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The Freeman April 1953
APRIL 20, 1953 Russians Are People Eugene Lyons Decline of the Rule of Law F. A. Hayek The Battle Against Print Flora Rheta Schreiber Red China's Secret Weapon Victor Lasky Santayana: Alien in the World Max Eastman The Reading Company at its huge coal terminal near Perth Amboy handles as much as 4,000,000 tons annually. Most of this coal is distributed to docks in New York City and Brooklyn in 10,000-ton barges. Three new tugs powered with Fairbanks-Morse Diesels and equipped throughout with F-M Generators, Pumps and Motors are setting new records for speed and economy in this important task. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago 5, Illinois FAIRBANKS·MORSE a name worth remembering when you want the best DIESEL AND DUAL FUEL ENGINES • DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES • RAIL CARS • ELECTRICAL MACHINERY PUMPS • SCALES • HOME WATER SERVICE EQUIPMENT • FARM MACHINERY • MAGNETOS THE A Fortnightly Our Contributors For VICTOR LASKY, well-known journalist and spe cialist on Communism, won national renown in Individualists 1950 as co-author of the best-selling Seeds of reeman Treason. He i's editor of Spadea Syndicates. Editor HENRY HAZLITT EUGENE LYONS is particularly equipped to know Managing Editor FLORENCE NORTON and understand the Russian people, being him self a native of Russia and having spent many years as a correspondent in Moscow. Author of a number of books about the Soviet Union, including a biography of Stalin, he is now Contents VOL. 3, NO. 15 APRIL 20, 1953 working on a book tentatively entitled "Our Secret Weapon: the Russian People." . Editorials FLORA RHETA SCHREIBER is exceptionally quali The Fortnight. -
Letting “Mad Dogs” Lie: Anglo-American Journalism and the First Moscow Trial, 1936 Ryan Gentry Department of History Presen
Letting “Mad Dogs” Lie: Anglo-American Journalism and the First Moscow Trial, 1936 Ryan Gentry Department of History Presented for the Partial Requirements Necessary for a Master of Arts Degree (History) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec March 2018 © Ryan Gentry, 2018 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Ryan Gentry Entitled: Letting “Mad Dogs” Lie: Anglo-American Journalism and the First Moscow Trial, 1936 and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, History complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Barbara Lorenzkowski Examiner Dr. Norman Ingram Examiner Dr. Eric H. Reiter Thesis Supervisor Dr. Alison Rowley Approved by Dr. Peter Gossage Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director André Roy Dean, Faculty of Arts and Science Date Gentry iii Abstract Letting “Mad Dogs” Lie: Anglo-American Journalism and the First Moscow Trial, 1936 Ryan Gentry There have been many scholarly efforts covering the period in the Soviet Union known as the Great Terror; most often these writings tried to contextualize and understand the inner working of the regime or its people. The present work shifts this lens, since it seeks to uncover how Anglo-American audiences grappled with one significant event from that era: the 1936 Trial of the Sixteen, the first of Stalin’s major show trials. As the Old Bolsheviks were led to the slaughter, people in the West received a myriad of information concerning this very public spectacle. -
AD1812-F39-1-005-Jpeg.Pdf
Jf. 11 ll..» It sounds like it, yes. Do you remember Dr. Malan saying that at Pauresmith, reported in Die Burger on the 7th March, 1941? No, I don't remember it. No doubt he did. Let me read you one more thing. The following state- ment ; "Do not all at once either reject or accept the New Order of Advocate Pirow in its entirety, study it". B the way, what was the New Order of Advocate Pirow? A political move, but I am afraid that I will have to refresh in my mind before I give y^u details. I ... Shall we say quite short, this : A movement which supported the Nazis during the war? If you say sc. I don't know. I would h-i-ve to look up. Don't you know it? Don't you remember that advocate Pirow's movement wholeheartedly supported th^ Nazis during the war? It may have. You don't know it? I am not prepared to make a statement without refreshing my memory on these... You don't know that after his visit to Germany Advocate Pirow came back and said what a great man he thought Hitler was? That may be. You remember that? Actually, no. You don't remember it? I see. Anyway, let us go on. The speaker says "Don't accept or reject him in its entirety, study it. By analysing it we find first of all that with one exception there is nothing in it" - that is in Pirow1s New Order - "which has not been published in the Party's programme of principles and action". -
Gareth Jones: Reviled and Forgotten
