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El Plan Colombia Y La Geopolítica Del Imperio Estadounidense

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El Plan Colombia Y La Geopolítica Del Imperio Estadounidense EL PLAN COLOMBIA Y LA GEOPOLÍTICA DEL IMPERIO ESTADOUNIDENSE J. J. Rodríguez-Núñez 14 RESUMEN Este trabajo se dedica a estudiar el conflicto social y militar colombiano (Plan Colombia) como parte de los objetivos geopolíticos del imperio estadounidense en contra de la unión latinoamericana y mundial, con lo que persigue: 1) la expansión y consolidación de la visión neoliberal centrada en los grandes centros de poder económico y 2) la subordinación del capitalismo subdesarrollado y dependiente a esos planes de globalización comercial dominante. Todo este sistema de desigualdad conlleva a enormes conflictos sociales como es el caso colombiano tratado aquí. Palabras clave: Plan Colombia, Geopolítica, Paramilitarismo, Venezuela. PLAN COLOMBIA AND GEOPOLITCS OF THE AMERICAN EMPIRE ABSTRACT This work studies the social and military conflict in Colombia (Plan Colombia) as a part of the geopolitical objectives of the American empire against the Latin-American and the worldwide union. This pursues: 1) the expansion and consolidation of the neoliberal point of view of the great centers of economic power and 2) the bending of the underdeveloped and dependent capitalism to these plans of dominant commercial globalization. The analysis of such a situation permits to perceive that the whole system of inequality leads to huge social conflicts, just as the Colombian case regarded here. Key words: Colombia Plan, Geopolitics, Paramilitarism, Venezuela. 217 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (https://comercio.softonic.com/pv/5187/0/1) El Plan Colombia y La Geopolítica del Imperio Estadounidense. J. J. Rodríguez-Núñez. 1. Introducción El conflicto social y armado que vive la hermana Colombia desde hace mucho tiempo (como inicio podríamos citar la matanza de campesinos bananeros en la Ciénaga, en 1928, a manos del ejercito colombiano) ha venido escalando en intensidad hasta los días de hoy (Calvo Ospina, 2007). Actualmente, lo más visible de dicho conflicto, que no dudamos en catalogar de Estado de Sitio, es la evolución del Plan Colombia firmado originalmente entre el gobierno del Presidente Pastrana y el gobierno estadounidense de Bill Clinton hacia el Plan Patriota y la concesión completa de la soberanía completa del territorio colombiano con las nuevas siete bases militares norteamericanas. Para contextualizar dicho conflicto vamos a ahondar en sus raíces, pasando por el papel desempeñado por el asesinato del senador liberal Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala en 1948, lo cual conllevó a la represión de la población campesina colombiana y la defensa de ésta con la formación de la estructura política - militar de las FARC - EP. Así mismo, dedicaremos espacio al período posterior al ‘‘Bogotazo’’ (venganza popular por el asesinato de Gaitán). El conflicto colombiano no está circunscrito sólo a Colombia, como se verá por el financiamiento de empresas estadounidenses a las actividades de los paramilitares en dicho país. Las fronteras colombianas no pueden contener la magnitud de su conflicto, lo cual se refleja en los desplazamientos ‘‘externos’’ hacia territorio venezolano, lo cual lo demostraremos con estadísticas. Para desnudar aún más la peligrosidad de las siete bases militares estadounidenses adicionales y el ‘‘Acuerdo complementario para la cooperación y asistencia técnica en defensa y seguridad entre los gobiernos de la República de Colombia y de los Estados Unidos de América’’, firmado el 30 de octubre de 2009 (Presidencia de la República de Colombia, 2009), escudriñaremos en la totalidad de las bases estadounidenses en el mundo, haciendo una conexión con los recursos energéticos, acuíferos, minerales, biodiversidad, etc; que existen en el mundo. 218 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (https://comercio.softonic.com/pv/5187/0/1) Revista Estudios Culturales Vol. 3 - N° 5 / Enero-Junio 2010 Los resultados de nuestro análisis, evidencian, una relación directa entre bases militares y recursos de todo tipo, lo cual señala que USA, como imperio, tiene como geopolítica la dominación y saqueo de dichos recursos, discutiendo en detalle los casos de Colombia, en Latinoamérica; e Irak, en el Medio Oriente. También las conclusiones muestran que la economía de dicho país, se basa en la producción de armamentos, por encima de la producción de bienes de consumo útiles para el ser humano. Analizando el área rural de Colombia con respecto al área urbana y sus poblaciones, se observa que las zonas donde se mantiene la ‘‘calma de Uribe’’ son mucho menores que la zona en conflicto abierto, lo cual permite una alta movilidad a las columnas guerrilleras de las FARC - EP. Esto hace no viable, es decir, casi imposible, la