Rocky Mountains to the Golden Gate
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Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico
Historical Range of Variability and Current Landscape Condition Analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico William H. Romme, M. Lisa Floyd, David Hanna with contributions by Elisabeth J. Bartlett, Michele Crist, Dan Green, Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, J. Page Lindsey, Kevin McGarigal, & Jeffery S.Redders Produced by the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute at Colorado State University, and Region 2 of the U.S. Forest Service May 12, 2009 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY … p 5 AUTHORS’ AFFILIATIONS … p 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … p 16 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Objectives and Organization of This Report … p 17 B. Overview of Physical Geography and Vegetation … p 19 C. Climate Variability in Space and Time … p 21 1. Geographic Patterns in Climate 2. Long-Term Variability in Climate D. Reference Conditions: Concept and Application … p 25 1. Historical Range of Variability (HRV) Concept 2. The Reference Period for this Analysis 3. Human Residents and Influences during the Reference Period E. Overview of Integrated Ecosystem Management … p 30 F. Literature Cited … p 34 CHAPTER II. PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS A. Vegetation Structure and Composition … p 39 B. Reference Conditions … p 40 1. Reference Period Fire Regimes 2. Other agents of disturbance 3. Pre-1870 stand structures C. Legacies of Euro-American Settlement and Current Conditions … p 67 1. Logging (“High-Grading”) in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 2. Excessive Livestock Grazing in the Late 1800s and Early 1900s 3. Fire Exclusion Since the Late 1800s 4. Interactions: Logging, Grazing, Fire, Climate, and the Forests of Today D. Summary … p 83 E. Literature Cited … p 84 CHAPTER III. -
Colorado Fourteeners Checklist
Colorado Fourteeners Checklist Rank Mountain Peak Mountain Range Elevation Date Climbed 1 Mount Elbert Sawatch Range 14,440 ft 2 Mount Massive Sawatch Range 14,428 ft 3 Mount Harvard Sawatch Range 14,421 ft 4 Blanca Peak Sangre de Cristo Range 14,351 ft 5 La Plata Peak Sawatch Range 14,343 ft 6 Uncompahgre Peak San Juan Mountains 14,321 ft 7 Crestone Peak Sangre de Cristo Range 14,300 ft 8 Mount Lincoln Mosquito Range 14,293 ft 9 Castle Peak Elk Mountains 14,279 ft 10 Grays Peak Front Range 14,278 ft 11 Mount Antero Sawatch Range 14,276 ft 12 Torreys Peak Front Range 14,275 ft 13 Quandary Peak Mosquito Range 14,271 ft 14 Mount Evans Front Range 14,271 ft 15 Longs Peak Front Range 14,259 ft 16 Mount Wilson San Miguel Mountains 14,252 ft 17 Mount Shavano Sawatch Range 14,231 ft 18 Mount Princeton Sawatch Range 14,204 ft 19 Mount Belford Sawatch Range 14,203 ft 20 Crestone Needle Sangre de Cristo Range 14,203 ft 21 Mount Yale Sawatch Range 14,200 ft 22 Mount Bross Mosquito Range 14,178 ft 23 Kit Carson Mountain Sangre de Cristo Range 14,171 ft 24 Maroon Peak Elk Mountains 14,163 ft 25 Tabeguache Peak Sawatch Range 14,162 ft 26 Mount Oxford Collegiate Peaks 14,160 ft 27 Mount Sneffels Sneffels Range 14,158 ft 28 Mount Democrat Mosquito Range 14,155 ft 29 Capitol Peak Elk Mountains 14,137 ft 30 Pikes Peak Front Range 14,115 ft 31 Snowmass Mountain Elk Mountains 14,099 ft 32 Windom Peak Needle Mountains 14,093 ft 33 Mount Eolus San Juan Mountains 14,090 ft 34 Challenger Point Sangre de Cristo Range 14,087 ft 35 Mount Columbia Sawatch Range -
Historic District and Map • Historic Subdistricts and Maps • Architectural Styles
City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines CHAPTER 2 Historic Context • Historic District and Map • Historic Subdistricts and Maps • Architectural Styles Chapter 2: Historic Context City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines Chapter 2: Historic Context City of Manitou Springs Historic District Design Guidelines Chapter 2: Historical Context This section describes the historical context of Manitou Springs as refl ected in its historic structures. A communi- ty history can be documented in a collection of names and dates carefully recorded in history books seldom read, or it can be seen everyday in the architecture of the past. Protecting and preserving that architectural heritage is one way we can celebrate the people and events that shaped our community and enhance the foundation for our future growth and development. Background Large Queen Anne Victorian hotels such as the Bark- er House and the Cliff House are visible reminders of Manitou’s heyday as a health resort. These grand buildings, although altered signifi cantly through ear- ly renovations, date back to the 1870s when Manitou Springs was founded by Dr. William Bell, an Eng- lish physician and business partner of General Wil- liam Palmer, the founder of Colorado Springs and the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Dr. Bell envi- sioned a European-style health resort built around the natural mineral springs with public parks, gardens, villas and elegant hotels. With this plan in mind, Manitou Springs’ fi rst hotel, the Manitou House, was constructed in 1872. Development during the 1870s -1880s was rapid and consisted primarily of frame construction. Although Manitou’s growth did not faithfully adhere to Dr. -