Gareth Jones: Reviled and Forgotten How different interests shaped the perception of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933 in the West MA Thesis in History: Political Culture and National Identities Leiden University Rivka Otten S1921487 Supervisor: Dr. J.H.C. Kern 4-4-2019 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4 Historiography of the Holodomor .......................................................................................... 6 Methodology and Structure of Thesis .................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1: Famine Grips Russia ............................................................................................... 13 1.1 Gareth Jones – ―An Earnest and Meticulous Little Man‖ ............................................. 14 1.2 Holodomor – Hunger As a Weapon ............................................................................... 21 1.3 The Message – ―We Are Waiting For Death‖ ................................................................ 30 Chapter 2: Voices ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.1 The Moscow Press Corps – ―Working Under a Sword of Damocles‖ ........................... 36 2.2 Exposing The Truth – ―Our Children Were Eating Grass‖ ............................................ 41 2.3 Political Pilgrims – ―Growing Pains‖ ............................................................................ -
Academic Mccarthyism and New York University, 1952–53 10 Phillip Deery
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE FCWH 453233—25/2/2010—RANANDAN—361855 provided by Victoria University Eprints Repository Cold War History Vol. 00, No. 0, 2010, 1–24 5 ‘Running with the Hounds’: Academic McCarthyism and New York University, 1952–53 10 Phillip Deery 15 This paper is an anatomy of an inquisition. It examines the Cold War persecution of Edwin Berry Burgum, a university professor and literary theorist. Whilst his professional competence was consistently applauded, his academic career was abruptly destroyed. His ‘fitness to teach’ was determined by his political beliefs: he was a member of the American Communist Party. The paper 20 argues that New York University, an institution that embodied liberal values, collaborated with McCarthyism. Using previously overlooked or unavailable sources, it reveals cooperation between NYU’s executive officers and the FBI, HUAC and the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Through its focus on one individual, the paper illuminates larger themes of the vulnerability of academic 25 freedom and the bureaucratic processes of political repression. At one o’clock on the afternoon of 13 October 1952, a telegram was delivered to Edwin Berry Burgum, literary critic, Associate Professor of English at New York University 30 (NYU), and founding editor of Science & Society. It permanently wrecked his life. The instructions given to Western Union were to ‘Drop If Not Home’, but Burgum was home, at his Upper West Side Manhattan apartment, on that fateful day. The telegram was from his Chancellor, Henry T. Heald, and it read: 35 I regard membership in the Communist Party as disqualifying a teacher for employment at New York University .. -
Infallibility Complex: the British Left and the Soviet Union, 1930-1950
Infallibility Complex 31 Infallibility Complex: The British Left and the Soviet Union, 1930-1950 Greer Rose Gamble Third Year Undergraduate, Macquarie University In his 2003 Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million, British novelist Martin Amis asks a pertinent question: why. Why ‘everybody knows of Auschwitz and Belsen’ but ‘nobody knows of Vorkuta and Solovetsky’, why ‘everybody knows of Himmler and Eichmann’ but ‘nobody knows of Yezhov and Dzershinsky’; and crucially, why ‘everybody knows of the 6 million of the Holocaust’ but ‘nobody knows of the 6 million of the Terror Famine’.1 Comparative historians have attempted to remedy this disparity, but the situation remains such that even Robert Conquest, Cold War era chronicler of the Stalinist Terror, replied when asked why he considered Hitlerism to be “worse” than Stalinism, ‘Because I feel it to be so.’2 This article intends not to challenge the elevation of the Third Reich over the USSR in historical comparisons of evil, but rather to look at why the Terror has not been granted the same prominence. I argue that a portion of responsibility for the disparity, as it applies to the Anglosphere at least, can be ascribed to a deliberate campaign of misinformation undertaken by parts of the Western literary Left, including of course the Communist and fellow-travelling but also occasionally the liberal democratic Left, in the 1930s and 40s. We will see that members of these groups took an active interest in the Soviet Union, and through their travels and researches were often among the first Westerners to discover information about state atrocities. -
Stalin's Show Trials