eliminación total de la guerrilla por parte del gobierno colombiano. A lo largo de este trabajo vamos a usar una serie de términos (conceptos). Los mismos se definen a continuación para que el lector concuerde o rechace el contenido que sigue: 1. Plan Colombia. Plan presentado por el Presidente Clinton al Congreso norteamericano en febrero de 2000, siendo presidente de Colombia Andrés Pastrana. Su primera versión, hecha pública en 1999, contenía los siguientes puntos: (1) Plan especial para zonas afectadas por el conflicto; (2) Plan de desarrollo alternativo; (3) Política de atención a la población desplazada; (4) Estrategia de lucha antinarcóticos. Después de ser aprobado en el Congreso norteamericano, se distinguen los siguientes rubros (US $ 860 millones): (a) Ayuda militar: 56 %; (b) Ayuda a la Policía Nacional: 11 %; (c) Interdicción al narcotráfico: 13 %; (d) Desarrollo alternativo: 08 %: y (e) Derechos humanos y justicia: 12 %. 2. Terrorismo. Según la Profesora Jessica Stern el terrorismo se caracteriza por la ‘‘utilización de la violencia con objeto de generar pánico entre amplios sectores de la población. La intención es generar 219 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (https://comercio.softonic.com/pv/5187/0/1) El Plan Colombia y La Geopolítica del Imperio Estadounidense. J. J. Rodríguez-Núñez. el miedo, en otras palabras se trata de un arma psicológica’’ (en Moreano Urigüen, 2005), cuyo fin último es chantajear a un gobierno enfrentándolo a una opinión pública dispuesta a ceder por el miedo. 3. Fuerzas militares en Colombia. En Colombia existen, a nivel estatal, cinco fuerzas militares represivas. Ellas son: (1) Ejército; (2) Aviación; (3) Fuerza Naval o Armada; (4) Policía Nacional; (5) Paramilitares. La Policía Nacional se considera militar pues sus mandos supremos están ocupados por militares activos de carrera. El quinto componente militar se define a continuación. 4. Paramilitares. Los paramilitares se definen como una fuerza entrenada por las fuerzas armadas colombianas, principalmente por el Ejército, y financiada por el dinero de los narco–traficantes, para hacer trabajos de limpieza social en Colombia. Por ejemplo, para hacer que un macro - proyecto se lleve a cabo en una región ocupada por campesinos, ellos entran en acción para desplazar a los campesinos, por intimidación psicológica o física, para que las futuras empresas florezcan sin problema alguno. Esta intimidación física o psicológica por parte de los paramilitares se denomina ‘‘Terrorismo de Estado’’, pues, la ejerce un agente represivo del Estado. Colombia es un Estado Terrorista según esta definición. 5. FARC - EP. Las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejercito del Pueblo, fueron creadas en 1966 por su líder histórico Manuel Marulanda Vélez o Tiro Fijo como una respuesta del campesinado a las masacres causadas por el ejercito colombiano, comandado por las élites gobernantes en Colombia, en diversos operativos como Marquetalia, Riochiquito, etc; que llevaron a la concepción de una guerra nacional de guerrillas, de ataque y repliegue, con el objetivo de realizar cambios profundos en la problemática social de dicho país, específicamente eliminando la pobreza y la miseria en las urbes y en el campo (Alape, 1998, 2008). 6. Estado Narco - paramilitar. Es un Estado controlado por las Paramilitares y los Narcotraficantes. Ello es lo que ocurre en Colombia, pues el Estado colombiano, en todos sus estamentos, políticos, 220 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (https://comercio.softonic.com/pv/5187/0/1) Revista Estudios Culturales Vol. 3 - N° 5 / Enero-Junio 2010 gubernamentales y legislativos, están en manos de los paramilitares y los narcotraficantes, como han reconocido muchos de dichos actores en revelaciones publicas. Al mismo tiempo, una gran cantidad de los legisladores del congreso colombiano, de la bancada uribista, o están en prisión o están siendo procesados. Y en el Estado continúan como si nada (Azzellini, 2009). 7. Razones geopolíticas de USA. Dos razones geopolíticas son la causa para considerar a Venezuela y a su gobierno como objetivos políticos. Éstas son: (i) petróleo y (ii) modelo político (Izarra, 2009) 1. 2. El parlamentario Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala El parlamentario Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala (23/01/1898 - 09/04/ 1948) sacudía con su oratoria encendida no solo el Congreso colombiano, denunciando a la oligarquía allí representada, sino en las plazas públicas. En ellas, las gentes del pueblo, liberales pero también conservadores, se congregaban masivamente para escucharlo, pues él les contaba que los enemigos del pueblo colombiano estaban en las dirigencias de ambos partidos. Gaitán sostenía: «el pueblo no tiene dos partidos sino que ha sido partido en dos». El hecho de que Gaitán militara en las filas liberales estaba
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