Sula Islands, Maluku, Indonesia (Holmes and Phillipps, 1996; König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2008a). It is known only from a single female specimen collected on the island of Taliabu in the Sula Archipelago in 1938, and a recent sight record near Tubang in NE Taliabu in 1991 (König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2008a). T. nigrobrunnea was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008b), with the following justification: “This inconspicuous and extremely poorly known forest owl is judged to qualify for Endangered because it has a very small range, and hence presumably a very small population, both of which are undergoing continuing declines on the single island it is known to inhabit. The primary factor underlying this trend is extensive logging, a threat set to intensify as most remaining lowland forest on the island is under timber concession.” König and Weick (2008) noted that “A sight record in October 1991 proves that the taxon still survives on Taliabu, but must be extremely rare”, BirdLife International (2001) reported that “This species is virtually unknown and the islands it inhabits are themselves rather little studied ornithologically. It is presumed to be scarce (del Hoyo et al., 1999) and has been asserted as “extremely rare” (König et al., 1999)” and BirdLife International (2008a) noted that “There is no information on its population size,

Tyto nigrobrunnea but the paucity of records (even taking into account its inconspicuous nature and the fact that it could easily be overlooked) indicate that it is likely to be very scarce.” BirdLife International (2008a) provided the following information on threats: “Large-scale logging of lowland forest has taken place, and some areas have been clear-felled for industrial timber production. Most of Taliabu's lowland forest, below 800 m, is designated for logging concessions. Selective logging has already produced a mosaic of different-aged forest stands, with few, if any, extensive tracts of primary lowland forest remaining, except perhaps in the central south-west of the island. The effects of habitat degradation on this species remain unknown, but in combination the processes driving forest loss are thought to represent considerable threats.” BirdLife International (2008a) reported that “A strict nature reserve has been proposed for the island, but only c.18% encompasses lowland forest, and it remains to be confirmed that this site is appropriate for the conservation of this rare owl.” REFERENCES: BirdLife International 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. 2008a. Species factsheet: Tyto nigrobrunnea URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 10-9-2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Tyto nigrobrunnea. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 10-9-2009b. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1999. Handbook of birds of the world, 5. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Holmes, D. and Phillipps, K. 1996. The birds of Sulawesi. Oxford University Press, Oxford. König, C. and Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. 2nd edn. Christopher Helm, London. König, K., Weick, F., and Becking, J.-H. 1999. Owls. Pica Press, Robertsbridge, East Sussex.

Tyto sorocula

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

AVES TYTONIDAE

SPECIES: Tyto sororcula

SYNONYMS: Strix sororcula, Tyto novaehollandiae sororcula

COMMON NAMES: Molukse kerkuil (Dutch), Lesser Masked-Owl (English), Tanimbar Owl (English), Effraie des Tanimbar (French), Lechuza de las Tanimbar (Spanish), mindre masktornuggla (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia (br)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Data deficient

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: There has never been any trade reported in this species, since it was listed in CITES Appendix II in 1979. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Tyto sororcula was reported to be a handsome, probably rare and endangered owl (König and Weick, 2008) from the islands of Tanimbar and Buru in the Lesser Sundas (König and Weick, 2008; BirdLife International, 2008a). BirdLife International (2008a) gave the following information on its range and population: “Tyto sororcula is known from the island of Buru (and probably Seram) in South Maluku and Yamdena and Larat in the Tanimbar group, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Most records are of specimens collected in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, and recent observations comprise one photographed individual (probably of this species) on Seram, and one observed on Yamdena. There is no information on numbers, and although it is described as "apparently rare", it is probably often overlooked and consequently almost certainly more widespread and numerous than available records suggest. Nevertheless, it occurs in primary and selectively-logged lowland evergreen forest, a habitat that is being rapidly cleared from islands within its range by loggers and shifting cultivators. One collector was brought two live birds caught in holes in limestone cliffs on Buru, and this habitat type should be revisited and searched for the species.” Tyto sororcula was classified as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List (BirdLife International, 2008b).

Tyto sorocula

BirdLife International (2008a) gave the following information on threats: “Most forest in the coastal lowlands of Buru has now been cleared, and habitat in the northern portion of the island has been selectively logged, degraded and fragmented by shifting agriculture, such that only a few small patches of primary lowland forest remain. The situation is similar in the lowlands of Seram. Forest on Larat may have been seriously degraded by the outset of the twentieth century, and although much forest remains on Yamdena, it is highly accessible, partitioned into logging concessions and cannot be expected to persist. Oil drilling, transmigration and hydroelectric projects pose further potential threats to habitat within its range in south Maluku.” Birdlife International (2008a) noted that the species may occur in Manusela National Park on Seram (a bird thought to be this species was photographed there) and additional protected areas are proposed on Buru (Gunung Kepalat Mada) and Yamdena (a 600 km2 reserve), although whether the species occurs there has yet to be confirmed. König and Weick (2008) stated that “Studies on taxonomy, distribution, ecology and biology of this owl are urgently needed, especially for its conservation.” REFERENCES: BirdLife International. 2008a. Species factsheet: Tyto sororcula URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 10-9- 2009a. BirdLife International. 2008b. Tyto sororcula. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 10-9-2009b. König, C. and Weick, F. 2008. Owls of the World. 2nd edn. Christopher Helm, London.

Varanus dumerilii

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA VARANIDAE

SPECIES: Varanus dumerilii

SYNONYMS: Monitor dumerilii, Varanus heteropholis, Varanus macrolepis

COMMON NAMES: Dumerils varaan (Dutch), Duméril's Monitor (English), Fish Lizard (English), Varan de Duméril (French), Varano de Dumeril (Spanish), Dumerils varan (Swedish), Dumerilvaran (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: (?) Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first imposed on 21/11/1998 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Brunei Darussalam first imposed on 22/12/1997 and removed on 24/09/2000.

TRADE PATTERNS: The main EU importer of this species was France, who reported imports of 246 live specimens, source F, between 2003 and 2008. Imports to the rest of the EU have been sporadic (Table 24). Although Indonesia has reported the occasional export of wild specimens to the EU since 2002, no imports have been reported by EU countries since 1999, when a total of 12 animals were reported by Austria, France and Spain. The only reported indirect exports of Varanus dumerilii, originating in Indonesia, to EU-27, 1997-2008 was of 12 live wild-caught specimens reported in 1997 by the United States as a re-export to Denmark. Exports from Indonesia to non-EU countries 1997-2008 consisted entirely of live, wild-caught specimens, mainly for commercial purposes (Table 25). Indonesia has had an export quota for wild-sourced live specimens since 1997 (Table 26). The 2008 quota more than doubled compared to quotas during 2002-2007. In 2002 importers‟ data suggested the quota may have been exceeded but a permit analysis indicated that much of the reported trade was on export permits issued in 2001 and therefore the quota for 2002 was not exceeded. Indonesia reported exporting 28 animals in excess of the 2004 quota but this was not confirmed by import records and suggests that Indonesia may have been reporting on the basis of issued permits rather than actual trade.

Varanus dumerilii

Table 24. Direct exports of Varanus dumerilii from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. Apart from 10 bodies imported by Germany in 1997 for scientific purposes, all trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria F Importer Exporter 4 4 W Importer 3 3 Exporter 3 6 10 19 Belgium W Importer 49 49 Exporter 74 74 Czech Republic F Importer 2 2 Exporter 2 2 W Importer 4 4 Exporter 4 4 Denmark W Importer Exporter 6 8 10 24 Finland W Importer 6 6 Exporter 6 6 France F Importer 10 58 69 89 20 246 Exporter 49 34 87 25 195 W Importer 13 5 18 Exporter 17 21 5 2 6 51 Germany F Importer 6 4 6 16 Exporter 11 11 W Importer 21 21 Exporter 80 4 16 23 123 Hungary W Importer

Varanus dumerilii

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Exporter 4 4 Italy W Importer Exporter 30 30 Netherlands W Importer 20 20 Exporter 132 17 149 Poland W Importer Exporter 7 7 Slovakia W Importer Exporter 4 4 Spain W Importer 6 4 10 Exporter 32 10 8 5 7 62 United Kingdom F Importer Exporter 13 13 W Importer 20 20 Exporter 30 2 32 F Importer 16 58 73 89 28 264 Exporter 66 45 87 27 225 Subtotals W Importer 139 12 151 Exporter 386 55 25 42 4 24 5 10 38 589

Varanus dumerilii

Table 25. Direct exports of Varanus dumerilii from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live wild specimens.

Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total P Importer Exporter 1 1 Q Importer 10 15 2 2 29 Exporter T Importer 290 323 480 514 675 471 158 331 211 116 107 3676 Exporter 853 842 734 846 844 363 354 404 358 295 360 6253 Z Importer 5 5

Exporter

Importer 300 338 480 514 675 476 160 331 213 116 107 3710 Total Exporter 853 842 734 847 844 363 354 404 358 295 360 6254

Table 26. CITES Export quotas for Varanus dumerilii from Indonesia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter. All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Quotas 1800 1350 900 900 900 400 400 400 400 400 400 900

Exports reported by importer 439 338 492 514 675 476 160 331 213 116 107 - Exports reported by exporter 1239 897 759 889 848 363 354 428 363 305 398 -

