sustainability Article Changes and Regional Differences in Urban Land Areas on Both Banks of the Strait of Malacca Based on Remote Sensing Fengshuo Yang 1 , Xiaomei Yang 2,3,4,* , Zhihua Wang 2,3 , Yueming Liu 2,3 and Bin Liu 2,3 1 School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China;
[email protected] 2 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
[email protected] (Z.W.);
[email protected] (Y.L.);
[email protected] (B.L.) 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Jiangsu Centre for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-6488-8955 Received: 21 October 2020; Accepted: 19 November 2020; Published: 21 November 2020 Abstract: Over the past 30 years, both banks of the Strait of Malacca have experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization. Because of the difficulties in obtaining multi-phase urban land information over a large tropical area, spatial-temporal evolution analysis of the urban land areas in this region has been restricted. In this study, we developed an object-oriented retro-updating method for the rapid extraction of multi-phase urban land information to conduct a comprehensive study of the urban land area changes and to investigate the regional differentiation of both banks of the Strait of Malacca from 1990 to 2018, using grid analysis, zoning statistics, and gradient-direction analysis.