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Plan Colombia, Ensayos Críticos EDICIÓN ESPECIAL La Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia ha querido brindar acceso electrónico a su libro Plan Colombia: ensayos críticos con miras a llevar sus análisis a un público más amplio; y a fin de complementar y facilitar la búsqueda de información a quienes han podido adquirir la versión impresa de esta obra. CONTENIDO Prólogo Víctor Manuel Moncayo ensayos críticos Presentación Jairo Estrada Álvarez Plan PRIMERA SEGUNDA PARTE TERCERA PARTE Globalización, PARTE Colombia Fundamentos geopolítica y Guerra, del Plan relaciones negociación Colombia internacionales política y proceso de paz Jairo Estrada Álvarez Elementos de Consideraciones de Intervención, economía geopolítica guerra y editor política James Petras proceso de Jairo Estrada Una guerra social negociación Álvarez Fermín de la globalización Conflicto, Jaime Caycedo González intervención y Guerra social 2 economía Turriago de media política de la intensidad El guerra Neointervencionismo Miguel Ángel Libardo Herrera Zgaib y la Pax Americana Sarmiento Ricardo Sánchez Cultivos Anzola La “guerra contra ilícitos, Nuevo modelo las drogas”: las conflicto y de dominación relaciones Colombia proceso de paz colonial Ricardo Vargas - Estados Unidos Daniel Libreros durante la Meza Caicedo Universidad Nacional de administración Los efectos Colombia Colisión de Pastrana sobre la guerra Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias intereses Arlene B. Tickner y la paz Políticas y Sociales jurídicos La nueva Alejo Vargas protegidos internacionalización Velásquez Herman Galán del conflicto y los Las Castellanos procesos de paz perspectivas El impacto de del proceso de LAS FUMIGACIONES AÉREAS Marco Alberto las negociación VIOLAN LOS DDHH Y EL DIH Romero fumigaciones Carta a la Alta Comisionada de Álvaro Vásquez aéreas las Naciones Unidas del Real SOLICITE CON SU FIRMA QUE Mery Constanza SE DETENGAN LAS García Vargas, FUMIGACIONES Nubia Esperanza Scientists’ Letter to U.S. Mejía García Senators,Calling for the El sistema de Suspension of Aerial alertas Fumigations in Colombia tempranas como mecanismo de guerra 3 Iván David Ortiz Palacios DESDE MAMA COCA ¿SERÁ QUE LA SUERTE DEL PUEBLO AFGANO NOS ES AJENA? Concurso apoyos y becas Ediciones Lindesmith- Declaraciones Eventos Social Science Anteriores DPF Research Council MAMA COCA (SSRC) Mama Coca Ediciones Contra la Guerra .Enlaces Contáctanos Home Anteriores Biológica Favor compartir esta información y ayudarnos a divulgarla citando a Mama Coca Prólogo 4 El Plan Colombia: un debate no concluido Los ensayos reunidos en este volumen constituyen una ilustración más de la función crítica de la Universidad, a través de calificados miembros de su personal académico en asocio con investigadores de otras instituciones nacionales y extranjeras. Más allá del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, cuya vida fue efímera por su declaratoria de inexequibilidad, y de las políticas y programas gubernamentales que vienen desarrollándose por el Estado –con cierta continuidad en numerosos campos aunque con énfasis y matices diversos–, desde el punto de vista de su significación es indudable que el Plan Colombia constituye, en los hechos, la principal orientación de las ejecutorias de la administración en curso, sobre todo porque su objeto hace relación a la problemática más angustiosa de la sociedad colombiana: la guerra, que amenaza con destruir las bases esenciales de nuestra existencia social y a la cual están asociados numerosos factores causales que esperan un análisis histórico profundo y riguroso. Aunque se trata de un Plan surgido en virtud de un acuerdo internacional bilateral, es indudable que se inscribe en el contexto de las nuevas relaciones de globalidad, que es el término conceptual bajo el cual se elude designar la diferente situación de sujeción o dominación a nivel planetario. Por esta razón, es de gran utilidad la ubicación contextual de los diferentes ensayos reunidos, pues no se trata de una aproximación limitada a una descripción y a un análisis crítico interno de los programas que constituyen el Plan Colombia, sino que se aprecia desde la perspectiva de la geopolítica contemporánea, sobre todo poniendo particular énfasis en la forma como se encaran hoy los conflictos bélicos que se escenifican en diferentes 5 latitudes, entre los cuales se destaca por sus características complejas el colombiano. La utilidad del contenido de estos escritos reside, de otra parte, en que supera las simples consideraciones de apreciación superficial, que en muchos casos recogen lugares comunes, cuando no consignas o frases estereotipadas, para abordar la problemática de manera rigurosa, con abundante información factual tanto nacional como externa. Están estos ensayos destinados no solamente al medio