Varanus dumerilii

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Varanus dumerilii was reported to occur in southern Myanmar (including Mergui archipelago), Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra plus many smaller neighbouring islands including Natu, Banagka and Billitong” (Böhme, 2003; Bennett, 2004). Bennett (2004) suggested that “it is evidently a rare animal in populated areas because it is very poorly known.” Bennett and Liat (1995) suggested that the species may be “much more abundant than is suggested by the literature, and that their shyness and arboreal habits make them unlikely to be encountered.” Bennett (2003) stated: “Dumeril's monitor is a large lizard from southeast Asia about which very little is known. Until a few years ago they were not uncommon in the pet trade in Europe and the U.S.A. but breeding success with the species was very limited and today they rarely appear on dealers' lists. Dumeril's monitor is completely protected in parts of its range, but nobody knows if the species is really very rare or just extremely secretive. […]There are very few published observations of this lizard in the wild; almost all of them date from more than 50 years ago and it is often difficult to be certain whether the lizards concerned really are Dumeril's monitors, because the species is often confused with others, even today. […] Both Dumeril's and the rough-necked monitors shun sites of human habitation and seem to frequent only undisturbed mangroves and forests. There is no trade in their leather and the flesh of both species has an undeserved reputation for being poisonous. Outside the pet trade […] they have no economic value. The fact that there have been so few sightings of such large animals suggests that they are very rare, and it seems certain that they have already been exterminated from a large part of their previous range and survive only in dwindling patches of undisturbed habitat. Very few attempts have been made to study these lizards in the wild and many of them (including my own) have been completely unsuccessful” (Bennett, 2003). Bayless and Aller (2004) provided information on captive breeding of the species and indicated that it is hunted for its meat and skin throughout its range. The authors also noted that “virtually nothing is known of V. dumerilii in the wild.” Indonesia: In Indonesia, V. dumerilii was reported to occur in Borneo and Sumatra as well as some smaller islands (Böhme, 2003; Bennett, 2004). Bennett (2004) stated that “De Rooij (1915) examined material from Stabat, Kaluk, and Indragiri in Sumatra and Sinkawang, Baram, Kuching, Pangkalan Ampat, Mt. Dusit, Bongon, and Tandjong and the Rejang, Akar, and Howong rivers in Borneo. She also records specimens from Malacca and Tenasserim and one from Tennger Mountains in Java. This is the only specimen known from that island. Brandenburg (1983) examined specimens from Sumatra (Taloek, Serdang, Bangka, and Batu) and Borneo (Balikpapan, Banjermasin, and Nanga Raoen).” Auliya (2006) recorded the species in Anjungan and Sungai Pengkaran, West Kalimantan. No additional information on status was found to be available. The species is reportedly not protected in Indonesia (Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006), and it is not listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). REFERENCES: Auliya, M. A. 2006. Taxonomy, life history and conservation of giant reptiles in West Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Natur und Tier - Verlag GmbH, Münster, Germany. Bayless, M. K. and Aller, B. 2004. Dumeril's monitor lizard (Varanus dumerilii). Reptiles, 12 (3): 42-46. Bennett, D. 2004. Varanus dumerilii, in Pianka, E. R., King, D. R., & King, R. A., (eds.), Varanoid lizards of the world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA. 172-175. Bennett, D. 2003. Dumeril's monitor lizard (Varanus dumerilii), Cyclura.com - International Reptile Conservation Foundation, URL: http://www.cyclura.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=22 Accessed: 19-8-2009. Bennett, D. and Liat, L. B. 1995. A note on the distribution of Varanus dumerilii and V. rudicollis in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 49: 113-116. Böhme, W. 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae). Leiden Zoologische Verhandelingen, 341: 3-43.

Varanus dumerilii

Brandenburg, T. 1983. Monitors in the Indo-Australian archipelago. Brill, Leiden. de Rooij 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Brill, Leiden. Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4 (1): 60-87. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.

Varanus jobiensis

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA VARANIDAE

SPECIES: Varanus jobiensis

SYNONYMS: Varanus indicus jobiensis, Varanus karlschmidti

COMMON NAMES: Peachthroat Monitor (English), Schmidt's Monitor (English), Sepik Monitor (English), Varan de Schmidt (French), Varano de Schmidt (Spanish), Persikohalsvaran (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea,

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first imposed on 21/11/1998 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Current positive opinion for specimens from Papua New Guinea formed on 22/02/2000. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Papua New Guinea first applied on 22/12/1997 and removed on 24/09/2000.

TRADE PATTERNS: EU countries reported the import of 154 specimens, source F between 2003 and 2008, with France and Germany the main importers (Table 27). Although Indonesia has reported the occasional export of wild specimens to the EU since 2002, no imports of wild specimens have been reported by EU countries since 2000, when four specimens were imported by Spain (Table 27). The only indirect exports of Varanus jobiensis originating in Indonesia to the EU 27, 1997-2008, was of five wild-caught live specimens reported by the United States as a re-export to Austria in 2007. The majority of exports from Indonesia to non-EU countries 1997-2008 consisted of live, wild-caught specimens for commercial purposes (Table 28). Indonesia has had an export quota for wild-sourced live specimens since 1997 and trade appears to have been within the quota each year (Table 29).

Varanus jobiensis

Table 27. Direct exports of Varanus jobiensis from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria W Importer Exporter 2 4 5 2 13 Belgium W Importer 5 5 Exporter 26 26 Czech Republic W Importer 4 4 8 Exporter 4 1 5 France C Importer 5 5 Exporter 4 4 F Importer 9 56 10 30 3 108 Exporter 26 35 26 10 15 112 W Importer 8 10 18 Exporter 18 15 6 39 Germany F Importer 10 19 4 33 Exporter 19 10 4 33 W Importer 19 19 Exporter 48 5 12 12 5 82 Italy W Importer Exporter 10 10 Netherlands W Importer 5 5 Exporter 47 8 4 59 Spain W Importer 3 4 4 11 Exporter 10 12 5 27 Sweden F Importer 4 4 Exporter 15 15 W Importer Exporter 1 1

Varanus jobiensis

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total United Kingdom F Importer 4 5 9 Exporter 15 4 19 I Importer 6 6 Exporter W Importer Exporter 49 2 6 4 15 76 C/F Importer 5 23 23 56 14 30 8 159 Exporter 4 75 49 30 10 15 183 Subtotals W Importer 44 14 4 4 66 Exporter 209 34 22 5 18 10 7 12 21 338

Table 28. Direct exports of Varanus jobiensis from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total P W Importer Exporter 2 2 Q W Importer 10 2 12 Exporter T C Importer 10 10 Exporter 23 23 F Importer 10 1 5 18 38 4 76 Exporter 40 20 22 34 27 103 80 80 37 443 I Importer 3 3 Exporter W Importer 185 141 263 157 352 204 152 192 202 188 181 2217 Exporter 466 389 337 386 434 282 260 291 275 235 279 3634 Z W Importer 2 2 Exporter

Varanus jobiensis

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total C/F Importer 10 10 1 5 18 38 4 86 Subtotals Exporter 23 40 20 22 34 27 103 80 80 37 466 W Importer 185 151 263 157 352 206 152 192 202 190 181 2231 Exporter 466 389 337 388 434 282 260 291 275 235 279 3636

Table 29. CITES Export quotas for Varanus jobiensis from Indonesia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter. All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Quotas 900 475 450 450 450 300 300 300 300 300 300 450 Exports reported by importer 229 151 267 161 352 206 152 192 202 190 181 - Exports reported by exporter 675 423 359 393 434 300 270 298 275 247 300 -

Varanus prasinus beccarii

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Varanus jobiensis was reported to be known only from New Guinea and a few islands within 50 km of New Guinea (Harvey and Barker, 1998). Stefani (2008) provided information on husbandry and captive breeding of the species. Indonesia: Philipp et al. (2004) indicated that “V. jobiensis is recorded from New Guinea Island and its offshore islands Yapen, Biak, Salawati, and Weigeo. Published data suggest that V. jobiensis is widely distributed across huge parts of lowland New Guinea (Horn, 1977; Böhme et al., 1994; Philipp, 1999).” Considered to be “widespread over most parts of New Guinea, also on the offshore island of Jobi (=Japen, Irian Jaya) which is the type locality of the species” (Böhme, 2003). Philipp and Philipp (2006) reported that the species is “frequently encountered on the forest floor”. The species is reportedly not protected in Indonesia (Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006), and it is not listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). No additional information on the status of the species was found to be available. REFERENCES: Böhme, W. 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae). Leiden Zoologische Verhandelingen, 341: 3-43. Böhme, W., Horn, H.-G., and Ziegler, T. 1994. Zur taxonomie der Pazifik-warane (Varanus indicus- Komplex): Revalidierung von Varanus doreanus (A.B. Meyer, 1874) mit Beschreibung einer neuen unterart. Salamandra, 30 (2): 119-142. Harvey, M. B. and Barker, D. G. 1998. A new species of blue-tailed monitor lizard (Genus Varanus) from Halmahera Island, Indonesia. Herpetologists' League, 54 (1): 34-44. Horn, H.-G. 1977. Notizen zur systematik, fundortangaben und haltung von Varanus (Varanus) karlschmidti (Reptilia: Sauria: Varanidae). Salamandra, 13 (2): 78-88. Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4 (1): 60-87. Philipp, K. M. 1999. Niche partitioning of Varanus doreanus, V. indicus and V. jobiensis in Irian Jaya: preliminary results. Mertensiella, 11: 307-316. Philipp, K.M. and Philipp, D.P. 2006. The monitor lizards of Papua. In: Marshall, A.J. and Beehler, B.M. 2007. The ecology of Papua. Periplus Editions: Singapore. Philipp, K. M., Ziegler, T., and Böhme, W. 2004. Varanus jobiensis, in Pianka, E. R., King, D. R., & King, R. A., (eds.), Varanoid lizards of the world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, USA. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Stefani, M. 2008. Husbandry and reproduction of the peach-throated monitor Varanus jobiensis in captivity. Biawak, 2 (3): 124-130.

Varanus prasinus beccarii

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA VARANIDAE

SPECIES: Varanus prasinus beccarii

SYNONYMS: Monitor beccarii, Monitor kordensis beccarii, Varanus beccarii

COMMON NAMES: Black tree Monitor (English), Varan arboricole noir (French), Varano arborícola negro (Spanish), Svart tradvaran (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first imposed on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009.

TRADE PATTERNS: EU countries reported the import of 242 specimens, sources C and F, between 2003 and 2008, with France and Germany the main importers (Table 30). Indonesia has not reported exporting wild specimens since 2004 and no imports of wild specimens have been reported by EU countries since 1999 when three were imported by Austria (Table 30). There were no reported indirect exports originating in Indonesia to EU-27 between 1997 and 2008. The majority of exports from Indonesia to non-EU countries 1997-2008 consisted of live, wild-caught specimens for commercial purposes (Table 31). Indonesia has had an export quota for live wild-sourced specimens between 1997 and 2004 and trade appears to have been within the quota each year during that period (Table 32).

Varanus prasinus beccarii

Table 30. Direct exports of Varanus prasinus beccarii from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria T F Importer Exporter 6 6 W Importer 3 3 Exporter 3 2 5 Belgium T W Importer Exporter 40 40 Czech Republic T C Importer 14 14 Exporter 14 14 W Importer 10 10 Exporter 34 10 44 France T C Importer 30 10 40 Exporter 60 60 F Importer 4 78 20 102 Exporter 54 82 136 W Importer 10 10 Exporter 10 10 10 2 32 Germany P F Importer 2 2 Exporter S F Importer 2 2 Exporter T C Importer Exporter 8 8 F Importer 29 25 6 60 Exporter 33 18 8 6 65 W Importer Exporter 25 5 30

Varanus prasinus beccarii

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Netherlands T W Importer Exporter 26 26 Slovakia T W Importer Exporter 18 18 Spain T C Importer 8 8 Exporter 14 14 F Importer 6 6 Exporter 18 6 24 W Importer Exporter 13 13 Sweden T W Importer Exporter 8 8 United Kingdom T F Importer 8 8 Exporter 33 15 48 W Importer Exporter 4 4 C/F Importer 37 25 12 80 70 18 242 Exporter 120 39 108 12 96 375 Subtotals W Importer 20 3 23 Exporter 174 28 14 2 2 220

Varanus prasinus beccarii

Table 31. Direct exports of Varanus prasinus beccarii from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total RoW Q W Importer 10 10 Exporter T C Importer 14 14 Exporter 222 222 F Importer 21 47 6 78 98 250 Exporter 2 75 216 171 168 632 W Importer 77 95 43 197 193 132 132 134 2 1005 Exporter 672 423 355 268 270 186 188 200 2562 Z W Importer 2 2 Exporter C/F Importer 21 47 6 78 112 264 Exporter 2 75 216 171 168 222 854 Subtotals W Importer 77 96 43 197 193 134 132 134 2 1008 Exporter 672 423 355 268 270 186 188 200 2562

