Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19085-6 — Hammer and Silicon Sheila M

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19085-6 — Hammer and Silicon Sheila M. Puffer , Daniel J. McCarthy , Daniel M. Satinsky Index More Information

Index

AbbVie, 94, 207, 225, 287, 348 American or American-homeland ABBYY, 138, 143, 183, 184, 364, 378 identity, 325–334, 338–339 Abrikosov, Alexey, 213 American-Russian Biomedical Research academic and industry settings, 199, Foundation, 135 200–208 American-Russian identity, 327, Academy of Sciences, 70, 79 332–333 Acceleron Pharma, 50, 134, 223, 354 American Society of Mechanical Acronis, 138, 169, 178, 179, 359, 378 Engineers, 200 Act Prohibiting the Importation of Amgen, 161, 182 Slaves (1807), 110 Amorsa Therapeutics, 159 Acumatica, 179 Ampex, 10 Ad Words Display at Google, 218, Analog Devices, 307 299, 343 Andreessen, Marc, 166 Adamian, Maria, 359 Andreessen Horowitz, 166 Advira, 207 Andropov, Yury, 53, 57 Advirna, 74, 347 Animation Magic, 152, 230 African Americans, 375 Animatron, 133, 296 Agency for Technology Transfer, 138 anti-Semitism Agouron Pharmaceuticals, 161 emigration and, 88, 379 Ajamyan, Tatul, 144, 363–364 informal institutions, 56–64 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, interviewee experiences, 121 206 policies, 35 Alexander I, 67 Soviet mathematics and, 85, 86–88 Alexievich, Svetlana, 33, 377 summary of, 376 Alimzhanov, Marat, 50, 134–135, Apple, 10, 42, 132, 217, 220, 232, 233, 223–224, 354 281, 306, 354, 378 All Soviet Union Olympiads, 75, Applied Bio-Systems, 210 76, 87 Aristarkhov, Alexander, 210–211, 243 All-Union Communist Party, 69 Armenia, 46, 103, 137 All-Union Leninist Young Communist Armenian identity, 338–339, 340 League, 69 Asian immigration, 106 Almaz Capital Partners, 179 Asset Management Company, 182 Alta Ventures, 177 Association of Scientiﬁc Societies of Alterra, 74, 81, 162, 284, 313, 360 Russia, 135 Altisource Labs, 220, 335 AstraZeneca, 223 American Business Association of Atlas Venture, 154 Russian-speaking Professionals AT&T, 152 (AmBar), 164, 186, 263, 272, 273, Auriga, 85, 130, 378 275, 311–312 Autodesk, 154 American-Jewish identity, 331–332 AVentures, 194

396

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19085-6 — Hammer and Silicon Sheila M. Puffer , Daniel J. McCarthy , Daniel M. Satinsky Index More Information

Index 397

Avnet, 9 Boinagrov, David, 82–83, 245–246, Azerbaijan, 136 350–351 Azores and Netherlands Refugee Act Bolashak program, 102 (1958), 376 Bolgov, Dennis, 173–175, 256, 286, 347 B-1/B-2 visas, 144 Bolshevik Party, 44, 68 Babson College, 156, 171, 176 Bolshevik Revolution, 8, 12, 67 baby boomers, 32 Bolsheviks, 389 Baghdasaryan, Davit, 142, 226–227, Boston Biocom, 159, 214 266, 305–306, 387–388 Boston Business Journal, 172 Bakulev Center for Cardiovascular Boston-Cambridge Networking Surgery in Moscow, 222 Organizations, 274–276 Balk, Igor, 175–176, 364–365 Boston Children’s Hospital, 222 Ballets Russes Arts Initiative, 328 Boston Market, 243 Baltic countries, 45 Boston Russian Media Group, 62 Baltic State Technological University, Boston Scientiﬁc, 182 95 Boston Tech Stars, 194 banned books, 40 Boston University, 212, 224, 246 Barclays, 63 Boston University Law School, 177 Baren-Boym Company, 50, 295 Boston University’s National Emerging Barenboym, Daniel, 274, 312–313, Infectious Disease Laboratory, 205 318, 331 brain drain, 88–91, 100–104, 122–123, Barenboym, Michael, 50, 295–296, 137 302 Braveleaf, 329 Baron, Eugene, 265, 282–283, 299, 308 Brezhnev, Leonid, 23, 59, 62, 80, 306 Battery Ventures, 78, 129, 382, 393 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 146, Bauman Moscow State Technical 221 University, 80 Broad Institute, 205, 221 Baxter, 176, 182 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 162 Bazhenova, Olga, 303 Brown University, 79, 216 Behind the Factory Walls: Decision Bruck, Jehoshua, 95 Making in Soviet and Buff, Eugene, 317–318 US Enterprises (Lawrence et al), 4 Bulychev, Alexey, 52, 72–73, 341 Belarus, 103, 137 Burkov, Sergei, 74, 81–82, 162–163, Belarusian Institute of Technology, 77 256, 284, 313–314, 360 Beloussov, Serguei, 178–180, 359 Bushoy, Alex, 129, 242–243, 327 Berdnikov, Boris, 53–54, 300–301, BusinessWeek, 169 355–356 Best of Comdex, 217 California Institute of Technology, 258 Bilbo Innovations, 162 Calligrapher Technology Group, 217 Bilogorskiy, Nick, 48, 234–236, 355 Cambridge Innovation Center, 55, 331 Biomedical Imaging Solutions, 39, 361 Capital Multimedia, 152 BioProcess Cell Culture at GE Carnegie, Dale, 282, 308 Healthcare, 83 Carnegie Mellon University West, 96 biotech startups, 156–162, 180–183, Case Western University, 256 200–216 CBS, 9 Bodovski, Katerina, 32 CellularSelf, 219 Boeing, 137 Cendant Software, 152 Boguslavsky, Eugene, 128, 219–220, Center for Imaging and Pharmaceutical 267, 300, 326 Research, 200