Subject Support History Teaching the case study, Stalin’s show trials: exploring causation with students February, 2014 Efforts have been made to trace and acknowledge copyright holders. In cases where a copyright has been inadvertently overlooked, the copyright holders are requested to contact the Cultural and Environmental Education Administrator, Angie Grogan, [email protected] © 2014 Cultural and Environmental Education, Professional Development Service for Teachers (PDST), Dublin West Education Centre, Tallaght, Dublin 24 01-4528018, 01-4528010, [email protected], www.pdst.ie © PDST, 2014 1 Professional Development Service for Teachers (PDST) Subject Support History Contact details Administrator Angie Grogan Telephone 01-4528018 Fax 01-4528010 E-mail [email protected] Address Dublin West Education Centre, Tallaght, Dublin 24. Note: Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the historical data contained herein. Any inadvertent errors are regretted. © PDST, 2014 2 CONTENTS Page Stalin’s show trials: exploring causation with students 4 The enquiry-focused approach 4 Linking your work on the case study to the National Literacy Strategy 5 A contextual overview of the case study 6 Glossary of important terms 7 Biographical notes 9 Timeline of important developments 15 Maps of Russia and the Soviet Union 16 Stalin’s show trials: possible lines of enquiry 17 A possible hook: an online film clip 17 Transcript of the film clip 18 Worksheet: analysis of the film clip 19 Enquiry, Step 1: What prompted the holding of the first show trial in Moscow in August 1936? 20 Enquiry, Step 2: Why was a second show trial held in Moscow in January 1937? 26 Enquiry, Step 3: What factors lay behind the holding of the ‘Great Purge Trial’ in March 1938? 31 A critical skills exercise 38 Historians’ views about Stalin’s show trials 42 Interrogating the historians 43 Your conclusions on the enquiry 44 © PDST, 2014 3 Stalin’s show trials: exploring causation with students In exploring the case study, “Stalin’s show trials”, students are following a narrative of events. -
Hotel Bristol” Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936
New Evidence Concerning the “Hotel Bristol” Question in the First Moscow Trial of 1936 Sven-Eric Holmström Leon Sedov Leon Trotsky John Dewey 1. Introduction The purpose of this essay is to introduce new evidence regarding the Hotel Bristol in Copenhagen, the existence of which was questioned after the First Moscow Trial of August, 1936. The issue of Hotel Bristol has perhaps been the most used “evidence” for the fraudulence of the Moscow Trials. This essay examines the Hotel Bristol question as it was dealt with in the Dewey Commission hearings of 1937 in Mexico by carefully examining newly uncovered photographs and primary documents. The essay concludes that • There was a Bristol located where the defendant in question said it was. This Bristol was in more than one way closely connected to a hotel. • Leon Trotsky lied deliberately to the Dewey Commission more than once. • Trotsky’s son Leon Sedov and one of Trotsky’s witnesses also lied. • The examination of the Hotel Bristol question made by the Dewey Commission can at the best be described as sloppy. This means that the credibility of the Dewey Commission must be seriously questioned. Copyright © 2008 by Sven-Eric Holmström and Cultural Logic, ISSN 1097-3087 Sven-Eric Holmström 2 • The author Isaac Deutscher and Trotsky’s secretary, Jean Van Heijenoort, covered up Trotsky’s continuing contact with his supporters in the Soviet Union. • It was probably Deutscher and/or Van Heijenoort who purged the Harvard Trotsky Archives of incriminating evidence, a fact discovered by researchers during the early 1980s. • This is the strongest evidence so far that the testimony in the 1936 Moscow Trial was true, rather than a frame up. -
Accusations Against Stalin Regarding the Great Purge and the Establishment of the Gulags
International Court of Justice Accusations against Stalin regarding the Great Purge and the establishment of the Gulags Director: Alvaro Ricós Moderator: Carlos Colchero INTRODUCTION The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was founded in 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in 1946. The Court’s duty is to advise on legal questions referred to it by other UN organs or agencies (The Court ICG, n.d.). The Court is composed of 15 judges who are elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court is located in the Netherlands, and is therefore the only UN organ that is not located in New York. There are two types of cases involving the ICJ, either legal disputes called Contentious Cases, or advisory opinions on legal questions, which is the case in the upcoming trial. Other UN organs request trials to discuss and determine the legality of specific situations, so the most suitable states are chosen in order to provide the most informed verdict as possible. Furthermore, written and oral proceedings usually take place in order to inform the court of the case and then withdraw a public advisory decision. (The Court ICG, n.d.). First off, once the proceedings begin, the member States are required to file and exchange pleadings signaling their position and a detailed statement of laws or facts leading them to such position during what’s known as the written phase. After that, the State representatives are required to do oral proceedings addressing the court and thus looking forward to reaching a verdict. -
Culture, Power, and Mission to Moscow: Film and Soviet-American Relations During World War II