Table 32. CITES Export quotas for Varanus prasinus beccarii from Indonesia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter. All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Quotas 1350 950 450 270 270 200 200 200 Exports reported by importer 97 105 46 197 193 134 132 134 Exports reported by exporter 846 451 369 270 270 188 188 200

Varanus prasinus beccarii

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Taxonomic note: Following the description of V. beccarii, Mertens (1942; cited in Greene, 2004) treated V. beccarii as a subspecies of V. prasinus. Sprackland (1991 in: Greene, 2004), on the other hand, reviewed geographical variation in this complex and elevated V. beccarii to species status. Bennett (1998) followed Sprackland‟s (1991) arrangement, whereas Ziegler and Böhme (1997 in: Greene, 2004) examined hemipeneal morphology and concluded that V. p. beccarii warranted subspecies status. Uetz (2008) considered V. beccarii to be a distinct species, while Welch et al. (1990) and Böhme (2003) regarded beccarii as a subspecies of V. prasinus. It will be proposed at CITES CoP 15 in March 2010 to recognise V. beccarii as a species following Ziegler et al. (2007) (see document AC24 Summary record page 30). Indonesia: Varanus prasinus beccarii was reported to occur in the Aru Islands of Indonesia, located between Irian Jaya and northern Australia (Welch et al., 1990; Böhme, 2003; Jacobs, 2003; Philipp and Philipp, 2006). Auliya (2003) indicated that V. parsinus beccari was in demand in the EU and that a single specimen could be obtained for €500 from a German dealer in 1999. Pernetta (2009) suggested that given the limited distribution of the species [V. beccarii], its populations “are unlikely to be able to withstand intensive harvesting.” V. prasinus is fully protected in Indonesia, but not V. beccarii (Republik Indonesia, 1999; Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006). No information on the conservation status of the species was found to be available. REFERENCES: Auliya, M. 2003. Hot trade in cool creatures - a review of the live reptile trade in the European Union in the 1990s with a focus on Germany. TRAFFIC Europe. Brussels, Belgium. Bennett, D. 1998. Monitor lizards: natural history, biology and husbandry. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main. Böhme, W. 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae). Leiden Zoologische Verhandelingen, 341: 3-43. Greene, H. W. 2004. Varanus prasinus, in Pianka, E. R., King, D. R., & King, R. A., (eds.), Varanoid lizards of the world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (USA). Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4 (1): 60-87. Jacobs, H. J. 2003. A further new emerald tree monitor lizard of the Varanus prasinus species group from Waigeo, West Irian (Squamata: Sauria: Varanidae). Salamandra, 39 (2): 65-74. Mertens, R. 1942. Die familie der warane (Varanidae). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 462, 466, 467: 1-391. Pernetta, A. P. 2009. Monitoring the trade: using the CITES database to examine the global trade in live monitor lizards (Varanus spp.). Biawak, 3 (2): 37-45. Philipp, K.M. and Philipp, D.P. 2006. The monitor lizards of Papua. In: Marshall, A.J. and Beehler, B.M. 2007. The ecology of Papua. Periplus Editions: Singapore. Sprackland, R. G. 1991. Taxonomic review of the Varanus prasinus group with descriptions of two new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30: 561-576. Uetz, P. 2008. The reptile database URL: www.reptile-database.org Accessed: 21-8-2009. Welch, K. R. G., Cooke, P. S., and Wright, A. S. 1990. Lizards of the orient: a checklist. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. Ziegler, T. and Böhme, W. 1997. Genitalstrukturen und paarungsbiologie bei squamaten reptilien, speziell der Platynota, mit bemerkungen zur systematik. Mertensiella, 8: 3-207. Ziegler, T., Schmitz, A., Koch, A., and Böhme, W. 2007. A review of the subgenus Euprepiosaurus of Varanus (Squamata: Varanidae): morphological and molecular phylogeny, distribution and zoogeography, with an identification key for the members of the V. indicus and the V. prasinus species groups. Zootaxa, 1472: 1-28.

Varanus salvadorii

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA VARANIDAE

SPECIES: Varanus salvadorii

SYNONYMS: Monitor salvadorii

COMMON NAMES: Boomvaraan (Dutch), Crocodile Monitor (English), Papuan Monitor (English), Tree Crocodile (English), Varan de Papouasie (French), Varan-crocodile (French), Varano de Papua (Spanish), Krokodilvaran (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first imposed on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Current positive opinion for F1 specimens from Indonesia formed on 18/07/2001 and confirmed on 29/10/2001. Previous negative opinion for F1 specimens from Indonesia formed on 08/11/2000. Current positive opinion for specimens from Papua New Guinea formed on 22/02/2000. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Papua New Guinea first imposed on 22/12/1997 and removed on 24/09/2000.

TRADE PATTERNS: The main EU importer of this species has been France who reported imports of 43 live specimens, source F, between 2005 and 2008 (Table 33). Although Indonesia has reported the occasional export of wild specimens to the EU since 2004, the last wild specimens reported as imports were four by the Czech Republic in 1999, before they became a Member State (Table 33). An indirect export from the United States to Portugal in 2001 was also reported to be wild caught, originating from Indonesia (Table 34). The majority of exports from Indonesia to non-EU countries 1997-2008 consisted of live, wild-caught specimens for commercial purposes (Table 35). However, Singapore reported the import of 2000 wild- caught skins in 2008.

Varanus salvadorii

Indonesia has had an export quota for wild-sourced live specimens since 1997 and trade appears to have been within the quota most years (Table 36). Indonesia reported exporting three over quota in 2004 but this is not confirmed by import records and suggests that Indonesia may have been reporting on the basis of issued permits rather than actual trade. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Reported to occur in New Guinea (Welch et al., 1990; Böhme, 2003). Horn (2004) reported that the species had been collected or observed at the following locations in New Guinea: “Dorei (northwest New Guinea), Lake Sentani, Kwawi, Jamur River (near Geelvink Bay), Setekwa River, Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range, St. Joseph River (de Rooij, 1915; Mertens, 1942). Near Setekwa River, this species reaches and altitude of 540 m above sea levels (de Rooij, 1915; Mertens, 1942). Sturt Island in Fly River (Papua New Guinea), Hollandia (Dutch New Guinea, Mertens, 1950); Gulf district (southeast New Guinea, Mertens, 1962); Kopi (village near Kikori, Gulf of Papua), Kikori River (Gulf of Papua), Arid Hills (Gulf of Papua Mertens, 1971); Fosaker, Asmat District, east of Agats (West Irian), Eilanden River, Asmat district, east of Agats (West Irian; Cann, 1974 and personal communication); southern Trans-Fly Western Province (O'Shea, 1991). Several of these locations relate to the Indonesian part of New Guinea. Auliya (2003) reported that V. salvadorii was one of the CITES-listed reptiles most in demand in the EU. Waterloo & Bayless (2006) provided information on the captive breeding of the species. Indonesia: Reported to occur in Western New Guinea (formerly Irian Jaya) (Horn, 2004; Allison, 2006). Philipp and Philipp (2006) indicated that while knowledge of the geographic distribution of the species is still very fragmented, it seems to occur in most of Papua‟s lowlands and the nearby offshore island of Salawati, at least up to an altitude of 540 m above sea level. Pattiselanno et al. (2007) recorded the species in the Arfak Strict Nature Reserve, in the bird head region of Irian Jaya, where it is reportedly rarely hunted due to its perceived aggressive behaviour and as it is hard to find. Horn (2004) indicated that “nothing is known about the status of V. salvadorii in the wild.” Allison (2006) stated that “Varanus salvadorii is thought to occur over a wide area of central and western New Guinea, although it has been documented from relatively few localities. […] It is not listed in the IUCN Redlist but appears to be uncommon to rare, and because of this, is a species of high conservation concern despite its extensive range.” Allison (2006) also reported that “although this species has a large geographic range in New Guinea, it tends to be uncommon and is highly sought after by the pet trade.” The species was reported to be exploited for food, eggs and the pet trade, which together with its perceived low abundance was considered to represent a high level of threat (Allison, 2006). V. salvadorii was reportedly not protected in Indonesia (Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006), and it is not listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Varanus salvadorii

Table 33. Direct exports of Varanus salvadorii from Indonesia to EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria W Importer Exporter 2 2 Belgium W Importer 7 7 Exporter 15 15 Czech Republic F Importer 2 6 8 Exporter 2 2 W Importer 4 7 4 15 Exporter 4 22 4 12 42 France C Importer 2 2 Exporter F Importer 16 10 17 43 Exporter 2 7 24 2 6 41 W Importer 33 4 37 Exporter 35 2 2 2 41 Germany F Importer 3 2 3 8 Exporter 5 5 10 W Importer Exporter 5 6 9 20 Luxembourg W Importer Exporter 3 3 Netherlands W Importer Exporter 18 4 22 Slovakia W Importer 2 2 Exporter 11 11 Spain F Importer 4 4 5 6 19 Exporter 4 11 5 11 31

Varanus salvadorii

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total W Importer Exporter 31 6 10 1 48 Sweden W Importer Exporter 2 2 United Kingdom F Importer 1 2 11 14 Exporter 1 5 2 1 9 W Importer Exporter 5 2 15 22 C/F Importer 2 1 6 20 13 9 43 94 Exporter 2 5 1 12 30 14 16 13 93 Subtotals W Importer 46 11 4 61 Exporter 121 28 17 2 2 10 5 6 37 228

Table 34. Indirect exports of Varanus salvadorii originating in Indonesia to EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Exporter Importer Source Reported by 1997 2001 2003 Total United States France F Importer 7 7 Exporter W Importer 2 2 Exporter Portugal W Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1

Varanus salvadorii

Table 35. Direct exports of Varanus salvadorii from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 1997-2008.

