The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 I˙Zmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault by A

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 1, pp. 43–60, February 2002 The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 I˙zmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault by A. Barka, H. S. Akyu¨z, E. Altunel, G. Sunal, Z. Ç akir, A. Dikbas, B. Yerli, R. Armijo, B. Meyer, J. B. de Chabalier, T. Rockwell, J. R. Dolan, R. Hartleb, T. Dawson, S. Christofferson, A. Tucker, T. Fumal, R. Langridge, H. Stenner, W. Lettis, J. Bachhuber, and W. Page Abstract The 17 August 1999 I˙zmit earthquake occurred on the northern strand of the North Anatolian fault zone. The earthquake is associated with a 145-km-long surface rupture that extends from southwest of Du¨zce in the east to west of Hersek delta in the west. Detailed mapping of the surface rupture shows that it consists of five segments separated by releasing step-overs; herein named the Hersek, Kara- mu¨rsel–Go¨lcu¨k,I˙zmit–Sapanca Lake, Sapanca–Akyazi, and Karadere segments from west to east, respectively. The Hersek segment, which cuts the tip of a large delta plain in the western end of the rupture zone, has an orientation of N80Њ. The N70Њ– 80ЊE–trending Karamu¨rsel–Go¨lcu¨k segment extends along the linear southern coasts of the˙ Izmit Gulf between Karamu¨rsel and Go¨lcu¨k and produced the 470-cm maximum displacement in Go¨lcu¨k. The northwest–southeast-striking Go¨lcu¨k normal fault between the Karamu¨rsel–Go¨lcu¨k and˙ Izmit–Sapanca segments has 2.3-m maximum vertical displacement. The maximum dextral offset along the˙ Izmit–Sapanca Lake segment was measured to be about 3.5 m, and its trend varies between N80ЊE and east–west. The Sapanca–Akyazi segment trends N75Њ–85ЊW and expresses a maximum displacement of 5.2 m. The Karadere segment trends N65ЊE and produced up to 1.5-m maximum displacement. The Karadere and Sapanca–Akyazi segments form fan-shape or splaying ruptures near their eastern ends where the displacement also diminished. Introduction ˙ The 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake (Ms 7.4) struck eral subevents (Pınar et al., 2000; Gu¨len et al., 2002). The the eastern Marmara region at 03.02 a.m. (local time) and nearest major cities affected by the earthquake were I˙zmit, resulted in at least 18,000 deaths (official count), more than Go¨lcu¨k, Yalova, and Adapazari, all located near the eastern 25,000 injuries, and collapse or heavy damage of about end of the Marmara Sea. The earthquake also caused con- 75,000 buildings in the cities of Adapazarı,˙ Izmit, Yalova, siderable damage in I˙stanbul, in the district of Avcilar, lo- I˙stanbul, and Bolu, all located within or adjacent to the rup- cated in the western part of the city, approximately 70 km ture zone. away from the epicenter, and it killed about 1000 people in The 17 August 1999 earthquake was the seventh in a that area. The magnitude of the earthquakewas 7.4 by the sequence of westward-migrating earthquakes along the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Kandilli observatory, North Anatolian fault (Fig. 1). The time interval between which operate a seismic network in the region. these earthquakes varied from 3 months to 32 yr, including The surface rupture caused by the earthquake consists the 1999 event. This earthquake sequence began in 1939 and of five segments (Figs. 3 and 4). The Hersek, Karamu¨rsel– caused rupture along a 1000-km section of the fault, with Go¨lcu¨k,I˙zmit–Sapanca Lake and Sapanca–Akyazi segments maximum horizontal displacements of up to 7.5 m. Figure had total length of 115 km. They are separated by releasing 2 shows the slip distribution resulting from this migration (pull-apart) step-overs of 1–4 km in width. The Karadere including the 1951 and the 12 November 1999 earthquakes. segment at the eastern end, which was triggered by the first The epicenter of the 17 August earthquake was located at main event (Pınar et al., 2000), extends 30 km between Ak- 40.8Њ N latitude and 30Њ E longitude, and the earthquake had yazi and Eften Lake in the south of Go¨lyaka with the ori- a depth of around 17 km (USGS). The maximum ground entation of about N65ЊE. The maximum offset throughout motion was measured as 0.45g (Erdik and Durukal, 2000). the surface break was measured on the Sapanca–Akyazi seg- The earthquake lasted 45 sec (USGS) and consisted of sev- ment near Arifiye, east of Sapanca, where the fault displaced 43 Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-pdf/92/1/43/2715970/43_921_00841.43_60.pdf?casa_token=K8_yJUuNp0oAAAAA:-MJz6u5fSy8y3YAET_bjRKw926AXWP83bV_cMdIFXvF1Q9qrMno3WdhdwoTJSmASjt3COHSF by California