Climate on the Blanca Massif, Sangre De Cristo Mountains, Colorado, USA, During the Last Glacial Maximum
quaternary Article Climate on the Blanca Massif, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colorado, USA, during the Last Glacial Maximum Keith A. Brugger 1,* , Eric M. Leonard 2, Kurt A. Refsnider 3 and Peter Dolan 4 1 Geology Discipline, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA 2 Department of Geology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, USA; [email protected] 3 101 W Goodwin St #3849, Prescott, AZ 86302, USA; [email protected] 4 Statistics and Computer Science Disciplines, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Temperature-index modeling is used to determine the magnitude of temperature de- pression on the Blanca Massif, Colorado, required to maintain steady-state mass balances of nine reconstructed glaciers at their extent during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The mean temperature depression thus determined is ~8.6 +0.7/−0.9 ◦C where the uncertainties account for those inherent in the glacier reconstructions, in model parameters (e.g., melt factors), and possible modest changes in LGM precipitation. Associated equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) exhibit a statistically significant directional dependency being lower toward the north and east. Under the assumption that regional temperature change was uniform, required changes in precipitation vary systematically—also exhibit- ing a directional dependency coinciding with that in ELAs—and indicate increases (over modern) occurred on the eastern side of the massif while decreases occurred on the western side. This disparity represents a strengthening of a precipitation asymmetry, particularly winter precipitation, which Citation: Brugger, K.A.; Leonard, E.M.; Refsnider, K.A.; Dolan, P. -
The Geologic Story of Colorado's Sangre De Cristo Range
The Geologic Story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range Circular 1349 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover shows a landscape carved by glaciers. Front cover, Crestone Peak on left and the three summits of Kit Carson Mountain on right. Back cover, Humboldt Peak on left and Crestone Needle on right. Photograph by the author looking south from Mt. Adams. The Geologic Story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range By David A. Lindsey A description of the rocks and landscapes of the Sangre de Cristo Range and the forces that formed them. Circular 1349 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Lindsey, D.A., 2010, The geologic story of Colorado’s Sangre de Cristo Range: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1349, 14 p. iii Contents The Oldest Rocks ...........................................................................................................................................1 -
Sangre De Cristo Salida and San Carlos Wet Mountains San Carlos Spanish Peaks San Carlos
Wild Connections Conservation Plan for the Pike & San Isabel National Forests Chapter 5 – Complexes: Area-Specific Management Recommendations This section contains our detailed, area-specific proposal utilizing the theme based approach to land management. As an organizational tool, this proposal divides the Pike-San Isabel National Forest into eleven separate Complexes, based on geo-physical characteristics of the land such as mountain ranges, parklands, or canyon systems. Each complex narrative provides details and justifications for our management recommendations for specific areas. In order to emphasize the larger landscape and connectivity of these lands with the ecoregion, commentary on relationships to adjacent non-Forest lands are also included. Evaluations of ecological value across public and private lands are used throughout this chapter. The Colorado Natural Heritage Programs rates the biodiversity of Potential Conservation Areas (PCAs) as General Biodiversity, Moderate, High, Very High, and Outranking Significance. The Nature Conservancy assesses the conservation value of its Conservation Blueprint areas as Low, Moderately Low, Moderate, Moderately High and High. The Southern Rockies Ecosystem Project's Wildlands Network Vision recommends land use designations of Core Wilderness, Core Agency, Low and Moderate Compatible Use, and Wildlife Linkages. Detailed explanations are available from the respective organizations. Complexes – Summary List by Watershed Table 5.1: Summary of WCCP Complexes Watershed Complex Ranger District -
Hike the Parks