Term Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total bodies P W Importer Exporter 2 2 live P F Importer 1 2 3 Exporter W Importer Exporter 4 4 Q W Importer 10 10 2 22 Exporter T F Importer 2 2 13 15 1 10 7 50 Exporter 21 28 66 17 23 14 14 2 185 W Importer 95 86 84 151 173 116 124 121 46 119 58 1173 Exporter 276 304 245 206 242 194 168 193 192 159 163 2342 Z F Importer 3 3 Exporter W Importer 4 3 2 2 11 Exporter skins T W Importer 2000 2000 Exporter

Table 36. CITES Export quotas for Varanus salvadorii from Indonesia and associated global exports, reported by importer and exporter. All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Quotas 720 950 630 270 270 200 200 200 200 200 200 270 Exports reported by importer 151 107 88 151 177 121 126 121 46 121 58 - Exports reported by exporter 397 332 262 212 244 194 168 203 197 165 200 -

Varanus salvadorii

REFERENCES: Allison, A. 2006. Reptiles and amphibians of the Trans-Fly region, New Guinea. Pacific Biological Survey. Auliya, M. 2003. Hot trade in cool creatures - a review of the live reptile trade in the European Union in the 1990s with a focus on Germany. TRAFFIC Europe. Brussels, Belgium. Böhme, W. 2003. Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae). Leiden Zoologische Verhandelingen, 341: 3-43. Cann, J. 1974. Collecting in Irian Jaya (West New Guinea) during 1972. Bulletin of Herpetology of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1 (3): 4-14. de Rooij 1915. The reptiles of the Indo-Australian archipelago. Brill, Leiden. Horn, H.-G. 2004. Varanus salvadorii, in Pianka, E. R., King, D. R., & King, R. A., (eds.), Varanoid lizards of the world. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (USA). Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4 (1): 60-87. Mertens, R. 1942. Die familie der Warane (Varanidae). Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 466: 235-391. Mertens, R. 1950. Notes on some Indo-Australian monitors (Sauria: Varanidae). American Museum Novitates, 1456: 1-7. Mertens, R. 1962. Papusaurus, eine neue Untergattung von Varanus. Senckenbergiana biologica, 43 (5): 331-333. Mertens, R. 1971. Über eine waransammlung aus dem östlichen Neuguinea. Senckenbergiana biologica, 52 (1/2): 1-5. O'Shea 1991. The reptiles of Papua New Guinea. Bulletin of the British Herpetological Society, 37: 15-31. Pattiselanno, F., Rahayu, E., and Wanggai, J. 2007. Varanus species at the Arfak Strict Nature Reserve. Biodiversitas, 8 (1): 114-117. Philipp, K.M. and Philipp, D.P. 2006. The monitor lizards of Papua. In: Marshall, A.J. and Beehler, B.M. 2007. The ecology of Papua. Periplus Editions: Singapore. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Waterloo, B. and Bayless, M. K. 2006. Notes on the breeding behaviour of the crocodile monitor (Varanus salvadorii) in captivity. Herpetological Bulletin, 98: 2-6. Welch, K. R. G., Cooke, P. S., and Wright, A. S. 1990. Lizards of the orient: a checklist. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.

Morelia boeleni

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA PYTHONIDAE

SPECIES: Morelia boeleni

SYNONYMS: Liasis boeleni, Liasis taronga, Python boeleni

COMMON NAMES: Boelens python (Dutch), Black Python (English), Boelen's Python (English), Python de Boelen (French), Pitón de Boelen (Spanish), svart pyton (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Not evaluated

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 24/09/2000 and last updated on 21/05/2009. Previous negative opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 26/11/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS: France and the United Kingdom have been the main EU importers of this species (Table 37). In recent years, trade has involved small numbers of source F specimens; between 1997 and 2000 there were also some imports of wild-caught specimens (Table 37). Indirect exports to the EU-27, 1997-2008, comprised three wild-caught live specimens imported by Portugal from the United States in 2001. Direct exports from Indonesia to the rest of the world consisted mainly of source F and wild-caught specimens, the main importers being Japan and the United States (Table 38). Indonesia published a quota for wild specimens between 1997 and 2001 and trade appeared to have been within this (Table 39). Austin et al. (2009) reported that “There are 102 (38 male; 64 female) specimens accountable in private ownership; this population includes animals in USA, UK, Spain, Japan, and Germany. Most of these specimens are thought to have originated from one population found in the Western Highlands of Papua, Indonesia. This species has gained the reputation of being difficult to maintain and reproduce in captivity. However, this reputation has diminished due to current natural history studies (Spataro and Baldogo: http://www.boelenspythons.com/home.html) and exporters offering captive hatched specimens. Throughout their short captive history, there has been a concentrated effort at breeding this species yet efforts have been successful only four times, with none of these occurring in zoological institutions.” Morelia boeleni was reported to be amongst the top five snake species most in demand in the EU, and to be the second most expensive CITES-listed reptile, retailing at over €5,000 per specimen at reptile fairs in

Morelia boeleni

1998 (Auliya, 2003). The value of specimens traded illegally was reportedly lower, at around €4,000 per specimen in 1998 (Auliya, 2003).

Morelia boeleni

Table 37. Direct exports of Morelia boeleni from Indonesia to EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Belgium W Importer 2 1 3 Exporter 6 4 2 12 Czech Republic F Importer 2 2 Exporter W Importer 2 2 4 Exporter 4 2 6 France F Importer 9 4 22 35 Exporter 9 18 30 22 2 81 W Importer 4 4 Exporter 6 4 11 21 Germany F Importer 10 10 Exporter W Importer 1 6 7 Exporter 10 7 2 8 27 Netherlands W Importer 1 18 19 Exporter 30 18 48 Poland W Importer Exporter 7 7 Slovakia W Importer Exporter 14 14 Spain W Importer Exporter 2 2 4 United Kingdom F Importer 2 16 10 23 12 29 92 Exporter 4 16 16 18 33 87 W Importer Exporter 26 26 Subtotals Importer 10 27 9 4 2 16 10 22 23 12 41 176

Morelia boeleni

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Exporter 103 37 24 28 4 16 16 48 22 33 2 333

Table 38. Direct exports of Morelia boeleni from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total P F Importer 1 2 3 Exporter W Importer 2 6 8 Exporter 7 7 Q W Importer 5 5 Exporter S W Importer 2 2 4 Exporter T C Importer 8 4 6 18 Exporter 12 12 F Importer 9 7 31 8 58 113 Exporter 12 16 43 14 81 50 50 92 358 U Importer 2 2 Exporter W Importer 83 32 69 29 66 17 296 Exporter 282 138 131 91 101 743 - W Importer 1 1 Exporter Importer 85 40 81 44 71 24 39 8 58 450 Subtotals Exporter 294 138 143 114 144 14 81 50 50 92 1120

Morelia boeleni

Table 39. CITES Export quotas for Morelia boeleni from Indonesia and associated global trade. All quotas and trade data refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Quotas 540 190 175 110 112

Exports reported by importer 95 67 71 35 66 Exports reported by exporter 385 175 146 108 101

Morelia boeleni

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Reported only from the island of New Guinea, Morelia boeleni is known to occur in Western New Guinea (formerly Irian Jaya), Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, from localities between 4,000 and 6,800 feet (c. 1,200-2,070 m) (McDiarmid et al., 1999). Indonesia: Austin et al. (2009) noted that Morelia boeleni is “an uncommon snake found only in the New Guinea highlands above 1000 m and below the tree line.” Austin et al. (2009) presented a map of the approximate distribution of the species along the central cordillera (which runs throughout most of the length of the island of New Guinea), based on museum records and elevation. The species was reported to occur in the Wissel Lakes region of Irian Jaya (McDiarmid et al., 1999). Austin et al. (2009) indicated that “virtually nothing is known about the natural history, ecology, or physiology of this montane endemic python. In addition, there is no data on population size, structure, or genetics of this species despite its conservation importance. […] Very little precise distributional data is available for M. boeleni… ”. Austin et al. (2009) added that “current wild populations seem to be non-threatened, receiving little pressure from its two known predators: humans and the New Guinea Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae). Their status may change, however, as the human population increases or more natural resources are discovered on the island resulting in more habitat destruction. For these reasons this species should be considered a target species in need of a well-structured wild and captive management plan.” The species, although strictly protected in Papua New Guinea, is not afforded legal protection in Indonesia (Austin et al., 2009). REFERENCES: Auliya, M. 2003. Hot trade in cool creatures - a review of the live reptile trade in the European Union in the 1990s with a focus on Germany. TRAFFIC Europe. Brussels, Belgium. Austin, C. C., Spataro, M., Peterson, S., Jordan, J., and McVay, J. D. 2009. Conservation genetics of Boelen's python (Morelia boeleni) from New Guinea: reduced genetic diversity and divergence of captive and wild animals. Conservation Genetics, Published online on 26 May 2009. McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A., and T'Shaka, A. T. 1999. Snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Herpetologists' League, Washington, DC.

Manouria emys

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

REPTILIA TESTUDINIDAE

SPECIES: Manouria emys

SYNONYMS: Geochelone emys, Manouria fusca, Teleopus luxatus, Testudo emydoides, Testudo emys, Testudo falconeri, Testudo nutapundi, Testudo phayrei

COMMON NAMES: Bruine landschildpad (Dutch), Asian Giant Tortoise (English), Asian Tortoise (English), Black Giant Tortoise (English), Burmese Brown Tortoise (English), Burmese Mountain Tortoise (English), Six-legged Tortoise (English), Tortue brune (French), svart jättesköldpadda (Swedish)

RANGE STATES: Bangladesh, Cambodia (?), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam (?)

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from all countries first applied on 22/12/1997 and last confirmed on 21/11/1998. Previous Article 4.6(c) suspension for live wild specimens from all countries first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 30/04/2004. Previous positive opinion for Malaysia formed on 27/01/1999 but subsequently replaced by the Article 4.6(c) suspension for live wild specimens from all countries on 19/09/1999. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China and Lao People‟s Democratic Republic first applied on 19/09/1999 and removed on 10/05/2006. Previous Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Viet Nam first applied on 19/09/1999 and removed on 29/10/2001. Previous Article 4.6© suspension for wild specimens from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,

Manouria emys

Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam first applied on 18/02/2005 and removed on 10/05/2006.

TRADE PATTERNS: The main EU importer of this species was France, who reported imports of 374 live specimens, source F, between 2003 and 2008 (Table 40). Imports to the rest of the EU have been sporadic (Table 40). Although Indonesia has reported the occasional export of wild specimens to the EU since 2002, the last wild specimen reported as an import was by Germany in 2001.

There have been no indirect exports of Manouria emys originating in Indonesia to the EU-27, 1997- 2008. Direct exports from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 1997-2008 consisted of live primarily wild- caught and source F specimens (Table 41). Indonesia has published an export quota for wild-sourced live specimens since 1997 and trade appears to have been within the quota each year since then (Table 42).

Manouria emys

Table 40. Direct exports of Manouria emys from Indonesia to EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens for commercial purposes.