académico, sino a las organizaciones y sujetos afectados o interesados en los procesos que ya avanzan progresivamente y que, como es bien conocido, han tenido efectos muy significativos en los países vecinos y de la región latinoamericana en general. Se trata, por tanto, de un aporte al conocimiento de una política concreta del Estado, desde diferentes ángulos de análisis que se han organizado coherentemente, que cualificará sin duda no sólo el nivel de información sino el debate que aún no ha concluido, pues además del conocimiento de los términos mismos acordados como contenido del Plan, es absolutamente urgente que la sociedad colombiana aborde oportunamente la consideración de sus resultados y efectos, para saber en qué medida son armónicos con las dinámicas que hasta hoy tienen los procesos de paz. En estos momentos en que la sociedad colombiana se verá obligada, por la fuerza de los hechos mismos y por el debate próximo para la renovación de las ramas legislativa y ejecutiva, a pronunciarse sobre las alternativas y estrategias que se le presenten, lo indispensable es contar con elementos suficientes, como los que en alguna medida contribuye a aportar esta compilación. 6 La Universidad Nacional de Colombia –aunque se trata de documentos que obviamente no la comprometen institucionalmente–, cumple así, a propósito de esta política gubernamental tan cuestionada y no plenamente conocida, el papel misional que le corresponde frente a los problemas que afronta la sociedad colombiana, cual es el de la reflexión académica que, unida a otras, debe permitir comprender mejor la encrucijada de nuestras violencias y de las alternativas programáticas de solución. Víctor Manuel Moncayo C. Rector General Universidad Nacional de Colombia Presentación I La idea de la publicación de este libro surgió hacia la mitad del segundo semestre de 2000. En ese momento ya eran notorias las múltiples preocupaciones que había desencadenado la aprobación del Plan Colombia en el Congreso de Estados Unidos. Tales preocupaciones estaban precedidas por la traducción y la publicación –en ediciones especiales– del proyecto de ley conocido como la Alianza Act, y de otros importantes documentos oficiales de Estados Unidos por parte del periódico colombiano Desde Abajo, así como por los primeros trabajos sobre el Plan elaborados por 7 sectores de la intelectualidad crítica y por importantes organizaciones sociales y políticas en Colombia y a nivel internacional. Al mismo tiempo, se hacía manifiesto el alborozo del establecimiento colombiano, que apreciaba en el Plan Colombia la posibilidad de desatar –tras el manto de la guerra antinarcóticos y por la vía de la creciente intervención militar estadounidense– una pronta solución al conflicto social y político armado, en tanto el Plan contribuiría a crear las condiciones para modificar, en su favor, el balance militar estratégico y, sobre ese supuesto, generar un nuevo escenario de negociación frente a una insurgencia debilitada política, económica y militarmente. De esa manera, el Plan aparecía también como una opción facilitadora de la reedición de procesos de negociación en el formato de aquellos de fines de la década de los ochenta y principios de los noventa: desmovilización de las fuerzas insurgentes, acompañada de planes individuales de “reinserción en la vida civil”, de un buen posicionamiento de la Comandancia –incluso en cargos públicos– y de algunas reformas al sistema político. En ese contexto, la publicación del libro se concibió como un esfuerzo académico, gestado en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, con el apoyo especial de la Facultad de Derecho, Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, con el propósito de presentar al país, a la opinión pública en general, y a la comunidad universitaria en particular, en la forma de ensayos críticos, algunos elementos para un entendimiento integral del Plan Colombia. El libro representa una continuación de los esfuerzos precedentes anotados y expresa la intención de abordar de manera sistemática diversos temas relacionados con el proceso de gestación, el contenido, los alcances y los previsibles efectos del Plan Colombia. 8 El libro sale a la luz pública en momentos en que el Plan Colombia ha entrado en la etapa de plena implantación. Las comunidades y los pobladores del sur del país, en especial en el departamento del Putumayo, ya viven en carne propia los primeros efectos de la aplicación de las políticas contenidas en el Plan. Tras la intensificación de las fumigaciones aéreas con herbicidas para la destrucción de cultivos de coca, se encuentra el drama social y humano de decenas de miles de familias, a cuyas condiciones ancestrales de pobreza e injusticia social se unen hoy la destrucción de su medio ambiente, de sus fuentes de agua, de sus cultivos de supervivencia,
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