Hike the Parks ~Rulebook~ Hello! Welcome to Hike the Parks, a U.S. National Parks game with authentic hikes and cool facts. Roll the dice to visit new states, territories and Park Sites; learn cool facts at the Visitor’s Center; go on hikes; and take pictures! Brief Summary: 1. The winner is the first player to reach 200 Joy. Change the amount to shorten or lengthen the game. 2. Joy is earned by going on hikes, taking pictures while on hikes, meeting nice hitchhikers and optionally earning badges along the way. 3. Players roll two die to travel to different U.S. states. For example, if a 2 & 3 is rolled, a player can move across a maximum of 5 state borders to visit a park for that turn. If a player only crosses 3 of the 5 allowed borders for that turn, the remaining 2 CANNOT be carried over to another turn. 4. A player gains one Energy and one Water for each state border crossed on their turn. For example, traveling from Washington to Alaska gains two Energy and two Water. 5. After crossing at least one border, a player must draw one On the Road card for that turn. If the player remains in the same state, they do not need to pick up an On the Road card. 6. After visiting a new state or deciding to stay in the same state, a player may visit one Park Site (or stay in the same Park Site) and “visit its Visitors Center” by drawing a Visitor’s Center Trivia card to learn about a random National Park Site. -
Fountain Creek, Colorado, 2007–2008, by Using Multiple Lines of Evidence
Evaluation of Fecal Contamination by Human and Ruminant Sources in Upper Fountain Creek, Colorado, 2007–2008, By Using Multiple Lines of Evidence In May 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pikes Fountain Creek is a high-gradient stream on the Front Range of the Rocky Peak Area Council of Governments, Mountains in Colorado (fig. 1). The headwaters of Fountain Creek drain Pikes Colorado Department of Public Health Peak, a major destination for tourism. Fountain Creek is a drinking-water source and the Environment, Colorado Springs for the City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and is used for irrigation, recreation, Engineering, and Colorado Springs and other purposes between Colorado Springs and the confluence with the Utilities, began a study to document the Arkansas River at Pueblo, Colorado. In 2008, Fountain Creek was placed on the locations, magnitude, and sources of fecal Colorado 303(d) list of impaired streams because of fecal contamination. Colorado contamination to upper Fountain Creek, uses a 30-day geometric mean standard of 126 E. coli per 100 milliliters as its Colorado (fig. 1). Upper Fountain Creek management goal for recreational waters (Colorado Department of Public Health extends from the headwaters, near Green and Environment, 2005). Mountain Falls, Colorado, to the conflu- ence of Monument Creek with Fountain Creek in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Fountain Creek Measured densities of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Fountain Creek were more than 126 per 100 milliliters (the Colorado criterion for recreational uses; Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 2005) at several sites in the study area. Exceedances occurred during warm-weather months (warm season, June 15 through September 15) in Ruxton Creek (site 9), Fountain Creek downstream from Ruxton Creek (site 10), and Fountain Creek below 8th Street in Colorado Springs (site 15). -
Geologic Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic Data in the Salida Region, Colorado
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geologic interpretation of gravity and magnetic data in the Salida region, Colorado By . J. E. Case and R.F. Sikora Open-File Report 84-372 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U. S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. Trade names are used for descriptive purposes only. 1.345 Middlefield Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 1984 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Summary of Major Rock Units 3 Precambrian rocks 3 Sedimentary rocks 6 Paleozoic strata 6 Mesozoic strata 6 Cenozoic strata 6 Cenozoic volcanic rocks 7 Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusive rocks 7 Physical Properties of Rock Units 7 Magnetic Properties 10 Precambrian gneiss 11 Precambrian granitoid rocks 11 Paleozoic sedimentary rocks 11 Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks 11 Tertiary volcanic rocks 12 Other geophysical surveys 12 DESCRIPTION OF SURVEYS 12 Gravity Survey 12 Aeromagnetic Survey 14 General Features of the Bouguer Anomaly Map 14 General Features of the Magnetic Map 15 Interpretation of the Geophysical Anomalies 15 South Park and Mosquito Range 15 Arkansas Valley Basin 21 S a watch Range 24 Southern Mosquito Range 31 Sangre de Cristo Range 32 San Luis Valley and vicinity 33 Bonanza Caldera and vicinity 36 Acknowledgements 41 References 42 Table 1 Generalized geologic column 4 Fig. 1 Index map of central and western Colorado 2 2 Densities 8 3 Magnetic susceptibilities 9 4 Residual gravity anomaly map, north part of 17 Antero Reservoir quadrangle 5 Interpretation of residual gravity anomaly along 18 profile H-H' 6 Interpretation of the gravity anomaly 20 along profile A-A1 7 Two-dimensional model computed along 22 profile B-B 1 8 Two-dimensional model computed along gravity 23 profile C-C 1 9 Bouguer gravity anomaly map of west-central Colorado 27 10 Gravity profiles along B-B 1 and gravity model for 28 Mount Princeton batholith. -
National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form
