RED ALDER Northwest Extracted a Red Dye from the Inner Bark, Which Was Used to Dye Fishnets

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and hair. The native Americans of the Pacific RED ALDER Northwest extracted a red dye from the inner bark, which was used to dye fishnets. Oregon tribes used Alnus rubra Bong. the innerbark to make a reddish-brown dye for basket Plant Symbol = ALRU2 decorations (Murphey 1959). Yellow dye made from red alder catkins was used to color quills. Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center A mixture of red alder sap and charcoal was used by the Cree and Woodland tribes for sealing seams in canoes and as a softener for bending boards for toboggans (Moerman 1998).

Wood and fiber: Red alder wood is used in the production of wooden products such as food dishes, furniture, sashes, doors, millwork, cabinets, paneling and brush handles. It is also used in fiber-based products such as tissue and writing paper. In Washington and Oregon, it was largely used for smoking salmon. The Indians of Alaska used the hallowed trunks for canoes (Sargent 1933).

Medicinal: The North American Indians used the bark to treat many complaints such a headaches, rheumatic pains, internal injuries, and diarrhea (Moerman 1998).

The Salinan used an extract of the bark of alder trees to treat cholera, stomach cramps, and stomachaches (Heinsen 1972). The extract was made with 20 parts water to 1 part fresh or aged bark. The bark contains salicin, a chemical similar to aspirin (Uchytil 1989).

Infusions made from the bark of red alders were taken to treat anemia, colds, congestion, and to © Tony Morosco relieve pain. Bark infusions were taken as a laxative @ CalFlora and to regulate menstruation. The Pomo boiled the Alternate Names bark in water to make a wash to treat skin irritations Pacific Coast alder, Oregon alder, western alder, and sores (Goodrich et al. 1980). Bark poultices were applied to reduce swelling. Chewing the bark Uses helped to heal sores and ulcers in the mouth. Ethnobotanic: Native American tribes from Alaska to Southern California have long recognized the value Externally the sap was applied to cuts and a poultice of red alder and put its bark layers, roots, leaves, of the bark has been applied to eczema, sores, and twigs, cones, and sap to use for a variety of purposes. aches (Moerman 1998). The twigs were made into The inner bark was often dried, grounded into a infusions that served as liniments for sprains and powder and then used as a thickener in soups or backaches. mixed with cereals when making bread. Basketry: The roots of red alder were used in baskets Various layers of the red alder bark yield red, red- made by the Hupa, Whilkut, Nongatl, Lassik, brown, brown, orange, and yellow dyes Wailaki, Yurok Wiyot, and Pomo tribes (Merrill (Moerman1998). The various colors from the bark 1923). Red alder roots form the brown pattern in were used to color baskets, hides, moccasins, quills,

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baskets made by the Whilkut tribe of northwestern grow in open exposed areas. The branches are California. slender and spreading. The thin bark is generally smooth, ashy gray to grayish-brown, and is usually Wildlife: Deer and elk eat the leaves, twigs, and buds. covered with white lichens as it ages. The inner bark Red alder seeds attract many bird and small mammal is reddish brown. species including redpolls, siskins, goldfinches, and mice. Most of the seeds remain on the tree well into The alternately arranged leaves are dark green, the fall and winter months, providing valuable simple and broadly ovate. The leaves are 6 to 15 cm resources for seed-eating birds, insects and mammals long with a pointed tip. The leaf edges are serrated when other foods are scarce. Beavers eat the bark or softly lobed and slightly rolled under, giving a and build dams and lodges with the stems. Red alder dark-green edging effect from the underside of the trees provide valuable nesting for birds and thermal leaf. The undersides of the leaves are rusty colored cover for black-tailed deer and other wildlife. and covered with fine soft hairs.