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Austria F Importer

Exporter 3 3

W Importer 6 6

Exporter 6 4 5 15

Belgium W Importer

Exporter 2 2

Czech Republic W Importer 39 39

Exporter 62 4 10 76 France F Importer 77 66 145 19 27 40 374

Exporter 119 92 90 19 34 354

W Importer 65 12 77

Exporter 97 5 102

Germany W Importer 9 9

Exporter 5 9 10 8 32

Italy F Importer

Exporter 36 10 46

W Importer 1 1

Exporter 15 28 4 47

Latvia W Importer

Exporter 2 2

Malta W Importer

Exporter 20 20

Netherlands W Importer

Exporter 15 15

Manouria emys

Importer Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Slovakia W Importer

Exporter 4 4 Spain F Importer 10 6 10 9 35

Exporter 6 22 20 19 67

W Importer

Exporter 4 6 10

Sweden W Importer

Exporter 11 11

United Kingdom W Importer

Exporter 30 30 Importer 105 12 6 9 87 72 145 19 37 49 541 Subtotals

Exporter 234 34 4 5 29 2 155 102 142 53 76 836

Table 41. Direct exports of Manouria emys from Indonesia to countries other than the EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total P W Importer Exporter 2 2 Q W Importer 15 4 4 23 Exporter T C Importer 20 20 Exporter F Importer 10 14 45 68 69 35 51 292 Exporter 67 113 102 58 83 76 98 98 21 716 I Importer 2 10 12 Exporter

Manouria emys

Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total U Importer 2 14 16 Exporter W Importer 232 180 143 260 287 324 262 314 170 271 128 2571 Exporter 598 434 380 423 378 422 439 461 447 316 452 4750 Z W Importer 5 5 Exporter Importer 234 195 189 284 332 397 331 349 174 271 183 2939 Subtotals Exporter 598 434 447 538 480 480 522 537 545 414 473 5468

Table 42. CITES Export quotas for Manouria emys from Indonesia and associated global trade. All quotas refer to live wild specimens.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Quotas 900 475 450 450 450 450 500 475 475 475 475 475

Exports reported by importer 337 207 149 260 296 329 262 314 174 271 132 - Exports reported by exporter 832 468 384 430 407 424 439 465 464 330 475 -

Ornithoptera croesus

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Reported to occur in northeast India, Myanmar, and from Thailand through Malaysia to Sumatra and Borneo (Iverson, 1992; Fritz and Havaš, 2007). Two subspecies are recognised: M. e. emys, reported to occur in southern Thailand through Malaysia to Sumatra and Borneo, and M. e. phayrei, reported to occur in northeastern India, Myanmar and northern Thailand (Iverson, 1992; Fritz and Havaš, 2007). King and Burke (1989) and Iverson (1992) also mentioned Viet Nam although the later author did not map it. Groombridge (1982), Bonin et al. (2006) and Fritz and Havaš (2007) did not consider Viet Nam to be within the distribution range of the species and Groombridge (1982) and Bonin et al. (2006) suggested that these records may have been relocated animals. Groombridge (1982) considered the species to be threatened mainly by exploitation for human food. Moll (1989) stated that M. emys “have been heavily exploited and are presently rare throughout their range.” Moll (1989) also considered that “the chief threats appear to be exploitation and habitat destruction” and that tortoises were sought for food and medicine and for the pet trade. Bonin et al. (2006) reported that “today this species is still collected and exported to China for food. Easy to raise and maintain in captivity, it is also exported in the direction of Western zoos. […] One assumes […] that populations must be diminishing, and certainly this species is difficult to find in the wild. Habitats are being degraded, and human exploitation is constantly reducing the occupied range.” The species was assessed in 2000 and considered to be globally Endangered by the IUCN (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000). Indonesia: Groombridge (1982) and Moll (1989) noted that no recent information on the species was available from Indonesia. Samedi and Iskandar (2000) also stated that there was little scientific information on the population trends of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Indonesia, but suggested that information from traders and hunters indicated that some species, including Manouria emys, had declined considerably and considered M. emys to be „rare‟ in the country. The most significant threat to Indonesian freshwater turtle and tortoise populations was considered to be hunting for trade, followed by habitat destruction (Samedi and Iskandar, 2000). Iskandar and Erdelen (2006) reported that, in Indonesia, “exploitation patterns of non-marine chelonians have shifted from harvests for domestic consumption to large-scale international trade, mainly for meat consumption, covering hundreds of thousands of individuals annually. Imports by mainland China are increasing, including massive smuggling, and there are drastically increased exports from Indonesia, in particular from Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi.” Samedi and Iskandar (2000) reported various management problems in Indonesia that could result in overexploitation and/or illegal trade in freshwater turtles and tortoises. Shepherd and Nijman (2007) indicated that, in 2004, the Indonesian M. emys harvest quota of 500 was divided between an export quota of 475 and a domestic use quota of 25 specimens, and that the number of individuals of the species observed during a three-month survey in Jakarta (71) far exceeded the annual domestic quota. The authors suggested that more individuals are captured than the numbers set by the annual harvest quotas (Shepherd and Nijman, 2007). Shepherd (2000) reported that, in Sumatra, M. emys was commonly observed in export, and that “CITES certificates were not used nor were quotas respected.” Staff at an exporting facility in Medan reportedly acknowledged that they were exporting this species illegally (Shepherd, 2000). M. emys is apparently not legally protected in Indonesia other than by its CITES-listed status (Jenkins, 1995; Samedi and Iskandar, 2000; Iskandar and Erdelen, 2006). It is not listed in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). REFERENCES: Asian Turtle Trade Working Group. 2000. Manouria emys, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, URL: www.iucnredlist.org Accessed: 18-8-2009. Bonin, F., Devaux, B., and Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. A&C Black, London. 416 pp. Fritz, U. and Havaš, P. 2007. Checklist of chelonians of the world. Vertebrate Zoology, 57 (2): 149-368.

Ornithoptera croesus

Groombridge, B. 1982. The IUCN Amphibia-reptilia Red Data Book Part 1: Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 426 pp. Iskandar, D. T. and Erdelen, W. R. 2006. Conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Indonesia: issues and problems. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, 4 (1): 60-87. Iverson, J. B. 1992. A Revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Privately Printed, Richmond, Indiana. 363 pp. Jenkins, M. 1995. Tortoises and freshwater turtles: the trade in South East Asia. TRAFFIC International. King, F. W. and Burke, R. L. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington DC. 216 pp. Moll, E. O. 1989. Manouria emys - Asian brown turtle, in Swingland, I. R. & Klemens, M. W., (eds.), The conservation biology of tortoises - Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 119-120. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Samedi and Iskandar, D. T. 2000. Freshwater turtle and tortoise conservation and utilization in Indonesia, in van Dijk, P. P., Stuart, B. L., & Rhodin, A. G. J., (eds.), Asian turtle trade - Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 2. Chelonian Research Foundation, Lunenburg. Shepherd, C. R. 2000. Export of live freshwater turtles and tortoises from north Sumatra and Riau, Indonesia: A case study, in Asian turtle trade - Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 2. Chelonian Research Foundation, Lunenburg. Shepherd, C. R. and Nijman, V. 2007. An overview of the regulation of the freshwater turtle and tortoise pet trade in Jakarta, Indonesia. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

Ornithoptera croesus

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE

SPECIES: Ornithoptera croesus

SYNONYMS: Priamoptera croesus, Priamuspterus croesus

COMMON NAMES: Wallace‟s Golden Birdwing

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Endangered

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Previous negative opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS: Trade in Ornithoptera croesus from Indonesia 1997-2008 involved mainly dead specimens (bodies), reported in the late 1990s as source „C‟ or „F‟, but in recent years as ranched (Tables 43-45). The main EU importers 1997-2008 were France and Germany, who reported the import of 1,486 and 1,346 bodies respectively (Table 43). The main non-EU importers were Canada, Japan and the United States (Table 45). There have been no exports of wild-sourced specimens from Indonesia to any country since 2000. No export quotas have ever been set for this species.

Ornithoptera croesus

Table 43. Direct exports of Ornithoptera croesus from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in dead specimens (bodies).

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Austria S R Importer 20 60 80

Exporter

T F Importer 100 100

Exporter

R Importer 190 190

Exporter 26 190 216

Belgium T F Importer

Exporter 40 40

R Importer 20 24 58 102

Exporter 20 34 82 136 Czech Republic T R Importer 20 134 154

Exporter 40 40

France P R Importer 20 20 40

Exporter

T C Importer 112 72 184

Exporter 110 110

F Importer 250 100 350

Exporter 252 100 352

R Importer 60 14 84 450 294 10 912

Exporter 72 60 14 144 736 544 1570

Germany T F Importer

100

Ornithoptera croesus

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total

Exporter 16 40 56

R Importer 16 291 490 385 122 42 1346

Exporter 570 300 585 394 1849

Italy T R Importer 14 14

Exporter 14 10 24

Lithuania T R Importer

Exporter 8 8

Poland P R Importer 4 4

Exporter

T R Importer 50 30 30 110

Exporter 182 4 30 216

Spain T R Importer 20 20

Exporter 20 20 United Kingdom T F Importer

Exporter 250 250

R Importer 70 70

Exporter 70 40 110

Importer 366 100 112 72 150 325 608 909 680 354 3676 Subtotals Exporter 250 308 140 110 142 100 630 694 1335 1288 4997

101

Ornithoptera croesus

Table 44. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera croesus originating in Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in dead specimens (bodies).

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Australia Belgium T R Importer Exporter 2 2 France T R Importer Exporter 1 5 6 Ireland T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Italy T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Canada Belgium P C Importer Exporter 2 4 6 R Importer Exporter 4 4 T C Importer Exporter 2 2 Finland P F Importer Exporter 6 6 R Importer 3 3 Exporter 4 4 France P C Importer Exporter 2 2 W Importer Exporter 14 14 T C Importer Exporter 3 3 R Importer 14 14 Exporter

102

Ornithoptera croesus

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Germany P C Importer Exporter 6 6 12 F Importer Exporter 4 4 T C Importer Exporter 20 20 R Importer 20 20 Exporter Ireland P C Importer Exporter 6 6 F Importer Exporter 2 2 4 T C Importer Exporter 4 4 Italy P R Importer 2 2 Exporter 4 4 T C Importer Exporter 4 4 Portugal P R Importer Exporter 2 2 4 Spain P F Importer Exporter 5 5 T C Importer Exporter 2 2 Sweden T C Importer Exporter 2 2 United Kingdom P F Importer

103

Ornithoptera croesus

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Exporter 4 8 12 R Importer Exporter 6 8 6 20 T C Importer Exporter 2 2 Malaysia Belgium P R Importer 4 4 Exporter T R Importer Exporter 4 4 France T R Importer 2 100 102 Exporter 2 100 102 Germany P R Importer 2 2 Exporter T R Importer 6 6 Exporter 8 8 Sweden T R Importer Exporter 2 2 United States Belgium T R Importer Exporter 1 1 W Importer Exporter 1 1 Spain T R Importer 4 4 Exporter United Kingdom T R Importer Exporter 2 9 11 Importer 20 14 2 8 105 4 4 157 Subtotals Exporter 3 22 10 16 16 25 28 16 116 17 18 287

104

Ornithoptera croesus

Table 45. Direct exports of Ornithoptera croesus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in dead specimens (bodies) for commercial purposes. Reported Source by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total

C Importer 30 105 70 300 505

Exporter 5 399 290 694

F Importer 120 600 460 456 17 1653

Exporter 460 1425 285 2170

O Importer 20 20

Exporter

R Importer 270 400 404 1133 1782 1613 1218 6820

Exporter 1274 750 774 2040 3236 2914 1725 12713

W Importer 20 115 195 330

Exporter

Importer 340 340 865 460 700 404 1133 1782 2069 1235 9328 Total Exporter 1279 859 1425 285 290 750 774 2040 3236 2914 1725 15577