398 Index

Center for Integration of Medicine and CompleteCase.com, 170 Innovative Technologies, 158 complexity and identity inﬂuences, Center for Pharmaceutical 351–358 Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Computervision, 153 200 Connecticut College, 238 Center for Redox Medicine, 380 Cornell University, 162 Central Tuberculosis Research Council of People’s Commissars, 68 Institute, 206 Coursmos, 96, 311, 364 centralized command economy, 41–44 Craigslist, 186 Charles River Software, 153 creative freedom, 281 Charron, David, 185 Crooke, Graham, 182 Chekholko, Alexander, 269 cross-cultural competency, 277–278 Chekhov Number 55 language school, crowdfunding campaigns, 194 79 cryptocurrency, 166 Children’s Hospital in Boston, 382–383 Cuban Adjustment Act (1966), 112, Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 110, 375 376 Chinese laborers in the West, 109 cultural adaptation ChooChee, 164 introduction to, 238 Cipolla, John, 257 to language, 245–246 Cisco, 145, 188, 229, 268, 303, 360 living conditions and circumstances, Citibank, 133, 293 242–245 Citrix, 164 mentors and role models, 247–262 Clark University, 91 networking, 262–271 ClearChannel, 219 professional networking Cleveland Clinic, 208, 383 organizations, 272–276 Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 208 social support, 246–247 Clickdealer, 197 US educational system/workplace, CoachUp, 40, 282 238–242 Cohen, Daniel, 316 cultural-cognitive institutions, 22 Coingyft, 87, 325 Cupid, plc, 196 Cold War, 33, 105, 106, 107, 115, 152 Custom Learning Designs, 55, 345 Collective Learning, 312, 331 Cybiko, 183–184 Columbia University, 257 Cyphort, 48, 234, 236, 355 commercialization, 101 Czarist Boy Scouts, 69 communication Czarist educational system, 66–67 industry startups, 152–155, 162–178, 183–194, 216–221 D’Amore, Rich, 154 introduction to, 298 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 209 nonverbal communication, 306–309 Databrain, 197 Second Wave, 216–221 deinstitutionalization, 35, 45, 50 telecommunications, 167 del Nido, Pedro, 222, 223 verbal communication, 298–306 Delta Star, 84, 331 communism Dental Photonics, 156 capitalism, 43 Design by Light, 131, 362, 392 entrepreneurship and, 46, 49 Deutsche Bank, 143, 231, 232 formal institutions, 48–54 Dezhina, Irina, 89, 100 impact of, 43 DFJ VTB Aurora, 130, 361 informal institutions, 54–64 Dharmacon Products, 206 youth organizations, 48 Discover magazine, 205 Communist Party, 22, 86 Disney, 166

Index 399

Dnepropetrovsk National University, entrepreneurship. See also US 188, 195 innovation economy Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 202 communism and, 46, 49 Doronichev, Andrey, 42, 145, 242, 300 first experiences of, 213 dual citizenship, 334–335 general measure of progress, 3 Dukach, Semyon, 194 immigrant experiences of, 31–32, Dulance, 163 176, 214, 247, 279–280, 387–388 Dunayev, Alexei, 94, 261–262, in Soviet successor states, 272 288–289, 350 study of, 171, 185, 236, 275, 288, Dvornikova, Anna, 164, 273–274, 328 361 of teachers and professors, 253 E-2 visa, 145 transition to, 387–388 Earth Observing System (EOS), 197 in Ukraine, 155 EB-1 visa, 145 Entrepreneurship Intensity Program, Ecamb, 359 156 economic growth, 2 EPAM Systems, 137, 143, 231, 304, educational institutions in the Soviet 337, 378 Union Epiphan Systems, 53, 81, 167 anti-Semitism, 85, 86–88 E.piphany, 154 brain drain, 88–91, 100–104 Epix Medical, 158 Czarist educational system, 66–67 Epstein, Slava, 39–40, 118–120, emigration and anti-Semitism, 88 204–205 goals of, 70 Esenin-Volpin, Alexander, 86 government role in, 92–93 ethnic identity, 389–391 intellectual recruitment, 93–97 European Union, 107 introduction to, 52–54, 65–66 Evernote, 217, 378 mathematics role in, 84–86 Everon Biosciences, 58, 72, 160, 161 new youth organizations, 68–69 Everson, Iryna, 47, 253, 262, 291, objectives of, 67–68 302–303, 340 ongoing reform, 99–100 overview of, 70–71 F-1 visa, 256 Russian outreach to diaspora, 98–99 Facebook, 10, 128, 172, 186, 192–193, special schools, 71–79 219, 220, 235–236, 267, 296, 300, stratification and hierarchy of, 79–84 326, 340, 378 educational system (US) adaptation, Fairchild Semiconductor, 2 238–242 family and culture, 54–56 effective leadership, 279 family reunification, 111 Eliseev, Alexey, 213–215, 255, Fayngersh, Irina, 211–212, 343–344 286–287, 336 Fayngersh, Michael, 84, 331 Eliseeva, Maria, 213, 380–381, Feldchtein, Felix, 130–131, 332 390–391 Finance Alpha LLC, 94, 356 EMC, 137 first-language maintenance, 32 emigration and anti-Semitism, 88, 379 First Wave immigration emigration and institutions, 378–383 emigration and, 379 Emory University, 213, 255 emigration and anti-Semitism, 88 Engelhardt Institute of Molecular interviews, 58, 118–122 Biology, 223 other industry startups, 155–156 Engle, Jerry, 185 overview, 10–11, 38, 107 Enspire-Medica, 159 political refugees, 112–114 Entangled Solutions, 75, 94, 350 research scientist in engineering, 200