Geological Survey, 19774 on 17 August 2019 44 A. Barka, et al. N 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 BLACK SEA 1999a 1999b 1951 Istanbul 1912 Bolu Havza Anatolian Fault Bursa North 1992 1953 1964 1949 1967 1957 1944 1943 1942 1939 200 km Erzincan 1966 Basin Figure 1. The westward migrating earthquakes since 1939 along the North Ana- tolian fault. Creep at Ismetpasa 1999a 1999b 8 1951 Kursunlu 8 rupture (6.9) 1668 rupture reports 6 6 4 4 meters 2 2 0 0 F a u l t 1999b 1951 A n a t o l i a n N o r t h Havza 41 Tosya Niksar Bolu 1943 1944 1942 1999a 40 1967 1957 100 km 40 1939 Erzincan 31 33 35 37 39 Figure 2. Slip distribution caused by the migrating earthquakes since 1939 along the North Anatolian fault (modified from Barka 1996). a road and a poplar tree line by 5.2 m. The maximum dis- 1999 event. The two ends of the surface break terminated at placement on the Karadere segment was about 1.5 m. The the releasing step-over at the Karamu¨rsel and Eften Lake. surface rupture expressed almost pure right-lateral strike slip, and the fault plane is nearly vertical in most places. The Historical Earthquakes major aftershocks (M Ն4) were located in the Du¨zce area, south of Adapazarı, and in Sapanca, I˙zmit, and the Ç ınarcık The 1943 M 6.4 Hendek earthquake occurred within the area. rupture zone of the 1999 earthquake. However, earlier earth- At Deg˘irmendere, a small town in west of Go¨lcu¨k, the quakes in 1719, 1754, 1878, and 1894 occurred in the Gulf surface breaks cut the toe of a fan delta where the center of of I˙zmit region (Ambraseys and Finkel, 1991, 1995) (Fig. the town was located, collapse of the fan delta caused a 5). The 1719 earthquake caused the death of 6000 people, slump measuring 300 m long and 100 m wide, and part of in the Gulf of˙ Izmit, I˙stanbul, and Adapazarı regions (Am- the town center slid under the water, including a hotel and braseys and Finkel, 1991). There is little information about several shops and restaurants. At another fan delta east of the 1878 earthquake, which caused considerable damage and Go¨lcu¨k, which is located within the step-over area, the fault loss of life in the Sapanca and Adapazarı regions. The 1894 produced a 2-m-high normal fault scarp. Rupture on this earthquake caused damage and loss of life (1400 people) connecting normal fault had an 8 m high relic scarp, sug- from I˙stanbul to Adapazarı (Ambraseys and Finkel, 1991); gesting occurrence at least three previous events besides the however, the 1894 earthquake is more likely located in the Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-pdf/92/1/43/2715970/43_921_00841.43_60.pdf?casa_token=K8_yJUuNp0oAAAAA:-MJz6u5fSy8y3YAET_bjRKw926AXWP83bV_cMdIFXvF1Q9qrMno3WdhdwoTJSmASjt3COHSF by California Geological Survey, 19774 on 17 August 2019 The Surface Rupture and Slip Distribution of the 17 August 1999 I˙zmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault 45 B L A C K S E A N I S T A N B U L 17 August 1999 12 November M=7.4 1999 (M=7.2) Düzce 4-5 m 1963 Izmit 1943 ? 3-4m 5m 2m Gölyaka Gölcük Karamürsel Sapanca Akyazi 1.5m1967 Yalova Çinarcik Iznik Iznik Lake Bursa last century ruptures 1964 segments which received stress 100 km Figure 3. The map shows the extent of the 1999 ruptures and the 1943, 1963, 1964, and 1967 ruptures and the segments that received stress. Focal mechanism taken from Harvard. Ç ınarcık basin and Hersek–Yalova segment. The 1754 earth- ridge, there is a concrete wave breaker and an old house quake appears to be similar in size and about the same lo- where some cracks and slight rotation of the concrete blocks cation as 1894. The rupture zone for this earthquake is be- may indicate minor displacement. lieved to be located either on the Yalova segment or the Between the Hersek delta and Yalova, a number of mi- Ç ınarcık basin. Among these earlier earthquakes, the 1719 nor, secondary faultlike features were observed. The most earthquake is perhaps most similar in magnitude and loca- continuous one among these faults crosses an airport for over tion to the 1999 earthquake, although it might have occurred a distance of 1 km on the Tas¸ko¨pru¨ delta. They are a set of closer to˙ Istanbul. The remaining two earthquakes, in 1754 en-echelon, open cracks in extensional nature striking east– and 1894, probably occurred in the area between western west on average. There is no significant lateral movement part of the Gulf of˙ Izmit and Adapazarı. on these cracks. The cracks have individual lengths reaching tens of meters and widths of up to 8 cm, and overall they form a down-to-the-north step that reaches a maximum The Rupture Zone height of 20 cm.

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