105

Ornithoptera croesus

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: Ornithoptera croesus is a birdwing butterfly endemic to Indonesia, where it is restricted to a few islands in the Moluccas (Collins and Morris, 1985). Ohya (2001) recognised three subspecies: O. c. croesus from Bacan and outlying islands, O. c. lydius from Halmahera and outlying islands and O. c. toeante from Morotai Is. The species was classified by the IUCN as Endangered (Gimenez Dixon, 1996), but the listing was subsequently annotated to reflect the need for a species re-assessment. T. New (in litt. to TSG, 1991) stated that this species (in particular the subspecies lydius and croesus) is rare and highly localised with small populations (WCMC et al., 1993). O. croesus was believed to be threatened primarily by deforestation (Collins and Morris, 1985; New and Collins, 1991). WCMC et al. (1993) reported that it was not known whether the species can survive in selectively logged habitats. Collins and Morris (1985) noted that both O. c. croesus and O. c. lydius live in highly productive lowland forest, the most valuable timber concessions and the first areas to be deforested. Ellen (1997) considered that Moluccan forests are particularly vulnerable because of the small surface area of most of the islands and noted that forests on some islands where O. croesus occurs (Morotai, Bacan, Kasiruta) have been opened up to systematic felling. Nagypal (2000-2008) reported that “although it is believed that croesus - at least subspecies croesus and lydius - are more numerous in nature than early collectors reported, there is no doubt that croesus is under continued threat from human activities”. Collins and Morris (1985) indicated that O. croesus has always been a much sought-after species, although there have been no reports that O. c. lydius has been threatened by the trade. However, WCMC et al. (1993) suggested that while trade alone is unlikely to threaten the species, it could be significant in conjunction with habitat loss. O. croesus is not a protected species in Indonesia (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). WCMC et al. (1993) indicated that the Moluccas have few nature reserves and none are known to contain populations of this species. New and Collins (1991) recommended an initial assessment of existing knowledge and surveys of the species, as well as a regional project to integrate this species and other swallowtails into national conservation planning and identify centres of diversity. In 1993, the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation reported that captive breeding had been initiated, with eight pairs producing 384 captive-bred adults (Anon., 1993). Recent reported trade in O. croesus involved mostly ranched specimens. REFERENCES: Anon. 1993 Conservation of butterflies in Indonesia. Keynote address by the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation at the International Butterfly Conference, Ujung Pandang, August 24-27 1993. Collins, N. M. and Morris, M. G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Deslisle, G. 1991. New subspecies of Ornithoptera croesus, a new record from Mandioli Island, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Naturelle 71:4-9. Ellen, R. 1997. The human consequences of deforestation in 'Les peuples des forêts tropicales. Systèmes traditionnels et développement rural en Afrique équatoriale, grande Amazonie et Asie du sud-est.', eds. D. V. Joiris and D. de Laveleye, Special issue of Civilisations 44 (1-2), pp. 176-193, Brussells, Belgium. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Rainforest/mol_Intro.html Downloaded on 1 October 2009. Giménez Dixon, M. 1996. Ornithoptera croesus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. www.iucnredlist.org Downloaded 30 September 2009. Inskipp, T. 1998. World Conservation Monitoring Centre Review of Annex B species Part 6. SRG 7. Nagypal, T. (2000-2008) An Introduction to the World of Birdwing Butterflies. www.nagypal.net/ Downloaded on 30 September 2009.

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New, T. R. and Collins, N. M. 1991. Swallowtail Butterflies, an Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN/SSC Lepidoptera Specialist Group. IUCN. SSC, WWF. Ohya, T. 2001. Checklist of Birdwing Butterfly pp. 346-348 in Matsuka, H. (2001) Natural History of Birdwing Butterflies: Matsuka Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan. Ohya, T. 2003. A revision of birdwing butterflies series I (genus Ornithoptera) part 2 (8) (subgenus Ornithoptera). Butterflies 38:30-43. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. WCMC, IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International. 1993. Significant Trade in Wildlife: a Review of Select Animal Species in CITES Apppendix II. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee, June 1993.

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Ornithoptera tithonus

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE

SPECIES: Ornithoptera tithonus

SYNONYMS: Schoenbergia tithonus

COMMON NAMES: -

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Data Deficient

TRADE PATTERNS: Trade in Ornithoptera tithonus from Indonesia 1997-2008 involved mainly live specimens (normally pupae) or dead specimens/bodies (often mounted), reported in the late 1990s as source „C‟ or „F‟, but in recent years as ranched (Tables 46-48). The main EU importers 1997-2008 were France (372 bodies, 20 live) and Germany (384 bodies, 10 live) (Table 46). Indirect trade to the EU amounted to very little – only 38 specimens (bodies) over the 12-year period (Table 47). The main non-EU importers were Japan, Malaysia and the United States (Table 48). All trade was in bodies and the majority (86%) were from ranching operations. There have been no exports of wild-sourced specimens from Indonesia to any country since 2000. No export quotas have ever been set for this species.

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Ornithoptera tithonus

Table 46. Direct exports of Ornithoptera tithonus from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria bodies P R Importer 10 10 Exporter S R Importer 10 10 20 Exporter T F Importer 20 20 Exporter R Importer Exporter 10 24 34 Belgium bodies P C Importer 10 10 Exporter F Importer 5 5 Exporter R Importer 10 10 Exporter T F Importer Exporter 5 5 R Importer 20 6 26 Exporter 10 10 6 16 20 10 6 78 Czech Republic bodies T R Importer 6 4 6 12 28 Exporter 6 4 12 22 France bodies P R Importer 10 20 30 Exporter S R Importer 8 10 18 Exporter T C Importer 4 8 12 Exporter

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Ornithoptera tithonus

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total F Importer Exporter 2 2 R Importer 7 44 18 59 7 33 8 20 22 218 Exporter 170 117 9 128 53 7 52 8 10 75 54 683 - R Importer 94 94 Exporter live T R Importer 15 5 20 Exporter 15 5 20 Germany bodies P R Importer 19 19 Exporter T C Importer 10 10 Exporter F Importer Exporter 2 2 R Importer 3 107 22 76 10 93 16 28 355 Exporter 47 106 36 10 10 84 10 113 40 456 live P R Importer 10 10 Exporter T R Importer Exporter 25 10 5 6 46 Italy bodies T R Importer 2 2 Exporter 6 2 8 Lithuania bodies T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Netherlands bodies T R Importer Exporter 20 20 live T R Importer

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Ornithoptera tithonus

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Exporter 15 15 Poland bodies T R Importer 4 4 8 Exporter 12 2 4 18 Slovenia bodies T R Importer Exporter 8 8 Spain bodies P C Importer 8 8 Exporter T R Importer Exporter 120 16 20 4 160 W Importer 22 16 38 Exporter United Kingdom bodies P R Importer 10 10 Exporter T C Importer 40 40 Exporter F Importer Exporter 15 15 R Importer 4 4 Exporter 90 4 80 35 4 2 215 bodies Importer 188 175 92 18 101 7 43 104 22 113 58 74 995 Exporter 447 289 37 274 130 11 74 136 34 188 108 1728 Subtotals live Importer 15 10 25 Exporter 55 10 10 6 81

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Ornithoptera tithonus

Table 47. Indirect exports of Ornithoptera tithonus originating in Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in dead specimens (bodies).

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2006 2007 Total Australia Finland T R Importer 2 2 Exporter 2 2 France T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Germany T R Importer Exporter 4 4 Hungary P R Importer Exporter 2 2 Ireland T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Spain T R Importer Exporter 6 2 2 10 W Importer Exporter 2 2 United Kingdom T R Importer Exporter 2 2 4 Canada France P C Importer Exporter 15 15 S W Importer 15 15 Exporter Malaysia France T R Importer 11 11 Exporter 11 11 Germany P R Importer 2 2 Exporter T R Importer 2 4 6 Exporter 2 6 8

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Ornithoptera tithonus

Exporter Importer Purpose Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2006 2007 Total United States Belgium T R Importer Exporter 2 2 Finland T C Importer 2 2 Exporter Importer 4 15 13 6 38 Subtotals Exporter 16 2 15 6 13 8 2 2 64

Table 48. Direct exports of Ornithoptera tithonus from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997-2008. All trade was in dead specimens (bodies) for commercial purposes.

Source Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total C Importer 60 100 160 Exporter F Importer 15 36 51 Exporter 25 106 131 R Importer 20 15 84 18 160 308 322 499 280 262 1968 Exporter 144 135 30 252 86 160 508 463 735 408 246 3167 U Importer 50 50 Exporter W Importer 8 20 26 54 Exporter Importer 88 180 20 146 18 160 308 322 499 280 262 2283 Totals Exporter 144 160 136 252 86 160 508 463 735 408 246 3298

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Ornithoptera tithonus

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Indonesia: O. tithonus is a birdwing butterfly endemic to Indonesia where it is restricted to West Papua (formerly western Irian Jaya) and the neighbouring islands of Waigeo (Waigeu), Salawati (Salwatty) and Misool (Mysol) (D‟Abrera, 1976; Collins and Morris, 1985). The exact distribution of the species is not well known according to Collins and Morris (1985) and Nagypal (2000-2008). Ohya (2001) recognised six subspecies: O. t. waigeuenis from Waigeo Is.; O. t. misoolana from Misool Is.; O. t. dominici from Mamrau Mts (Mt. Kwoka and Mt. Irau); O. t. misresiana from Arfak Mts (Meni, Minyambow, Dimaisi, Anggi Gigi, Memti, Bikela and Mt. Misresi); O. t. tithonus from Salawati Is., coast of NW. Doberati Pen. (Sorong), Katimin 2, Klamono, Onin Pen. (Fakfak, Mt. Aigah, Berau Bay southern inland), Kamrau Bay, Yamur Lake, foot hills of Wondiwoi Mts., Wasior, Djalan R., Wanggar R., Timika, lower Otkwa R.; and O. t. cytherea from Kobowre Mts. (Eastern part), Enarotali, Lake Tigi, Tembagapura and Jayawijaya Mts. The species was classified by the IUCN as Data Deficient (Gimenez Dixon, 1996) but the listing was subsequently annotated to reflect the need for a species re-assessment. T. New (in litt. to TSG, 1991 in: WCMC et al., 1993) reported the species to be extremely rare. Collins and Morris (1985) considered that the trade in reared specimens implies that the biology of the species is known locally in Irian Jaya. Collins and Morris (1985) discussed general threats to the species, and mentioned concern at the level of commercial trade, including apparently reared specimens dating back to the early 1980s. WWF Indonesia (1992 in: WCMC et al. 1993) reported that local villagers had noticed a reduction in numbers of O. tithonus after two decades of their being collected in the wild. In 1988, WWF set up a Hatam community-managed butterfly ranching programme as an experiment in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountains Nature Conservation Area in Irian Jaya, through the Area‟s Management Plan 1988-1992 (New, 1990; New & Collins, 1991; Parsons, 1995). By 1992, about 1,000 families had been involved in the use of Arfak Mountain birdwing butterflies in this way, and around 1500 gardens in 47 mountain villages had been planted, many of which were then in production (Neville, 1992 in Parsons, 1995). Species ranched were mostly O. tithonus as well as two other birdwings (Parsons, 1995). A butterfly cooperative, Yayasan Bina Lstari Bumi Cendrawasih (YBLBC), was established in 1993 by WWF. By then, ranching was considered fully operational, as reflected in the number of ranched specimens reported in the trade from Indonesia after that year (Rosser and Haywood, 2002). YBLBC buys and sells the butterflies, arranges for CITES permits, markets and ships the butterflies and pays the farmers (BCN, undated). Ranching birdwings in the Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve continued as a sustainable activity in the following years according to MacKinnon and Wardojo (2001), Rosser and Haywood (2002) and CITES (2006). Mulliken (2003) reported that delays in securing export permits made it difficult to respond to external orders. BCN (undated) noted that as poachers were not subject to similar transaction costs, they were able to sell butterflies at prices that undercut those of the Hatam. The penalties for illegal trade were often no more than confiscation of the butterflies, and bribery in cases of detection by government officials was said to occur (BCN, undated). O. tithonus is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). Collins and Morris (1985) considered that O. tithonus had either been recorded or is likely to occur in six nature reserves. New and Collins (1991) recommended an initial assessment of existing knowledge and further surveys of the species, as well as a regional project to integrate this species and other swallowtails into national conservation planning and identify centres of diversity. REFERENCES:

