Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(5), May 2015, pp. 685-696

Effect of Soil Formations to Ground Failure During Earthquake in Adapazarı City, Northern

Nazile Ural Department of Civil Engineering, Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11210 Turkey. [E-mail: [email protected]]

Received 31 October 2013; revised 18 November 2013

In terms of the formation of the ground in each country, especially in earthquakes, structure damages are much observed in cities due to soil problems. In Turkey, Adapazari soils show the rare feature in terms of formation in the word. 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is remembered significant number of casualties, damage and the soil problems. Adapazari Plain is the largest alluvial plain of the . Adapazari was shaped by both the tectonic events and contribution of sediments carried by the rivers. The largest share belongs to the in the filling of the plain, water takes the second place. The geotechnical properties of this alluvial area are highly variable. Because of geology and local soil conditions soils of Adapazari has shown potential in terms of soil problems during earthquake. In this study a description of the damage suffered throughout history in Adapazari will be given.

[Keywords: Earthquake, History, Flood, Alluvial Soil, Soil Problems]

Introduction land. Soil properties and soil conditions are used to Earthquake ground motion is affected by the identify and correlate liquefaction susceptible soils. local soil conditions and geological structure. The It is indicated that liquefaction susceptibility maps variations in the strong ground motion caused by showed similar to Quaternary geologic maps. As a local soil conditions are reflected in the dynamic result of investigation was characterized by behavior of soils. During earthquakes, the soil has grouping deposits into high, moderate, low, and played important role as a contributing factor in the very low categories. Kayen and Barnhardt3 failure of built in cities. For this reason, many examined the geomorphology and seismic stability researchers have studied about effect of local soil of the Duwamish River delta at the Port of Seattle in conditions on structure damages. Zamarbide1 western Washington State. Geotechnical examined to assess the potential damageability due investigation indicated that these river deposits earthquake in San Juan (Argentina). San Juan city is show high initial liquefaction susceptibility during located in the Tulum Valley, west of the San Juan earthquakes. River. The valley is consist of rock, alluvial fan Niigata city is located on the west coast of Japan deposits of the San Juan river, flood plain deposits where the Shinano River enters the sea. The river of the present course of the San Juan river, built up sand deposits nearly 100 meters thick on transition zone of old fan deposits and flood plain which the city was built. The soils of Niigata City deposits. In the 1977 earthquake most of ground consist of young sedimentary deposits having low failure was related to liquefaction in the valley. density soils and shallow ground water table. At the DeLisle2 presented maps potentially liquefiable time of 1964 Niiagata earthquake, there were many sediment area. He collected geotechnical data from reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata City. The more than 600 sites where one or more boreholes National Information Service for Earthquake were drilled. The study area is a peninsula bound by Engineering 2000 states: The Niigata Earthquake the Pacific Ocean on the west and San Francisco resulted in dramatic damage due to liquefaction of Bay on the north and east. Current topography of the sand deposits in the low-lying areas of4. study area was shaped by Quaternary tectonism, Especially in the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli marine and estuarine deposition, and man-made earthquake, Adapazari faced extreme destruction, 686 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015

thousands of lives were lost and serious material Söğüt and direct towards north until disemboguing losses occurred. The soil problems observed after into the . the earthquake are toppling, strength decay, bottom In this study, important collimating information heave, exceeded bearing capacity and liquefaction5. will be given to researchers performing studies on Bol and Onalp6 stated that liquefaction especially Adapazari soils. The information about the occurred in regions where crevasse splays deposits formation mechanism of the Adapazari soils will develop on lower facies and where silt and fine provide an important contribution in order to sands are dominant. They also stated that crevasse understand the geotechnical properties of the soils. splays deposits form by the destruction of the river For this purpose, the notes of foreign travelers who barriers along the river bed due to high flow rate have visited Adapazari and soil formations and the accumulation of the material composed of originated from Sakarya River will be briefly given. silt and fine sand in the flood plain through the After that, the summary of earthquakes and floods crevasse, and that cavities form between the barrier that have affected Adapazari city will be given. In of the deserted bed and the current bed causing addition, it will be referred to the soil problems swamp deposits to accumulate in those cavities. observed in the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. These lower facies showing different deposit properties form different basic soils for engineering Informations about soil formation, earthquakes structures. Meanwhile, Bol7 prepared the thematic and the notes of travelers of Adapazarı city maps reflecting the various characteristics of soils with Geology Information Systems (GIS) using Adapazarı location and features wide a database for Adapazarı city center. Researcher compared soil classification, Adapazarı is a busy agricultural, business and liquefaction potential, liquit limit, average grain size industrial city in the Northen Turkey. The city was and liquidity index maps and 1999 earthquake ruined with unexpected death toll and building damage map. Consequently, he stated that it may damage in the past earthquakes. Especially it was understand approximate expected damage to the observed to many building damage during 17 regions with soil properties. The research studies August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The location of support that different soil problems depend on Adapazarı is given in Fig. 1 on turkey earthquake different layer properties in different lower facies of map. Adapazarı is located in the immediate vicinity the region established in a river facies stage. For this of the North Anatolian Fault. This transform fault purpose the studies related to the formation of has been known to be active approximately every Adapazari soils are generally compiled. decade. Even though we know that the Britons and Byzantines lived in this region, no accommodation area belonging to the Britons, Romans or Byzantines could be detected in the Adapazari area. However, it can be understood that there are bridges such as the Justinyen Bridge, haunts, castle relics and temples in the region. Eröz and Alpan8 stated that Adapazari is a recently established city. Towards the end of the XIII. century, the Ottomans conquered the Adapazari basin. As it is in an island shape stuck between 2 bayous of the Sakarya River, these places were called “island” in the following years. Researchers state that the Sakarya river is divided into 2 bayous at the place which was called Fig. 1— Location of Adapazari (Earthquake Research Uzunköprü before and that one of the bayous flows Department, Turkey) below the Beşköprü today and the other bayou flows almost through the current bed of the river today and that these two bayous combine around URAL: FORMATIONS TO GROUND FAILURE DURING EARTHQUAKE IN ADAPAZARI 687