(11-78) United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms Type all entries complete applicable sections________________ 1. Name historic '-Multiple Resource Area W^Manitou Springs/ and/or common Same 2. Location street & number -Tn-.--w..^FITri-^7M1 Springs ^^ not for publication city, town Manitou Springs n/a.. vicinity of congressional district state Colorado code 08 county El Paso code 041 3. Classification Category Ownership Status Present Use district public x occupied agriculture x museum building(-S) private y unoccupied x commercial _x_park structure x b°th x work in progress x educational y private residence $ite Public Acquisition Accessible x entertainment x religious object n/a in process x yes: restricted x government scientific x multiple n/a being considered x yes: unrestricted industrial x transportation resource x no military Other: 4. Owner of Property name Multiple. See continuation sheets. street & number city, town n/a vicinity of state 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. E1 pasp County Assessor . s o££ice street & number 27 East Vermijo city, town Colorado Springs state Colorado 6. Representation in Existing Surveys Colorado Preservation Office Survey has this property been determined elegible? yes no date i960 federal state county local depository for survey recordsColorado Preservation Office city, town Denver state 7. Description Condition Check one Check one _ 2L excellent deteriorated unaltered x original site _ x.good ruins x altered moved date _ x-fair unexnosed Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance Survey Methodology The Multiple Resource Area of Manitou Springs nomination is based on a comprehensive survey of all standing structures within the city limits of the town. -
Papilio (New Series) #12, Some O
(NEW Dec. 3, PAPILIO SERIES) 2008 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND NEW TAXA OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES, ESPECIALLY FROM COLORADO By James A. Scott & Michaels. Fisher, with some parts by David M. Wright, Stephen M. Spomer, Norbert G. Kondla, Todd Stout, Matthew C. Garhart, & Gary M. Marrone Introduction and Abstract Michael Fisher is currently updating the 1957 book Colorado Butterflies, by F. Martin Brown, J. Donald Eff, and Bernard Rotger (Fisher 2005a, 2005b, 2006). This project has emphasized the necessity of naming certain butterflies in Colorado and vicinity that are distinctive, but currently have no name, as part of our goal of applying correct species/ subspecies names to all Colorado butterflies. Eleven of those distinctive butterflies are named here, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Asterocampa, Argynnis (Speyeria), Euphydryas, Lycaena, and Hesperia. New life histories are reported for species or subspecies of Neominois & Oeneis & Euphydryas & Lycaena that were recently described or recently elevated in status. Lycaena jlorUs differs in hostplant, egg morphology, and somewhat in a seta on 151 -stage larvae. We also report the results ofresearch elsewhere in North America that was needed to determine which of the current subspecies names should be applied to other butterflies in Colorado, in the genera Anthocharis, Neominois, Apodemia, Callophrys, At/ides, Euphilotes, PlebeJus, Polites, & Hylephila. This research has added additional species to the total of Colorado butterflies. Nomenclatural problems in Colorado Lycaena & Calloph1ys are settled with lectotypes and designations of type localities and two pending petitions to suppress toxotaxa. Difficulties with the ICZN Code in properly applying names to clines are explored, and new terminology is given to some necessary biological solutions. -
William and Margaret Mccalla: the 1938 Trip Through the Northwest United States
From June 15 to September 1, 1938 William and Margaret McCalla travelled 4,852 miles through the Northwest United States collecting and photographing wildflowers. Each kept a journal. This is a record of their journey. William and Margaret McCalla: The 1938 Trip Through the Northwest United States Compiled by Robert (Grandson) and Peggy McCalla, Halifax, NS 24 May 2017 1 Acknowledgement This compilation has been a labour of love; it’s also been educational. However, we could not have done the work without the support of people who gave freely of their time and interest in the affairs of William and Margaret McCalla. To Dorothy Fabijan and Jocelyn Hall of the University of Alberta Vascular Plant Herbarium Museum where WCM’s plant specimens are archived, thank you. Also, to Wayne Murdoch of the Provincial Archives of Alberta, many thanks for your encouragement and scans of lantern slide images. Our thanks are extended to Chantal Dussault and Laura Smyk of the Canadian Museum of Nature for your support in cataloguing the black and white images in the many volumes of WCM photographs in your possession and supplying selected images. We are especially grateful to Donna Clandfield (grandaughter of WCM and MM) for supplying the original journals and Eric Stewart (great grandson of WCM and MM) for technical support and encouragement. We acknowledge mistakes exist in the compilation. Not everything was easy to decipher from the handwriting; botany is not our expertise and Latin names were a challenge. Let us end with the words of WCM when speaking to an evening group at Scarboro Church in Calgary on November 2, 1936: “For three score years I have found pleasure and satisfaction in Outdoor Nature, and for almost two score of these years I have carried camera and note book on all my trips, short and long….Most people find some emotional pleasure in nature.