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BCN. undated. Butterflies aren’t free. Biodiversity Conservation Network. www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/bcn/results/butterflies.htm Downloaded 30 September 2009. BCN. 1997. Butterflies in the rainforest of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Biodiversity Conservation Network www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/bcn/projects/irianjaya97_2.htm Downloaded 30 September 2009. CITES. 2006. Synergy between CITES and CBD. Addis Ababa principles and guidelines for the sustainable use of biodiversity. Twenty-second meeting of the Animals Committee, Lima (Peru), 7-13 July 2006. AC22 Doc. 13.1. www.cites.org/eng/com/ac/22/E22-13-01.pdf Collins, N. M. and Morris, M. G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. D‟Abrera, B. 1976. Birdwing Butterflies of the World. Landsdowne Press: Melbourne, Australia, 260pp. Deslisle, G. 2007. A new local form of Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) ssp. t. tihonus De Haan, 1840 from Wasior Dist., Wondiboi Mts, Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Lambillionea 107 (2) Supplement: (Tome II): 271-276. Gimenez Dixon, M. 1996. Ornithoptera tithonus. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 3 October 2009. MacKinnon, K. & Wardojo, W. 2001. ICDPs: imperfect solutions for imperilled forests in South-East Asia. Parks 11 (2): 50-59. MOF (Ministry of Forestry). 2007. Nomor: SK.33/IV-KKH/2007. URL: http://www.dephut.go.id/index.php?q=id/node/1407 Accessed 07/10/2009. Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. Mulliken, T. 2003. The Role of CITES in International Trade in Forest Products. Links to Sustainable Forest Management. Background paper for the Global Project: Impact Assessment of Forest Products Trade in Promotion of Sustainable Forest Management. GCP/INT/775/JPN to Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge UK. www.fao.org/forestry/foris/data/trade/pdf/traffic.pdf Downloaded 1 October 2009. Nagypal, T. 2000-2008. An Introduction to the World of Birdwing Butterflies. www.nagypal.net/ Downloaded on 30 September 2009. Neville, D. 1992. Butterfly farming in the Arfak Mountains of Irian Jaya, a project update. (Unpubl. Mimeo) Report by World Wide Fund for Nature, Manokwari, Irian Jaya, February 1992. New, T.R. 1990. Directory of Lepidoptera conservation projects. Compiled for the IUCN/SSC Lepidoptera Specialist Group. La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. 79 pp. New, T. R. and Collins, N. M. 1991. Swallowtail Butterflies, an Action Plan for their Conservation. IUCN/SSC Lepidoptera Specialist Group. IUCN. SSC, WWF. Ohya, T. 2001. Checklist of Birdwing Butterfly pp. 346-348 in Matsuka, H. (2001) Natural History of Birdwing Butterflies: Matsuka Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan. Parsons, M.J. 1995. Butterfly farming and trading in the Indo-Australian region and its benefits in the conservation of swallowtails and their tropical forest habitats. In: Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. & Lederhouse, R.C. (Eds.) 1995. Swallowtail Butterflies: Their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific publishers, Gainesville, FL, USA. Pp. 371-392. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Rosser, A.R. and Haywood, M.J. 2002. Guidance for CITES Scientific Authorities: Checklist to assist in making non-detriment findings for Appendix II exports. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Schaeffler, O. 1999. Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) tithonus ssp. dominici Schaeffler 1999. Galathea 15(4): 165- 167. WCMC, IUCN/SSC Trade Specialist Group and TRAFFIC International. 1993. Significant Trade in Wildlife: a Review of Select Animal Species in CITES Apppendix II. Draft report to the CITES Animals Committee, June 1993. WWF Indonesia. 1992. Butterfly in the Arfak Mountains of Irian Jaya, a project update. Unpublished report, February 1992.

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116

Troides andromache

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

INSECTA PAPILIONIDAE

SPECIES: Troides andromache

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Borneo Birdwing

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia,

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Lower Risk/Near Threatened

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions for wild and ranched specimens from Indonesia first applied on 19/09/1999 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Previous negative opinion for wild and ranched specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998. Current positive opinion for wild and ranched specimens from Malaysia formed on 11/02/1998.

TRADE PATTERNS: There have never been any direct exports of Troides andromache from Indonesia to any EU Member State. Canada reported the export to the United Kingdom in 1998 of two bodies originating in Indonesia. Direct exports of T. andromache from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27 comprised 100 bodies in 2006 and 160 bodies in 2007, all recorded as of ranched origin and going to Japan. No export quotas have ever been set for this species. CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Collins and Morris (1985) reported T. andromache to occur at high elevations from about 1000 to 2000 m, in a restricted part of Sabah and Sarawak in northern Borneo. However, the species‟ presence in Indonesia was considered to be uncertain (Gimenez Dixon, 1996). Ohya (2001) recognised two subspecies: T. a. andromache from Sabah, Brunei highland and Mt. Marapok; and T. a. nishikawai from Mt. Saran and Ringas (in Kalimantan). The author also recognised an f. loc. (local form), T. a. nishikawai f. loc. goramensis, from Mt. Goram, and Mt. Batak (in Sarawak). The species was classified by the IUCN as Lower Risk/near threatened (Gimenez Dixon, 1996), but the listing was subsequently annotated to reflect the need for a species re-assessment. Nagypal (2000- 2004) described the butterfly as localised and rare. Collins and Morris (1985) considered that little was known of its ecology or precise range, but that threats to its habitat were multiplying.

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Troides andromache

Destruction of the forest habitat of T. andromache was reported to have occurred on a considerable scale (Collins and Morris, 1985). Naypal (2000-2004) was of the opinion that it is perhaps mountainous species, such as T. andromache that will have the best chance to survive human exploitation of the south-east Asian islands. D‟Abrera (1976) described T. andromache as not a well-known species in trade and only occasionally offered by dealers. Indonesia: Collins and Morris (1985) considered that T. andromache may occur in the Indonesian sector of Borneo in Kalimantan where there was plenty of suitable habitat. D‟Abrera (1982) noted that “little collecting has been done in the Kalimantan (Indonesian) sector of Borneo, which would indicate whether the species flies there as well”. In 1992 a new subspecies T. a. nishikawai was described from Mt Saran in Kalimantan (Kobayashi, 1992 in Ohya, 2001). However, Gimenez Dixon (1996) was of the opinion that the species presence in Indonesia was uncertain and Nagypal (2000- 2004) noted that little was known about a possible distribution in Kalimantan. Central hilly areas of Kalimantan are still little explored, according to Rhee et al. (2004). Collins and Morris (1985) recommended that the very large Kayan-Menterang reserve of 1.6 million ha (in East Kalimantan), in particular, should be thoroughly surveyed for the species. No information on ranching of T. andromache in Indonesia could be located. T. andromache is a protected species in Indonesia (Presiden Republik Indonesia, 1999). REFERENCES: Collins, N. M. and Morris, M. G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. D‟Abrera, B. 1976. Birdwing Butterflies of the World. Landsdowne Press: Melbourne, Australia, 260pp. D‟Abrera, B. 1982. Butterflies of the Oriental region. Part I Papilionidae, Pieridae & Danaidae. Hill House: Victoria, Australia. 244pp. Gimenez Dixon, M. 1996. Troides andromache. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. www.iucnredlist.org Downloaded on 30 September 2009. Inskipp, T. 1998. World Conservation Monitoring Centre Review of Annex B species Part 6. SRG 7. MOF (Ministry of Forestry). 2007. Nomor: SK.33/IV-KKH/2007. URL: http://www.dephut.go.id/index.php?q=id/node/1407 Accessed 07/10/2009. Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. Nagypal, T. 2000-2004. An Introduction to the World of Birdwing Butterflies. www.nagypal.net/ Downloaded on 30 September 2009. Ohya, T. 2001. Checklist of Birdwing Butterfly pp. 346-348 in Matsuka, H. (2001) Natural History of Birdwing Butterflies: Matsuka Shuppan, Tokyo, Japan. Presiden Republik Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.

118

Tridacna gigas

REVIEW OF SPECIES FROM INDONESIA SUBJECT TO LONG-STANDING SUSPENSIONS

BIVALVIA TRIDACNIDAE

SPECIES: Tridacna gigas

SYNONYMS: -

COMMON NAMES: Giant Clam (English), Gigas Clam (English), Bénitier géant (French), grote doopvontschelp (Dutch).

RANGE STATES: American Samoa (int), Australia, Cook Islands (int), Fiji (ex, reint), Guam, (ex), Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of) (ex, reint), Myanmar, New Caledonia (ex), Northern Mariana Islands (ex, reint) Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa (ex, int) Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Province of China (ex?), Thailand, Tonga (ex, int), ?Tuvalu, United States of America (int) Vanuatu (ex), Viet Nam.

RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN RED LIST: Vulnerable

PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current Article 4.6(b) suspension for wild specimens from Indonesia first applied on 21/11/1998 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Current Article 4.6(b) suspensions are also in place for Fiji, Guam, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau and Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu (all of which were first applied on 21/11/1998). Additional 4.6(b) suspensions are currently in place for the Solomon Islands (following formation of a negative opinion on 13/12/04), and Tonga and Viet Nam, following formation of a negative opinion on 22/05/03).