400 Index

First Wave immigration (cont.) Google, 9, 10, 42, 51, 76, 145, 163, Soviet Jewish exit, 114–122 164, 190, 192–193, 218, 219, 220, Soviet legal framework, 114–115 226, 232, 233, 242, 268, 269, 284, Soviet Union and, 39–41 299, 300, 316, 317, 339, 343, 355, summary of, 376–378 356, 378 technology related startups, 152–155 Google Cloud, 284 tracking of, 108–109, 116–118, 117t Google Hangouts, 297 US legal framework, 115–116 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 23, 107, 123, 125, Fisher Scientiﬁc, 155 163 Fit-Any, 319 Gorbatcheva, Bella, 208–209, 340 500 Startups, 166 Gordeski, Valerie, 55–56, 344 Flint Capital, 301 Gore, Al, 134 Fonarev, Dmitry, 285–286 Gorlov, Alexander, 56–57, 200, Foreign Policy magazine, 205 256–257 formal institutions, 48–54 Graham, Loren, 89 former Soviet Union, 141, 265–267, grandparents as mentors/role models, 373, 376–378 248–253 Fortinet, 234 Great Patriotic War, 80, 390 Fowler, Gary, 185 Green Cards, lottery system, 126 Fram, Isaac, 39, 240, 361 Greyhound, 177 Freed, Alex, 162 Gribov, Sergey, 301 French Academy of Sciences, 91 Growth Analytics, 46 Future Work Skills 2020 report, 277 Gubkin Institute, 86, 87 Gukasian, David, 78, 129, 246, 382, Gamarnik, David, 77–78, 258, 393 283–284, 299, 346, 393 Gurevich, Alex, 261, 344–345 Gamota, George, 36–38, 155–156, 331 Gapontsev, Igor, 290 H-1 visa, 141, 144, 146 Gayshan, Stas, 55, 252, 331–332 Haas School of Business, 185 GE Healthcare, 83, 215 habits of mind, 29 Geisberg, Sam, 153 Halo, 189 Gen5 Group, 61, 329 Hamilton, Alexander, 6 Georgia, 47, 103, 137 Happier, Inc., 62, 346 Georgia Institute of Technology, 219 Hart-Celler Act (1965), 111–112. Georgian identity, 337–338 See also Immigration Act (1965) Gitelman, Zvi, 33 Hartl, Dan, 202 Gladilin, Kirill, 74 Harvard Business School, 4, 136, 159, Gladyshev, Vadim, 81, 202–204, 254, 254, 259 380, 384 Harvard Medical School, 81, 82, 146, global citizens/internationalists, 158, 200, 202, 210, 221, 222, 225, 358–368 291, 352, 368, 384 Global Technology Symposium, 263, Hax Accelerator, 193–194 272 Hearst Corporation, 155 Gold, Larry, 256 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), Golden Gate University, 186 120, 344 Goldman Sachs, 63, 133, 293 Helix Ventures, 181, 366 Goncharova, Natalia, 94, 356, Hermiona Education, 266 377–378 Hewlett-Packard, 130 Gonebnyy, Igor, 96, 265 high tech sector (US), 71, 374

Index 401

Hill, Natalie, 243–244, 270–271, Russian identity, 325–326, 328, 326–327 334–335, 336, 339–342 HitDynamics, 195 Soviet identity, 389–391 Hitegrity, 226 Soviet Union, 28–34 Hitler, Adolf, 36 transition and change in US, 391–393 Hive 7, 165 Ukrainian identity, 340 Hodgson Russ LLP, 213 Illuminate Ventures, 155 Home Depot, 9 immigrants/immigration. See also First Homo sovieticus, 67, 377. See also Wave immigration; migration to Soviet Man United States; Second Wave How to Win Friends and Influence immigration; Third Wave People (Carnegie), 282, 308 immigration Hungarian Refugee Act (1958), 112, Asian immigration, 106 376 entrepreneurship experiences, 31–32, Hunter College, 316 176, 214, 247, 279–280, 387–388 Hunter-Panzica, Margarita, 83–84, innovation, 12, 373–375, 393–395 215–216 introduction to, 1–2, 10–11, 373–374 I Style Myself, 360 labor market pull and political Iannucci, Bob, 259 regulation, 375–376 IB Consulter, 83, 96, 339 migration catalysts, 38–39 IBM, 145, 216, 283 overview, 15–18 iBuildApp, 186, 187, 341 three waves of, 38–39 iChip (Epstein chip), 205 US immigration law, 109–110, Idemix Project, 216 111–114 identity influences/theory Immigration Act (1921), 110 American-Jewish identity, 331–332 Immigration Act (1924), 110, 375 American or American-homeland Immigration Act (1965), 106, 111–112, identity, 325–334, 338–339 393 American-Russian identity, 327, Immigration Act (1990), 126 332–333 immigration law (US), 109–110, complexity and, 351–358 111–114 as constellation of influences, Immigration Reform Act (1965), 1, 4, 368–369 120 ethnic identity, 389–391 Import 2, 189, 190–191, 364 global citizens/internationalists, imprinting theory 358–368 identity relationship with, 29 homeland-American identity, institutions and, 384–385 334–339 introduction to, 6, 13–14 homeland-only identity, 339–342 Soviet influences, 385–387 impact of, 373–374 Soviet Union, 25–28 introduction to, 6, 14–15, 323–325 US innovation economy, 387–388 Jewish identity, 325–326, Indochinese Refugee Act (1977), 112, 329, 331–332, 333–334, 376 343–349 industrial era, 393–395 national identity, 389–391 industry startups. See also software professions, passions, or interests, product companies; startups in the 349–351 US Russian-American identity, 327–328, academic and industry settings, 199, 336–337, 362–363 200–208