Livestock: Horses, cattle, sheep and goats browse on The trees are monoecious, bearing both female the leaves, twigs and buds of young alder trees. flowers and male catkins. The tassel-like catkins grow in cluster of two to four. The catkins are Conservation and erosion control: Red alder is an greenish-yellow and 10 to 16 cm long. The flowers excellent species for re-establishing woodlands. The appear in spring either before or with the leaves. The trees are used in forested riparian buffers to help flowers develop into small-scaled cones (fruits) that reduce stream bank erosion, protect water quality, are 2 to 2.5cm long and 1 to 1.5 cm across. Each and enhance aquatic environments. Plantings of red cone contains from 50 to 100 seeds that are tiny flat alder are effective in controlling erosion on steep nutlets. The abundant seeds are wind dispersed from slopes in disturbed areas (Uchytil 1989). These fast- May to winter months. growing trees help to prevent soil erosion because of their dense canopy cover and thick litter layer that Red alder trees invade clearings or burned-over areas forms within the first 3 to 5 years. The leaf litter is and forms temporary forests (Grimm 1967). Over high in nitrogen content (Labadie 1978). time, red alders build Wood: Red alder wood is a high quality hardwood up the soil with a fine, even textured, cherry-like grain that is with their important commercially in the Pacific Northwest copious litter, (Labadie 1978). It is used for cabinetry and furniture and enriched making as well as a variety of other purposes it with including plywood, veneers, paneling, pulp, and nitrogen firewood. compounds formed by Other: The small cones cling to the branches long symbiotic after the leaves have fallen and make decorative bacteria that additions to flower arrangements (Brenzel 2001). live in little nodules on Status their roots. Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Red alder Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s stands are current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, eventually state noxious status, and wetland indicator values). succeeded by Douglas fir, Description western General: Birch family (Betulaceae). Red alder is a hemlock, and deciduous tree native to the Pacific Northwest of sitka spruce. Environmental Affairs Office North America. The trees are medium-sized, Distribution: Washington State Department of Transportation reaching various heights from 15 to 30 meters tall Red alder is when mature. These fast-growing trees often grow 1 most often observed in moist areas within 200 meter per year until 20 years of age. The trees can kilometers of the Pacific Coast of North America live to 100 years of age with trunks from 36 to 46 cm from Alaska to Southern California at elevations in diameter. A shrub form occurs when the trees below 762 meters (Uchytil 1989). It also occurs

along streams and lakes from the Yukon Territory fertilizer. Firm the medium and place the seeds and British Columbia south through the Rocky thinly and evenly on top. When large enough to Mountain region to Colorado and New Mexico, and handle, the seedlings can be placed into individual along Sierra Nevada to Lower California (Britton pots. If growth is sufficient, they may be planted into 1908). Red alder has spread to upland areas since their permanent positions in the summer, if not they European contact because of increased disturbance, can be planted the following spring. such as logging, which opens up sites for colonization. The seeds do not require pretreatment, however germination can be improved by cold stratification For current distribution, please consult the Plant for 1 to 3 months (Emery 1988). To do this, mix the Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web seeds with three parts moistened peat moss or site. vermiculite. Place the mixture into an airtight jar or sealed plastic bag in the refrigerator for 1 to 3 months Habitat: Red alder trees are often associated with before planting. This process is not necessary if the mixed evergreen forests and redwood forests in seeds are planted in the fall, as the temperatures and coastal areas. The trees grow in riparian forests moisture over winter will accomplish the same along streams, in swamps and in marshy areas. purpose.

Adaptation Management Red alder has two adaptations that allow the trees to If desired, red alder trees can be pruned for shape colonize bare infertile substrates: 1) the roots have when young (Labadie 1978). Follow up pruning is nodules that house symbiotic bacteria which fix minimal and consists of removing any suckers that nitrogen from the air contained in the pores of the may form as well as removing dead wood or crossing soil, and 2) the seeds need sunlight to germinate. branches.

Actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria) in the genus Pests and Potential Problems Frankia invade alders through their root hairs and Aphids and tent caterpillars and borers can be stimulate cell division, forming nodules on the roots problems for red alder trees. (Pojar & Mackinnon 1994). Species of Frankia remove nitrogen from the air and ‘fix’ it in a form Related Species useful to plants (Ibid.). Red alder provides a home White alder (Alnus rhombifolia) was also widely used for the actinomycete, which in turn ‘leaks’ some of for the same purposes as red alder by Native the nitrogen, making it available for the alder (Ibid.). American tribes. White alder occurs in inland areas Alder improves soils fertility by fixing atmospheric while red alder generally grows in areas of maritime nitrogen in a form that can be used by other plants. influence. Red alder and white alder can be difficult This conversion is why forests stands containing to distinguish from each other. White alder does not alder generally have a rich understory (Ibid.). have red inner bark or rolled leaf margins.

Young trees can survive disturbance by resprouting Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and from the stumps (Labdie 1978). Red alder trees area of origin) tolerate flooding and can grow in areas where the These plants are readily available through native water is brackish (Brenzel 2001). plant nurseries.