TRADE PATTERNS: Trade in Tridacna gigas from Indonesia to the EU 1997-2008 involved small numbers of live specimens (Source „C‟ or „F‟) imported by Germany and Czech Republic 2000-2001, and one seized shell reported by Austria in 2007 (Table 49). There were no indirect exports, originating in Indonesia, to EU 27, 1997- 2008. Exports from Indonesia to non-EU countries also consisted of small numbers of live specimens, mainly imported by Japan and the United States (Table 50). No export quotas have ever been set for this species.

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Tridacna gigas

Table 49. Direct exports of Tridacna gigas from Indonesia to EU 27, 1997-2008.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2000 2001 2007 Total Austria shells - I Importer 1 1 Exporter Czech Republic live T F Importer 10 10 Exporter 10 10 Germany live T C Importer 20 30 50 Exporter F Importer 15 15 Exporter 50 15 65

Table 50. Direct exports of Tridacna gigas from Indonesia to countries other than the EU 27, 1997- 2008.

Term Purpose Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 Total live T F Importer 62 8 70 Exporter 30 55 26 111 shells P I Importer 1 1 Exporter T I Importer 2 6 8 Exporter U Importer 1 1 Exporter W Importer 21 21 Exporter - I Importer 3 3 Exporter

CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Tridacna gigas has a widespread distribution which includes the eastern Indian Ocean, the South China Sea and Indonesian waters, and the western Pacific from Ryukyu Islands to the Marshall Islands and Fiji (Rosewater, 1965). Wells (1997) observed that abundant populations were known only in Australia and the Solomon Islands, but stated that relict populations might still occur in Palau, Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Myanmar, and on the west coast of Thailand. The species has become locally or nationally extinct in many areas and has been introduced to several countries and re-introduced in others. The species was classified by the IUCN as Vulnerable (Wells, 1996) but the listing was subsequently annotated to reflect the need for a species re- assessment. Like many giant clam species, T. gigas is utilised for meat (mainly adductor muscles), for shells and shell products that are sold as tourist souvenirs or used as local construction material, and for the live aquarium trade (Raymakers et al., 2003). The largest of all Tridacnidae, Tridacna gigas has been particularly sought after for food, but the trade in all live clams for aquaria has considerably grown in recent years (Wabnitz et al., 2003). The collection of Tridacnidae is relatively easy as giant clams are limited to shallow depths of generally less than 20m (Lucas) cited in Raymakers et al., 2003). This, along with other biological factors such slow growth rates, late development to sexual maturity and fertilization dependent on a large broodstock and synchronous spawning, increases the vulnerability of Tridacna spp. to over-harvest (Raymakers et al., 2003).

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Additional threats to Tridacna spp. may include mantle bleaching due to nutrient, light or thermal stress, pollution and habitat degradation (Elfwing et al., 2003) and declines in clam populations have been observed as a result (Belda et al., 1993; Mingoa-Licuanan and Gomez, 2002). Indonesia: Salm (1984) considered that Tridacna gigas had been locally eliminated from parts of the range in Indonesia, and proposed a national threat category of “Endangered”, defined as a species either in danger of extinction or whose survival is unlikely if threats continue unabated. Giant clams were noted to have been eliminated on the reefs of the Palau Sangiang, Seribu, Karimun Jawa, Spermonde and Take Bone Rate as well as others in western and central Indonesia (Salm, 1984). Brown and Muskanofola (1985) carried out surveys in Karimun Jawa, off the north coast of Central Java to establish the population distribution and status of giant clams and investigate effects of shell collection for the manufacture of floor tiles. Tridacna gigas was found to be “extremely rare if not actually exinct”, with only shells found on Katang Island established to have been collected as living specimens, as evidenced by their very thin shells (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985). The presence of a large quantity of shells of T. gigas indicated a once thriving population may have been present (Brown and Muskanofola, 1985). In a rapid assessment study of 31 sites of the Togean islands of Sulawesi in northern Indonesia, Wells (2001) observed very few live giant clams aside from those of the species T. crocea and T. squamosa. The majority of records for other giant clam species including T. gigas were based on dead shells, leading to a conclusion that populations may have been overfished (Wells, 2001). Occurrence of T. gigas shells was confirmed at two sites in the Togean islands; Kedodo Bay on the island of Waleabahi, and near the south-west tip of Batudaka Island (Wells, 2001), although apparently no live specimens were encountered. Coral reef sites were surveyed in the Wakatobi National Marine Park, situated between the Banda and Flores seas in southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, during a rapid ecological assessment in 2003 (Turak, 2003). Whilst T. crocea and T. squamosa were found to be characteristic benthic species in shallow community types, the presence of T. gigas was not reported (Turak, 2003). In a similar rapid ecological assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands in the province of Papua, East Indonesia, which cover an area of four million hectares, T. crocea and T. squamosa were also included within the top benthic species found in sites within protected bays, although the occurrence of T. gigas was not reported (Turak and Souhoka, 2003). T. gigas was previously recorded in the Moluccas in Eastern Indonesia. The type locality of the species given by Linnaeus was Amboina, Moluccas (Wu, 1999). In an attempt to identify and collect marine invertebrate species and compare results to species recorded during a historical expedition to the Moluccas in 1705, ter Poorten (2007) surveyed sites in Ambon in 1989-1990. Tridacna gigas was the only species not to be re-encountered during the later expedition (ter Poorten, 2007). Habibi et al. (2007) used abundance of Tridacna spp. as an indicator of overfishing to monitor reef condition at various sites surveyed within 19 Indonesian provinces during 1997-2006. The average number of giant clams (all Tridacna spp.) was 7.7 clams per transect (20m x 5m) in 1997. Although all sites were not sampled in all years and transect length is unclear, the author suggests that overall giant clam numbers declined over the study (Habibi et al., 2007). Raymakers et al. (2003) stated that wild populations of all species of Tridacnidae occurring in Indonesia have been affected by overexploitation. Information provided to TRAFFIC as part of a questionnaire response by a commercial giant clam hatchery in Bali, Indonesia suggested that all Tridacna spp. are collected for subsistence harvests, with the meat either consumed or sold locally (Raymakers et al., 2003). In addition to use for tourist curios in Indonesia, zooxanthellae are also extracted from Tridacna spp. and used for the production of traditional medicines (Raymakers et al., 2003). Tridacna gigas is listed as a protected species in Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990).

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Exports from Indonesia are predominantly source F or C. Mariculture of giant clams including T. gigas is technologically feasible and it was noted by Lucas (2003) that a number of hatcheries and grow-out facilities had been established in the Indo-Pacific region and culture programs were of interest to Indonesia. Comprehensive manuals for giant clam culture have been produced and success can be achieved in relatively inexpensive facilities (Lucas, 2003). REFERENCES: Belda, C. A., Cuff, C., and Yellowlees, D. 1993. Modification of shell formation in the giant clam Tridacna gigas at elevated nutrient levels in sea water. Marine Biology, 117: 251-257. Brown, J. H. and Muskanofola, M. R. 1985. An investigation of stocks of giant clams (family Tridacnidae) in Java and of their utilization and potential. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 1, 25-39. Elfwing, T., Blidberg, E., Sison, M., and Tedengren, M. 2003. A comparison between sites of growth, physiological performance and stress responses in transplanted Tridacna gigas. Aquaculture, 219: 815-828. Habibi, A., Setiasih, N., and Sartin, J. 2007. A Decade of Reef Check Monitoring: Indonesian Coral Reefs, Condition and Trends. The Indonesian Reef Check Network. Lucas, J. 2003. Giant Clam Mariculture, Global Aquaculture Advocate, URL: http://pdf.gaalliance.org/pdf/gaa-lucas-june03.pdf Lucas, J. S. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the giant clams Tridacna tevoroa and T. gigas from Tonga: Influence of light on filter-feeding and photosynthesis. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 107 (1-2): 147-156. Mingoa-Licuanan, S. and Gomez, E. D. 2002. Giant clam conservation in Southeast Asia. Tropical Coasts, 2: 24-56. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1990. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang konservasi sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya dengan rahmat tuhan yang maha esa. President of the Republic of Indonesia. 1999. Nomor 7 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengawetan Jenis Tumbuhan Dan Satwa. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Raymakers, C., Ringuet, S., Phoon, N., and Sant, G. 2003. Review of the exploitation of Tridacnidae in the South Pacific, Indonesia and Vietnam. Unpublished draft report. TRAFFIC Europe and TRAFFIC Oceania. Brussels and Sydney. 37 pp. Rosewater, J. 1965. The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1-6, 347-396. Salm, R. V. 1984. Conservation of Marine Species in Indonesia. IUCN/WWF. Prepared for the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA). Bogor, Indonesia. ter Poorten, J. J. 2007. Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Part 13. Mollusca, Bivalvia, Cardiidae. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden), 81 (1-17): 259-301. Turak, E. 2003. Coral Diversity and Distribution, in Pet-Soede, L. & Erdmann, M., (eds.), Rapid Ecological Assessment Wakatobi National Park. WWF Indonesia, Bali, Indonesia. Turak, E. and Souhoka, J. 2003. Coral Diversity and the Status of Coral Reefs in the Raja Ampat Islands, in Report on a rapid ecological assessment of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua, Eastern Indonesia held October 30-November 22, 2002. The Nature Conservancy - Southeast Asia Centre for Marome Protected Areas, Sanur, Bali, Indonesia. 59-84. Wabnitz, C., Taylor, M., Green, E., and Razak, T. 2003. From ocean to aquarium: the global trade in marine ornamental species. UNEP-WCMC. Wells, F. E. 2001. Molluscs of the Gulf of Tomini, in Allen, G. R. & McKenna, S. A., (eds.), A Marine Rapid Assessment of the Togean and Banggaii Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Conservation International, Washington, USA. 38-43. Wells, S. 1996. Species factsheet: Tridacna gigas URL: www.birdlife.org Accessed: 16-9-2009. Wells, S. M. 1997. Giant Clams: Status, Trade and Mariculture, and the role of CITES in Management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 77 pp. Wu, W. 1999. Mollusks in CITES. Shiang-nung Ling, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. 143 pp.

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Annexes

ANNEX. PURPOSE AND SOURCE CODES.

Purpose of trade Code Description B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation E Educational G Botanical gardens H Hunting trophies L Enforcement (e.g. evidence for use in court, specimens for training) M Bio-medical research N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild P Personal Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions S Scientific T Commercial / Trade Z Zoos

Source of specimens Code Description A Plants that are artificially propagated in accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP13), paragraph a), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species included in Appendix I that have been propagated artificially for non-commercial purposes and specimens of species included in Appendices II and III) C Animals bred in captivity in accordance with Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 5 (specimens of species included in Appendix I that have been bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and specimens of species included in Appendices II and III) D Appendix-I animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Appendix-I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes, as well as parts and derivatives thereof, exported under the provisions of Article VII, paragraph 4 of the Convention F Animals born in captivity (F1 or subsequent generations) that do not fulfil the definition of „bred in captivity‟ in Resolution Conf. 10.16 (Rev.), as well as parts and derivatives thereof I Confiscated or seized specimens O Pre-Convention specimens R Specimens originating in a ranching operation U Source unknown W Specimens taken from the wild

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