402 Index

industry startups (cont.) interviewee commonality, 6–9 communication, 152–155, 162–178, INTSPEI, 189 183–194, 216–221 IoT (Internet of Things), 87 First Wave immigration, 155–156 IPG Photonics, 10, 52, 128, 157, 260, Internet startups, 152–155, 162–178, 290, 357, 388, 392 183–194, 216–221, 226–236, 295 iPhone apps, 187, 295 IT industry startups, 152–155, IPMeeting.com, 167 216–221, 226–236 Isakov, Leah, 86–87, 212–213, 243, Second Wave immigration, 178–180 332 Third Wave immigration, 194–198 Israel, 116, 119 informal institutions, 54–64 Israeli Airforce Industries, 163 Infort, 169 Isurin, Ludmilla, 32 innovation, 12, 373–375, 393–395. IT industry startups, 152–155, See also US innovation economy 216–221, 226–236 Inotek Pharmaceuticals, 158 ITA Software, 54 InSegment, 170 Ivanov, Sergei, 90–91, 318, 332–333 Institute of Chemical Physics, 173 Izvestiia,39 Institute of International Education, 134 Jackson, Henry, 115 Institute of Medico-Ecological Jackson-Vanik amendment (1974), 121 Problems, 181 Japanese Exclusion Act (1924), 375 institutions/institutional theory Javelin Venture Partners, 344 capability to add value, 383–384 Jewish Autonomous Region, 56, 389 emigration and, 378–383 Jewish identity, 325–326, 329, formal institutions, 48–54 331–332, 333–334, 343–349 framework for understanding, 35–36 Jobs, Steve, 217, 294 imprinting theory, 384–385 Johnson, Alexandra, 130, 249–250, informal institutions, 54–64 272–273, 308–309, 361–362 introduction to, 6, 12–13 Johnson, Pitch, 182 research institutions, 52–54 Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Soviet Union and, 22–25 120 Intel, 95, 137, 164, 188 JPMorgan, 63 intellectual recruitment, 93–97 Jungreis, Irwin, 153 Intelligent Bio-Systems, 207 IntelliSense, 175 Kabanov, Ilya, 292–293, 314–316, interdisciplinary teams, 278 366–367 interests and identity inﬂuences, Kadeykina, Yelena, 266–267, 347 349–351 Kaliningrad State Technical University, International Entrepreneur Rule, 139 83, 215 International Labor Organization Kashmadze, Shalva, 47, 78, 233–234, (ILO), 103 245, 320–321, 337–338, 388 International Olympiads, 75, 77, 83, Kauffman Foundation, 3 87, 258 Kayak, 177 International Science Foundation, 135 Kazakhstan, 101, 136 internationalists, 358–368 Kerov, Dmitry, 251, 306, 342 internationalization of Russian Kesler, Alexander, 170–172 universities, 101 KGB, 22, 46, 50, 57, 58, 118, Internet startups, 152–155, 162–178, 311, 392 183–194, 216–221, 226–236, 295 Kharkov National University, 231 interpersonal skills, 277 Khazan, Eugene, 252, 329–330

Index 403

Khirman, Stas, 163–164, 274, 301, leadership styles, 288–298 311–312, 348–349 LeanWagon, 170 Khrushchev, Nikita, 80 LegaSystems, 330 Khvorova, Anastasia, 91, 206–207, Lehn, Jean-Marie, 213 243, 334–335 Lenin, Vladimir, 21 Kickstarter campaign, 194 Lenin Prize in Science and Technology, Kislinskiy, Danil, 83, 96, 339 201, 349 Klen, Andrey, 145, 193–194, 259, 305 Leningrad State University, 153 knowledge-based economy, 375, Letter of 99 Mathematicians, 86 393–395 Lewis, Kim, 205 Kofman, Mark, 41–42, 189–191, 251, Lewontin, Richard, 202 364 Lexalytics, 173 Kogan, Anya, 51, 218–219, 269, 299, Libin, Phil, 218 343 Lifshits, Yury, 75–76, 94–95, 258, 350 Kogan, Nataly, 62, 240, 248–249, 346 Litvinenko, Anton, 190 Kogan, Semyon, 61, 329 living conditions and circumstances, Komarovsky, Leonid, 62 242–245 Komarovsky, Valentin, 268, 330 Livschitz, Leonard, 256, 333 Komsomol, 48–52, 63, 69 Livschitz, Louiza, 333–334 Kononov, Sergey, 143, 231–232, 304, Lobby 7, 173 337 London Business School, 257 Kostochka, Roman, 311, 364 Loparo, Ken, 256 Kovalenko, Sergei, 48, 341–342 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 68 Kovalev, Dmitry, 145, 228–230, 268, Luxoft, 137, 143, 231 303–304, 360 Lysyanskaya, Anna, 79, 216, 257, 334 Kovaleva, Sophia, 96–97 Kramnik, Igor, 205–206 Mail Ninja app, 174 Krioukov, Dmitri, 75, 342 Makagon, Kira, 120, 154–155, Kunov, Andrey, 270, 310–311, 351, 297–298, 304, 308, 345 381–382 Mamatov, Aziz, 241–242, 353 Kuzmenko, Dmitry, 144–145, managerial styles, 288–298 264–265, 316, 328–329 manufacturing business, 130–131 Kvant magazine, 73 Manuilov, Anton, 207–208, 252–253, Kvitka, Tatiana, 131–132, 362–363, 287, 330 392 Markov, Sergey, 267, 296, 340 Marx, Karl, 97 L-1 visa, 141, 142 Marxist philosophy, 97 labor market pull, 375–376 Massachusetts General Hospital, 158, Landau Institute for Theoretical 200 Physics, 81, 256 Massachusetts Institute of Technology language adaptation, 245–246 (MIT), 98, 136, 158, 175, 214, Laurentian University, 4 216, 227, 254, 255, 258, 283, 292, Lautenberg Amendment, 126 346 Lautenburg, Frank (Lautenburg MassChallenge, 175 Amendment), 126 Masterov, Alexei, 241–242, 316–317 Lavrishina, Natasha, 95 Math and Physics School 625, 74 Law of Return (1950), 119 Mathematical Society of St. Petersburg, Law “On the Procedure of Exit from 251 and Entry into Ukraine by Citizens mathematics role in Soviet education, of Ukraine,”124 84–86