Establishment References Red alder prefers moist, well-drained, deep sandy Baskin, Carol J., Baskin, Jerry M. 2002. loams (Labadie 1978) and full sun. Quick growing Propagation protocol for production of container red alders can be planted with slower growing trees Alnus rubra Bong. Plants University of Kentucky, such as oak to provide quick screening (Lowry 1999). Lexington, Kentucky. IN: Native Plant Network. [Online]. Available: Propagation from Seed: Red alder trees are generally http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org. Moscow (ID): propagated from seed. Mature seeds can be collected University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, beginning in May. Spring sown seeds of Alnus rubra Forest Research Nursery. [22 February 2002]. should germinate successfully as long as they are not covered as the seeds require sunlight to germinate and germinate best in full sun. Sow the seeds in containers or seed trays containing a slow release

Brenzel, K.N., Editor 2001. Western garden book. Corps Forestry Publication No. 5. US. Government Sunset Publishing Corp., Menlo Park, California. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 42 pp. 768 pp. Moerman, D.E. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Dirr, M.A. 1990. Manual of woody landscape Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 927 pp. plants: their identification, ornamental characteristics, culture, propagation, and uses. 4th Moerman, D.E. 1999. Native American Ethnobotany ed. Stipes Publishing Co., Champaign, Illinois. Database: Foods, drugs, dyes and fibers of native North American Peoples. The University of Dirr, M.A. & C.W. Heuser 1987. The reference Michigan-Dearborn. [Online]. Available: manual of woody plant propagation. Varsity Press, http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb Athens, Georgia. (2002).

Emery, D.E. 1988. Seed propagation of native Munz, P.A. & D.D. Keck 1963. A California flora. California plants. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, University of California Press, Berkeley & Los Santa Barbara, California. 115 pp. Angeles, California. 1681 pp.

Farrar, J.L. 1995. Trees of the Northern United Pojar, J & A. MacKinnon 1994. Plants of the Pacific States and Canada. Iowa State University Press, Northwest coast: Washington, Oregon, British Ames, Iowa. Columbia, and Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing, Redmond, Washington. Goodrich, J., C. Lawson & V.P. Lawson 1980. Kashaya Pomo Plants. Heyday Books, Berkeley, Preston, R.J. Jr. 1948. North American trees. 2nd ed. California. 171 pp. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.

Grimm, W.C. 1967. Familiar trees of America. Sargent, C.S. 1933. Manual of the trees of North Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, New York. America. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Heinsen, V. 1972. Mission San Antonio de Padua Herbs: Medicinal herbs of early days. Third edition. Sargent, C.S. 1961. Manual of the trees of North Lockwood, California. 142pp. America. Vol. 1. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York. Labadie, E.L. 1978. Native plants for use in the California landscape. Sierra City Press, Sierra City, Thomas, J.H. 1961. Flora of the San Cruz mountains California. 248 pp. of California: a manual of the vascular plants. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Lowry, J.L. 1999. Gardening with a wild heart: Restoring California’s native landscapes at home. Uchytil, R.J. 1989. Alnus rubra. IN: U.S. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 252 pp. Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory 2001, May. Fire Effects Information Martin, A.C., A.L. Welson, & H.S. Zim 1951. System, [Online]. Available: American wildlife and plants. McGraw Hill Book http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/. [22 February Company, New York, New York. 2002].

McMinn, H.E. & E. Maino 1963. An illustrated Viereck, L.A. & E.L. Little, Jr. 1972. Alaska trees manual of Pacific Coast trees. 2nd ed. University of and shrubs. United States Department of California Press, Berkeley, California. Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Agriculture Handbook No. 410. Merrill, R.E. 1923. Plants used in basketry by the California Indians. IN: A. L. Kroeber, Editor, Washington State Department of Transportation University of California Publications in American 2002. Alnus rubra. Environmental Affairs Office, Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol XX. Pp. 215-242. Olympia, Washington. Accessed: 10jan02. handling seeds of wild plants. Civilian Conservation

Wyman, D. 1965. Trees for American gardens. The MacMillan Company, New York, New York.

Prepared By: Jammie Favorite Formerly USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Diana L. Immel USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Science Department, University of California, Davis, California

Species Coordinator: M. Kat Anderson USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, c/o Plant Science Department, University of California, Davis, California

Edited: 29jan03 jsp; 09jun03 ahv; 30may06jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS Web site or the Plant Materials Program Web site

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