Culture, Power, and Mission to Moscow: Film and Soviet-American Relations during World War II Todd Bennett For suggestions on how to use this article in the United States history survey course, see our “Teaching the JAH” Web site supplement at ,http://www.indiana. edu/~jah/teaching.. Following a sumptuous feast (and copious amounts of vodka), the guests, gathered around a banquet table deep within the Kremlin’s walls in May 1943, toasted Soviet- American friendship. Premier Joseph V. Stalin and Foreign Minister Vyacheslav M. Molotov praised the Grand Alliance. Anastas I. Mikoyan, the Soviet commissar for foreign trade, Lavrenty P. Beria, the head of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennykh Del, nkvd), and Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet ambassador to the United States, offered toasts, and the Anglo-Americans present—including the British ambassador to Moscow, Adm. William H. Standley, the reigning United States representative, and Joseph E. Davies, Washington’s former ambassador—reciprocated. The American emissary from 1936 to 1938, Davies was there because President Franklin D. Roosevelt had sent him to arrange an introductory summit with Stalin, a meeting at which Roosevelt was sure all out- standing Soviet-American differences could be ironed out. Although Davies’ pres- ence was unusual, thus far the evening had been little different from similar receptions held by Soviet leaders for their Allied comrades during World War II. On this occasion, however, the former ambassador had brought with him a movie that both he and Roosevelt hoped would convince the Soviet dictator to eschew separate peace negotiations with Adolf Hitler and to remain within the tenuous Big Three Todd Bennett is visiting assistant professor of history at the University of Nevada, Reno. -
Stalin: Trials and Purges: Key Words: Gulag, the Kirov Affair, the Great Purge, the Great Terros, the Cult of Personality, Propaganda, Dictatorship, CHEKA, NKVD, KGB
Stalin: Trials and Purges: Key words: Gulag, The Kirov Affair, The Great Purge, The Great Terros, The Cult of Personality, Propaganda, Dictatorship, CHEKA, NKVD, KGB Stalin´s insecurity: By 1929 Stalin had defeated his main opponents within the Communist Party But there were still some critics who opposed the policy of forced collectivization and other political steps The Kirov Affair, 1934: Sergei Kirov: head of the Party in Leningrad, was murdered in 1934. Kirov was very popular. By some Party officials, he was seen as a likely replacement for Stalin Kirov was murdered in 1934 under suspicious circumstances: Stalin´s involvement in the murder is not absolutely clear, there is no clear evidence. Stalin used this murder as an opportunity to launch purge of the Communist Party The Great Purge and the “Show Trials”: The Moscow Trials: were a series of “show trials” conducted in the Soviet Union and orchestrated by Joseph Stalin during the Great Purge of the 1930s. The Moscow Trials were show trials, which meant that the verdicts were predetermined, and then publicly justified through the use of coerced confessions, obtained through torture and threats against the defendants' families. The purpose of the trials was to: eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority. Most defendants were charged under Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code with: conspiring with the western powers to assassinate Stalin and other Soviet leaders, dismember the Soviet Union, and restore capitalism. People were forced to “confess” their involvement in attempts to assassinate Party leaders and to overthrow the Revolution. They were even accused of being agents of Nazi Germany. -
Bertrand Russell, Norman Thomas, and the Cold
ual historians lie vis-a-vis the highly polarized historio graphy of the Cold War period, most would agree that the American response to the Cold War, and particularly the passion for security reflected in its overreaction to the dangers of internal Communist subversion, left a residue of bitterness and divisiveness that lingers to this day. One only has to examine Allen Weinsteinis continuing attempts to From conflict to cooperation: sort out the truth from the emotion and partisanship sur rounding the Hiss and Rosenberg cases to realize the validity of this point. 3 Whispers about the dangers of internal sub Bertrand Russell, Norman version still lurk in (and occasionally emerge from) the shadows of the fantasy world of the radical right and, more Thomas, and the cold war significantly, in the ambiguous reminiscences of respected conseratives and liberals. Many, to put it bluntly, have never come to satisfactory terms with this issue. significant number of historians naye in recent years One of the best examples of the conflict generated by the become participants in a bitter and protracted debate American reaction to the internal security question appeared Aabout the origins, nature, and impact of American in in the correspondence of Norman Thomas, the American Social volvement in the Cold War. This controversy has centered on ist leader, with Bertrand Russell in the late 1950s and early an argument about the extent of American responsibility for 1960s. The dispute broke into the open when Thomas publish the Cold War with a number