404 Index

MathWorks, 41, 227, 300, 353 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 208 Matuzov, Maxim, 42, 232–233, 245, Miller, Merton, 78 294–295, 306, 354 Miroshnichenko, Alex, 168–169 Maxima Group, 195 MMP Medical Associates, 57, 120, Maxwell Biotech Venture Fund, 213, 312, 361 286, 336 Moderna Therapeutics, 52, 72, 341 Maxymiser, 196 Moldova, 137 McCarron-Walter Act (1952), 111 Monte Vista High School, 134 McMaster University, 162 Moore, Gordon, 95 MechMat (Faculty of Mathematics and Moscow Craft School, 80 Mechanics), 85–86 Moscow Institute of Physics and MediationMate, 170 Technology (PhysTech), 52, medical products startups, 156–162, 53, 80, 81, 82, 146, 167, 168, 180–183, 200–216 175, 178, 183, 201–202, 220, Mediphan, 168 221 Medtronic, 211 Moscow Institute of Transport Medvedev, Dmitry, 136, 138 Engineers, 56, 200 Medvednikov, Evgeny, 140–142, 266, Moscow Olympics (1980), 11 307–308 Moscow Road Automatics Institute, 88 mentors, 247–262 Moscow State Institute of Electronics Metamark Genetics, 83, 209, 289, 336 and Mathematics, 292 Metamorphic Ventures, 177 Moscow State Institute of International Microsoft, 10, 137, 145, 164, 178, 188, Relations (MGIMO), 80 217, 264, 289, 367, 378 Moscow State Institute of Radio migration catalysts Engineering, Electronics, and anti-Semitism, 56–64 Automation, 217 centralized command economy, Moscow State University, 40, 53, 56, 41–44 59, 66, 73, 80, 85, 87, 90, 132, educational/research institutions, 159, 160, 164, 169, 171, 185, 200, 52–54 202, 204, 210, 213, 223, 251, 254, experiences in youth, 48–52 255, 257, 259, 281 family and culture, 54–56 Moscow State University of Food formal institutions, 48–54 Production, 208 immigration waves, 38–39 Moscow Steel and Alloys Institute, 90 informal institutions, 54–64 multicultural teams, 280 introduction to, 35–38 multinational corporations (MNCs), national republics, 44–48 137 Soviet government and ideology, MURKA, 196 39–41 Murmansk State University, 232 migration to United States globalization, immigration, and Nacera, 343 innovation, 106 Narus, 164 Hart-Celler Act, 111–112 Natera, 211, 326 immigration law as regulator, National Aeronautics and Space 109–110 Administration (NASA), 3 introduction to, 105–106 National Cancer Institute, 134, 203 Soviet Jewish exit, 114–122 National Institutes of Health (NIH), three waves of, 106–108 202, 204, 223 tracking each wave, 108–109 national republics, 44–48 military-industrial complex, 89 National Science Foundation, 156

Index 405

National Strategy for Trusted Identities Novartis Institutes for Biomedical in Cyberspace, 216 Research, 208, 340 National Technology Initiative (NTI), NovaSeek Research, 159, 160, 343 98–99, 138 NovoBiotics Pharmaceuticals, 205 National University of Science and Novobrantseva, Tatiana, 252, 358 Technology, 213 Novosibirsk State University, 81, 83, Nationality Act (1965), 113 209 NATO Science Program, 135 Nuance, 173 Nazis, 36–37 NebuAd, 154 O-1 visa, 142, 144, 145 Neo-Advent Technologies, 158 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 96 networking Occidental Petroleum, 9 Boston-Cambridge Networking Octane Software, 154 Organizations, 274–276 Ofﬁce of Refugee Resettlement, 113 cultural adaptation and, 262–271 Ohanyan, Nerses, 46, 78–79, 274, introduction to, 262–265 301–302, 314, 338–339, 387 non-Russian speakers, 268–271 Olympiads people from former USSR, 265–267 All Soviet Union Olympiads, 75, 76, professional networking 87 organizations, 272–276 International Olympiads, 75, 77, 83, Russian speakers, non- 87, 258 predominantly, 267–268 Omnicom Group, 9 Silicon Valley Networking OncoTartis, 58, 72, 160, 161 Organizations, 272–274 Optromix, 90, 318, 332 The New Argonauts: Regional Oracle, 9, 196 Advantage in a Global Economy Ostrovsky, Michael, 241 (Saxenian), 3, 112 New Concept Group, 129, 327 Pachikov, Stepan, 217 New England Biolabs, 54, 122, 312, Palace of Pioneers, 49 327 Palomar Medical Technologies, 260 New England Russian-speaking PandaDoc, 142 Entrepreneurs (NERSE), 263, 272, Pankratov, Michail, 57–58, 120–121, 274 269, 312, 361 New York Stock Exchange, 137 ParaGraph International, 131, 217 New York Times, 169 Parallels, 138 NextWeb, 186 Parametric Technology (PTC), 133 Nivorozhkin, Alex, 157–159 Parasoft, 220 Noction, 142, 352 parents as mentors/role models, Nok Nok Labs, 226, 227 248–253 Nokia, 259 Partners Healthcare, 214 nonverbal communication, 306–309 Partnership for a New Economy, 9 Noosphere, 194, 197 ParWinr, 42, 191, 365 Nortel, 167 Pashintsev, Alexander, 217–218 North Bridge Venture Partners, 154 Pashintsev, Nikita, 217–218, 337 Northeastern University, 39, 49, 56, 75, passions and identity inﬂuences, 118, 136, 170, 200, 204, 209, 215, 349–351 257, 342 Patentbar International LLC, 213 Northern Light, 230, 306, 319, 336, PatientKeeper, 51, 77, 332 342 Pattern Energy Group, 47, 291, 340

