Sakarya Government House and the Transformation of the City Center During the Second Half of the 20Th Century
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
SAKARYA GOVERNMENT HOUSE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CITY CENTER DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NİLAY ÖZKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. F. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr .Pelin Yoncacı Arslan (METU,AH) Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan (METU, AH) Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge İmamoğlu (TEDU, ARCH) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : NİLAY ÖZKAN Signature : iii ABSTRACT SAKARYA GOVERNMENT HOUSE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CITY CENTER DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY ÖZKAN, Nilay M.A. Department of History of Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan March 2020, 150 pages This study focuses on Sakarya Government House, which was built as a result of a national competition organized by the Ministry of Public Works in 1955. Sakarya Government House constitutes a significant example both in terms of reflecting the conditions and architectural approaches of the period, as well as its strong relationship with and contributions to the development of the city of Adapazarı. Examining the design of the building by architects Enis Kortan, Harutyun Vapurciyan, Nişan Yaubyan and Avyerinos Andonyadis as well as its life span from its opening in 1960 until it was demolished in 2003 after the 1999 Adapazarı Earthquake, the study attempts to discuss its role in the transformation of the city center during the second half of the twentieth century. As such, the Sakarya Government House complex will be discussed in two main contexts, firstly on the building scale by referring to its architectural features and secondly on the wider city scale by focusing on the interaction of the complex with the city, mainly the center of Adapazarı that went through a considerable transformation by means of this building complex. Keywords: Sakarya Government House, Adapazarı, modern architecture, public buildings, public space iv ÖZ SAKARYA HÜKÜMET KONAĞI VE 20.YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA ŞEHİR MERKEZİNİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ ÖZKAN, Nilay Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Mart 2020, 150 sayfa Bu çalışma 1955 yılında Bayındırlık Bakanlığı tarafından düzenlenen ulusal bir yarışma sonucunda inşa edilen Sakarya Hükümet Konağı binasına odaklanmaktadır. Sakarya Hükümet Konağı, hem dönemin koşullarını ve mimari yaklaşımlarını yansıtması, hem de Adapazarı şehri ile olan güçlü ilişkisi ve gelişimine katkıları açısından önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmada, Enis Kortan, Harutyun Vapurciyan, Nişan Yaubyan ve Avyerinos Andonyadis tarafından tasarlanan bu binanın, 1960 yılında açılması ve 1999 Adapazarı depreminde aldığı ciddi hasarın ardından, 2003 yılında yıkılmasına kadar olan süreçte, şehir merkezinin dönüşümündeki rolü incelenir. Bu doğrultuda, Sakarya Hükümet Konağı kompleksi iki temel bağlamda tartışılacaktır; öncelikle mimari özellikleri incelenerek bina ölçeğinde, ikinci olarak da kompleksin kentle, özellikle bu yapı sayesinde önemli bir dönüşüm geçiren Adapazarı şehir merkeziyle etkileşimine odaklanarak daha geniş şehir ölçeğinde incelenecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sakarya Hükümet Konağı, Adapazarı, modern mimarlık, kamusal yapılar, kamusal alan v To my dear family… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I owe a dept of gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. T.Elvan Altan for her endless support and trsut in me throughout this process. She not only broaden my horizon with her deep knowledge but also with her positivity and kindness, encoureged me to keep on working. It has been a great pleasure and honour to be her student. I would also like to thank my examining jury members Assist. Prof. Dr. Pelin Yoncacı Arslan and Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge İmamoğlu for their crucial advices and valuable comments. I am also greatful to Mr. Enis Kortan and Mr. Nişan Yaubyan, for their time in sharing their exemplery career stories with me. Their contributions in the research process of this thesis were very valuable. I would also like to thank to Mr. Resul Narin for sharing his personal archive with me. I also thank to my administrator and colleagues for their understanding and support through this process. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to the strongest woman I know, my mother Nuray, my sister Handan, my brother Fatih and my uncle Ahmet, for their endless love, support and belief in me. The meaning and joy you brought to my life is beyond words, I feel very lucky to call you my family. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………iv ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………………v DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………...vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………......x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….…..1 1.1. Aim and Scope…………………………………………………………....1 1.2. Research Methods and Organization………………………………….….7 2. THE CITY OF SAKARYA…………………………………………………...13 2.1 Sakarya in the Late Ottoman Period…………………………………...14 2.2 Sakarya As a Province of the Turkish Republic……………………….20 2.3 The Formation of the Administrative Center of Sakarya……………...29 3. SAKARYA GOVERNMENT HOUSE……………………………………..35 3.1 Government Houses………………………………………………..….35 3.1.1. Late Ottoman Period………………………………………..…..36 3.1.2. Republican Period………………………………………..……..42 3.2 The Design of Sakarya Government House…………………………...49 3.2.1. The Competition and the Proposed Projects……………….…...50 3.2.2. The Winner Project………………………………………….….62 3.2.2.1. Architects……………………………………………….….62 3.2.2.2. A Modern Building………………………………………...70 4. THE RELATION OF SAKARYA GOVERNMENT HOUSE WITH THE CITY………………………………………………………………………...91 viii 4.1 Urbanization of the City Center……………………………………….91 4.1.1. The Transformation of the Administrative Center and the Formation of Adapazarı City Square………………………….……....92 4.1.2. The Development of New Commercial and Residential Areas Around the CityCenter.........................................................................107 4.2 The Public Use of the City Center……………………………………111 5. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….123 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...132 APPENDICES A. TÜRKÇE ÖZET / TURKISH SUMMARY.................................................142 B. TEZ İZİN FORMU/THESIS PERMISSION FORM……………………...150 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The research area, marked on the map of Adapazarı of 1977……………6 Figure 2.1. The chart showing distribution of the population according to ethnical background of the people living in Adapazarı, 1913. ………………………..16 Figure 2.2. The map of Adapazarı region, 1921…………………………………….17 Figure 2.3. Kocaeli province, around the1940s……………………………………..19 Figure 2.4. The population distribution by districts of Kocaeli, 1831……………....21 Figure 2.5. The population growth of Adapazarı and İzmit distrcits according to census in 1906 and 1904……………………………………………………...22 Figure 2.6. Demographic development of Adapazarı by years……………………..24 Figure 2.7. The map of Sakarya, 1954, showing Adapazarı as the central district....26 Figure 2.8. December 1, 1954, the date when Sakarya became a province. People of Adapazarı gathered in Gümrükönü to welcome the first mayor Nazım Üner…………………………………………………………………...27 Figure 2.9. The news announcing that Adapazarı will be the center of Sakarya. Sakarya, March 13, 1951……………………………………………………...28 Figure 2.10. The news announcing that the newly established city will be named as Sakarya and Adapazarı will be its center. Milliyet, June 15, 1955……..…...28 Figure 2.11. Sakarya Province Establishing Association (Sakarya İli Kurulma Derneği), visiting the prime minister Adnan Menderes, 1952………………..28 Figure 2.12. Adapazarı Government House, 1890s………………………………....31 Figure 2.13. Adapazarı Government House, 1930s………………………………....31 Figure 2.14. Adapazarı Government Street, 1901. From the right, Municipality Coffe House and Hotel, Government House and Gendarma Command……………………………………………………………………..33 Figure 2.15. Administrative center of Adapazarı, 1940s. From the left; Municipality Building, Gendarme Command, the prison and Courthouse Building………..33 Figure 2.16. Gümrük Street, 1930s. The road from Yeni Camii to Orhan Camii. From the right: Fire Department, the prison and Government House...33 Figure 3.1. Trabzon Government House, beginning of the 20th century …………..38 x Figure 3.2. The Government House of Söğüt District of Bursa, 1907-1908………..41 Figure 3.3. The Government House of Yenişehir District of Bursa, 1907-1908…....41 Figure 3.4. The Government House of Bilecik, 1907-1908……………….………..41 Figure 3.5. The announcement about the project competition in Milliyet, 1955…...54 Figure 3.6. Top view of Elazığ Government House, 1955. ………………………...56 Figure 3.7. Top facade of