406 Index

Pavlov, Vlad, 145–146, 188–189, QStar Technologies, 168 258–259, 367–368 Quota Act (1921), 110 PayPal, 187 Quote Roller, 142 Pen&Internet, Parascript, LLC, 217 Qwave Capital, 179 people skills, 277 Qwest Communications, 9 People.ai, 173 Petcube, 145, 193, 194, 305 Radio Free Europe, 39 Peter the Great, 66 Raileanu, Grigore, 142–143, 261, Petetsky, Alex, 51–52, 77, 260–261, 352–353 332 Raiz, Leonid, 73–74, 153–154, 379, Petrov, Dmitri, 52–53, 201–202 383–384, 387 Pﬁzer Corporation, 86, 159, 161, 212, Rajewsky, Klaus, 94, 225 332 Raleigh, Donald, 32 pharma startups, 156–162, 180–183, Raygorodskaya, Polina, 176–178, 239, 200–216 249, 340–341 Philips Healthcare, 219 Raytheon, 55, 344 PhysTech. See Moscow Institute of Razboff, Igor, 152–153, 329 Physics and Technology R&D funding, 100 Plekhanov Institute of the National Reagan, Ronald, 107, 123, 125 Economy, 4 Red Aril, 155 Pocket Gems, 47, 78, 233, 320, 337 Redox Medicine, 81 Polina Fashion, 176 Refugee Act (1980), 111, 113, 115, Polinsky, Alex, 58–61, 72, 160–162 120, 376 political refugees, 112–114 Refugee Conditional Entrants Act political regulation, 375–376 (1965), 111, 112 Polo Ralph Lauren, 9 Refugee Parolee Act (1978), 113 Polyakov, Max, 76, 194–198, 255 Rekhter, Yakov, 10 Poniatoff, Alexander, 10 Renatus, 197 Popov, Dimitri, 75, 146, 214, 314, 367 RepEquity, 176 Popper, Karl, 97 replacement process, 27 post-Soviet legal framework, 123–125, Republic of Donetsk, 139 138–139 Republic of Lugansk, 139 PowerFile, 169 Research Institute for Vaccines and PrAgEmInt employment agency, 192 SERA, 208 Pravda newspaper, 39 research institutions, 52–54 Primary Innovation Consulting, 317 research scientist in engineering, 200 private higher educational institutions, Reykjavik Summit (1986), 123 92 Rice University, 200 private technology sector, 131–132 RingCentral, 120, 154, 297, 304, 345 Prodigi, 193 Rivest, Ron, 257 professional networking organizations, Rize, 73, 153, 154 272–276 RMI Partners, 181, 182 professions and identity inﬂuences, RNA Therapeutic Institute, 91, 206 349–351 Rogynskyy, Oleg, 172–173, 246, 316 professors as mentors/role models, ROkITT, 282, 299 253–258 role models, 247–262 Proshina, Sasha, 224–225, 304–305, rollApp, 145, 188, 367 308, 327 Rolsen, 178 PTC, 10, 153 Rostov State University, 157 Putin, Vladimir, 11, 136, 139 Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 161

Index 407

Rotary Club exchange program, 134 Saratov State University, 260 Royal Institute of Technology, 189 Saribekian, Tatiana, 250 Rublev, Greg, 170, 252, 254–255 Sawyer, Philip, 182 Runa Capital, 179 Saxenian, AnnaLee, 3, 106, 112 Rusanov, Anton, 76–77, 245, 267–268, Schaefer, Stephen, 257 339–340 Scherer, Anna, 55, 240–241, 345–346 Rusnano, 138, 139, 182 Schneider Electric, 292, 314, 366 Russia/Russian Federation, 124, 136, School number 2, 74 139, 140, 141, 141t, 147 School number 53, 74 Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, School number 57, 74 206 School of Mathematical and Naval Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Sciences, 66 cofounder of, 275 Schwartzman, Michael, 121–122, 345, emigration predictions by, 124 391–392 establishment of, 66, 68, 80 Science and Technology Associates ongoing reform, 99–100, 101, 138 Management, 155 ongoing struggles, 92 Science Applications International, 36 studies at, 90 Science in the New Russia (Graham, Russian-American identity, 327–328, Dezhina), 89 336–337, 362–363 Sciton, 82, 350 Russian-American Medical Association Scopus Technology, 154 (RAMA), 275 Scoros International, 152, 329 Russian-American Scientists Seagal, Jane (Evgeniia), 94, 225, 283, Association (RASA), 270, 272, 348 274–275 Sechenov First Moscow State Medical Russian Civil War, 68–69 University, 222 Russian Federation, 7 Second Wave immigration Russian identity, 325–326, 328, biotech/pharma/medical startups, 334–335, 336, 339–342 156–162, 200–216 Russian language, 7, 33, 325 brain drain and, 88–91, 105–106, Russian Ministry of Public Health, 208 122–123 Russian Orthodox religion, 33 emigration and, 379–383 Russian outreach to diaspora, 98–99 industry professionals, 208–216 Russian R&D funding, 100 interviews, 35, 54–55, 58, 128–135 Russian Revolution, 8, 80 introduction, 11, 12–13 Russian Technology Symposium, 136, other industry startups, 178–180 272 overview, 38, 107 Russian Venture Company, 138 political refugees, 112–114 Rxi Pharmaceuticals, 207 research scientists, 208–221 Soviet/post-Soviet legal framework, Sakharov, Andrei, 57 123–125 Salesforce, 219 summary of, 376–378 Samara State Medical University, 206 technology sector and, 162–178, Samarina, Maria, 307 217–221 Samokhvalova, Ksenia, 41, 227–228, tracking of, 108–109, 127–128, 127t 300, 353–354 US.-Israel relations during, 116 Samsung, 226 US legal framework, 125–127 Sandler, Mike, 53, 81, 167–168, 255, sedimentation process, 27 270 Selitsky, Simon, 87–88, 244, 325–326 Sanoﬁ Genzyme, 182, 224, 304, 308 Semantria, 172, 316

408 Index

Shablygin, Eugene, 40–41, 131, 251, Third Wave immigration, 183–194, 385–386 226–236 Shape, 174 US tech sector, 101, 105, 106 Shevchenko State University, 193 Sokolov, Sergei, 220–221, 335–336 Shipitsin, Michail, 83, 209–210, Solomon Software, 178 289–290, 336 SolveItLabs, 187 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 57 Academy of Sciences of the USSR, SonicWALL, 235 204 Soros, George, 135, 156 Shkolnik, Gene, 40, 282 Soultanov, Rafael, 141, 186–188, 341 Shtatland, Timur, 54–55, 122, 256, Southern Methodist University, 187 312, 327 Soviet Boy Scouts, 49 Sierra Ventures, 155 Soviet identity, 389–391 silicon chips, 2 Soviet Jewish exit, 114–122 Silicon Graphics, 217 Soviet legal framework, 123–125 Silicon Valley Innovation Center, 310, Soviet Man, 67, 68–69. See also Homo 351, 381 sovieticus Silicon Valley Networking Soviet Parliament, 124 Organizations, 272–274 Soviet Scientists Immigration Act Silicon Valley Open Doors (SVOD), (1992), 135 136, 164, 263, 272, 273, 311–312 Soviet Union. See also educational Silicon Valley venture funds, 164 institutions in the Soviet Union Simon Fraser University, 234 break up of and brain drain, 88–91 Six Day War (1967), 119 centralized command economy, Skavish, Dmitry, 133–134, 265, 41–44 296–297, 335 collapse of, 97, 137, 376 Skibinsky, Max, 49, 74–75, 132–133, formal institutions, 48–54 164–167, 281–282 former Soviet Union, 141, 265–267, Skolkovo Foundation, 138 373, 376–378 Skolkovo Institute of Science and government as migration catalyst, Technology, 98 39–41 Skype, 45, 189, 190, 227, 259, 265, 288 imprinting theory, 385–387 Skyrider, 164 informal institutions, 54–64 Sloan School of Management at MIT, innovation and, 393–395 77, 212, 283, 292 institutional theory, 22–25 SmartBear Software, 220, 285 introduction to, 2–3, 21 Smith College, 79, 216, 257 Jewish exit to United States, 114–122 social learning, 26 post-Soviet legal framework, social psychological theory, 28 138–139 social support, 246–247 special schools in, 71–79 socialism impact, 43 talent ﬂow from, 5–6 socio-economic crisis, 124 Spirin, Alexander, 255 soft skills. See workplace adaptation of St. Petersburg Economic Forums, 98 soft skills St. Petersburg State Institute of software product companies Technology, 224 private technology sector, 131–132 St. Petersburg State University, 80, 152 Second Wave immigration, 162–178, Stalin, Joseph, 36, 85 216–221 Stanford Graduate School of Business, startups, 137–138, 152–155 97, 181, 182, 233, 234, 288

Index 409

Stanford University, 52, 164, 201, 226, First Wave immigration, 152–155 241, 245, 254, 365 impact of, 9–10 Staples, 303 introduction to, 2 Startup Access, 266, 347 Second Wave immigration, 162–178 startups in the US Third Wave immigration, 183–194, biotech/pharma/medical startups, 226–236 156–162 Tel Aviv University, 225 introduction to, 151–152 telecommunications, 167 other industry startups, 155–156 Teleport, 45, 134, 189, 287 technology related, 152–155 Temple University, 206 StartX, 173 Teploukho, Mikita Mikado, 142, State Commission on Education, 68 250–251, 271, 385 State University of New York at Termez State University, 191 Buffalo, 213, 219 The Entrepreneurs’ Club (TEC), 274 State University of Nizhny Novgorod, The Indian Entrepreneurs (TiE), 275 227 Theory of Computation Group, 257 Steklov Institute of Mathematics, 94, Therapeutic Institute at the University 258 of Massachusetts Medical School, Stelovska, Umida (Gaimova), 42–44, 334 191–193, 262, 365 Thermo Electron, 155, 159 Stesin, Katya, 87, 267, 319 Thermo Fisher Scientiﬁc, 155, 206, Strebulaev, Ilya, 97, 257, 365–366 215 Stroustup, Bjarne, 259 Third Wave immigration Sukharev, Alexis, 85–86, 130, 169, biotech/pharma/medical startups 257, 336 during, 180–183, 221–225 Sun Microsystems, 164 brain drain, 106, 137 Sunyaev, Shamil, 82, 146, 291–292, emigration and, 378–379 351–352 industry professionals, 226–236 Superhighway of the Future schools, intellectual recruitment, 93–97 134 interviews, 35–36, 140–147 SWsoft/Parallels, 178, 179 introduction to, 11, 136–138 other industry startups, 194–198 T. J. Watson Research Center overview, 38, 107–108 Department of Mathematical post-Soviet legal framework, Sciences, 283 138–139 talent ﬂow, 5–6 summary of, 376–378 talent searches, 133–134 technology sector, 183–194, Tamkivi, Sten, 45–46, 134, 145–146, 226–236 188–189, 259, 287–288, 295 tracking of, 108–109, 140, 141, 141t TaskPoint, 175 US legal framework, 139–140 Tbilisi State University, 78, 233 Thomas A. Edison Patent Award, 200 TDC, 175, 176 3DBin, 340 teachers as mentors/role models, Timur, Amir, 43 253–258 Tkhamadokova, Diana, 62–63, teamwork, 280–288 360–361 TEC Club, 311–312 TMT Investments, 188 TEC Ventures, 163, 164, 301, 328, 348 Tocobox, 174, 286, 347 Technion-Israel Institute of Together Networks, 197 Technology, 225 Torchilin, Kate, 159–160, 259–260, technology sector 343

410 Index

Torchilin, Vladimir, 49–50, 200–201, University of Massachusetts, 94, 207, 269–270, 349–350 220, 224 Trade Act (1972), 116 University of Massachusetts Medical TrafficDNA, 196 School, 91, 206, 334 TranscribeMe, 94, 288, 350 University of Michigan, 36, 240 Traub, Joe, 257 University of Tartu, 189 Triple Helix, 186 University of Wisconsin, 162, 219 Trosman, Eugene, 307 Upwardly Global, 262 trust in workplace adaptation of soft US Bayh-Dole Act, 93 skills, 309–322 US Civilian Research and Development Trusted Computing Group, 216 Foundation, 135 Tseytin, Gregory, 145, 346–347 US Department of Citizenship and Tufts Medical School, 159 Immigration Services, 139 Tufts University, 5, 209, 219, 259 US Department of Homeland Security, Twilio, 142, 226, 305, 387 108, 109 US Industrial Partnering Program, 135 Ufa State University, 186 US innovation economy, 21, 199, 279, Ukraine, 47, 102, 137, 140, 141, 141t 321, 324, 373, 387–388 Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 102 US-Israel relations, 116 Ukrainian identity, 340 US lab-to-lab activities, 135 Ukrainian Parliament, 124 US-Russia Business Council of New Ukrainian State Statistics Committee, England, 272 102 US-Russia Chamber of Commerce of Unified National Exam, 83 New England (USRCCNE), 263, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 274 (USSR). See Soviet Union US State Department, 95, 108, 126 Unison Technologies, 176 US tech sector, 101, 105, 106 United States (US). See also startups in USSR Academy of Sciences, 60 the US Uvarova, Anna, 185–186, 340 educational system/workplace, 238–242 Vadem, 217 identity influences/theory, 391–393 ValueSearch Capital Management, 121, immigration law, 109–110, 111–114 345 innovation economy, 199 Vanik, Charles, 115 legal framework, 115–116, 125–127, VASCO Data Security, 163 139–140 Vasilyev, Nikolay, 274–275, 368, overview, 2–3 382–383, 386–387 software product companies, 101, VDOnet, 163 105, 106 venture capital, 165, 166, 173, 196 talent flow from, 5–6 verbal communication, 298–306 workplace system adaptation, Veritas Software, 168 238–242 Verizon Communications, 48, 341, 378 United Technologies, 9 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 224 Universal Commerce Group, 197 Viacom, 9 University of California, 154, 160, 161, Viki, 46, 78, 301, 314, 338, 387 211, 228, 254, 336 VIRSTO Software, 169 University of Colorado, 256 virtual collaboration, 278 University of Illinois, 240 visa difficulties, 134–135 University of Kiev, 163 VISO, 175 University of Manchester (U.K.), 63 VMware, 169

Index 411

Vodafone, 188 trust, 309–322 Voice of America, 39 verbal communication, 298–306 Voskresenskiy, Anton, 230–231, workplace mentors, 258–262 319–320, 336–337 workplace system (US) adaptation, Vybornov, Alexander, 52, 128–129, 238–242 156–157, 244–245, 388, 392 WWPASS Corporation, 40, 131

Wadhwa, Vivek, 259 XTuit Pharmaceuticals, 209 Wakie, 144, 363 Wanderu.com, 176, 177, 340 Y Combinator, 194 Warelex, 174 Yang, David, 143–144, 183–185, 364 Warner Lambert, 161 Yaroslavsky, Ilya, 260, 290–291, Washington Post, 169 357–358 William Jewell College, 95 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics Winestein, Anna, 239–240, 328 (2013), 109 Witaschek, Yulia, 238–239, 284–285, Yerevan State University, 226 356–357 Yosh Technology, 307 Wolfe, Thomas, 338 Young Chemists School, 59 Wolfe Laboratories, 215 Young Oktobrists, 69, 71 Wolfson, Alexey, 74, 255–256, Young Pioneers, 48–52, 63, 347–348, 392 69, 71 Work and Travel Program, 96 YouTube, 192 workplace adaptation of soft skills communication style, 298 Zaporizhia State Medical University, introduction to, 277–280 195 managerial and leadership styles, Zaytsev, Evgeny, 180–183, 366 288–298 Zennstrom, Niklas, 259 nonverbal communication, 306–309 ZoolaTech, 232 teamwork, 280–288 zTrace, 171