Adapazarı geography and geology Sakarya River which passes from 4km east of Adapazari city center (Fig. 310), is combined with Sakarya which is located in the north east of the the Mudurnu River at the northern part of the plain Marmara region is surrounded by Düzce city, and after that it is combined with the Çark River Mountain to the east, by the Gölpazarı and which empties the excess water of Lake districts of Bilecik city to the south, by and disembogues to the Black Sea from the the Kandıra, Merkez and Gölcük districts of Kocaeli neighborhood of the district 11 to the west and by the Black Sea to the north. center . Adapazarı which is the center of Sakarya city is at the lower part of the Sakarya basin, on the Akova plains. The plains cover 22.1% of the city area. The biggest plain of the city is Akova (Adapazarı plain). The plain, which is located to the east of Sapanca Lake and Adapazarı, is one of the biggest plains in the Marmara region (Fig. 29). The plain is irrigated by the Sakarya River flowing from south to north and by the Mudurnu River flowing from east to west. The cross sectional area of Akoa is 620km² with a width of 23 km and with a length of 27 km in the east – west direction.

Fig. 3— Drainage area of the Sakarya River10

Bol12 gave the geological map of Adapazarı region. Characteristics of the study area are the outcropping of Permian-Triassic red sandstones and grey dolomites, sandstones and quartzites outcrop

Fig. 2— Adapazari plain (ISFZ= Izmit-Sapanca fault zone, IMF= on hills to the North. Upper Cretaceous formations -Mekece fault, MF= Mudurnu fault, The Izmit-Sapanca fault intrude from the southwest containing marl, 9 zone sandstone and their mixtures with limestones. The Lower-Mid Eocene Upper Cretaceous is overlain by The Sakarya River, which originates in the basalt, agglomerate and tuffs in a suburb Çifteler district of Eskişehir, has a length of 824 km of Adapazarı to the West. together with its bayous. However, considering that The studies related to the formation of the some of the sources have dried up, the length can be Adapazarı plain started in the beginning of the assumed to be 720 km. The length within Sakarya 1900’s. Rish13 stated “Sapanca lake was a graben city borders is 159,5 km. The river is combined with which was a part of Izmit bay and the Sakarya River the Göksu bayou which irrigates the İnegöl and used to disembogue to Marmara from there at that Yenişehir plains after passing Osmaneli and reaches time. It later was separated from the bay and after combining with the Göynük River. became sweet. Moreover, Sakarya was connected to It flows through the narrow Gevye straight between the Black Sea by an old valley. Baykal14 determined Gevye and Doğançay and reaches the Adapazari the fault line areas in north of Sapanca lake and plain. Here the valley bottom is below 35m and the Adapazari and did studies about the geological river becomes a characteristic plain river. The 688 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015

developments of the Gevye strait and the mountains in the upper levels of the drilling as the deposits of in the east. Lahn15 described Sapanca Lake as a dam the final filling stage of the plain and explained the lake formed by the separation of the rivers coming different characteristics of sediments in different from the high areas in the north and south by the places as the frequent bed changes of Sakarya alluvions. He says that the sea bayou entering here River. The researcher determined the reality that the most probably covered the Adapazari plain and so river might have flown from the path where the city the Sakarya River disembogued to Izmit Bay and lies today. The carbon age determination made with after that it disembogued to the Black Sea due to the the samples taken from 4mt depth resulted as blockage of the river by the alluvions of the Adapazari plain. According to Inandık16 the bed of the Sakarya River flowing towards the west was blocked by alluvions and therefore the river changed its direction to the Black Sea. Bilgin17 stated that the Adapazarı plain was becoming thicker day by day due to the accumulated materials and would collapse slowly under the weight of these materials. The river loses its speed after the Gevye strait in the Adapazari plain and leaves pebbles, sand, silt and sand to the plain and as the flow rate of the river decreases, these results in clay and silt deposits to be accumulated in the river bed. Uludağ18 stated that the precipitation environments in the Adapazarı plain and Sogutlu plain in the north have different characteristics and that the Adapazari plain was covered by sea or lake from time to time. Kerey19 showed the development of the flora with the samples taken from the Sakarya River old bed and the Sakarya delta and showed that it changed from open continental area to mixed forest consisting of pine, oak, fir, hornbeam, hazelnut and Fig. 4— Facies Map of Adapazarı City (modified from Bol et elm. They stated at the end of drilling studies that 23 different numeric ages were obtained from different al. ) depths which show the tectonic activity of the region during the Holocene. Komazawa20 explained 960±40 years. This shows that the precipitation time the alluvion depth as 1000-1500mt at the end of necessary for a 1m thick alluvion layer in geological geophysical studies and that the depth of the rigid periods when no precautions were taken against soil at the end of the city center is 1000mt. flooding is approximately 250 years. 22 23 Uludağ21 stated in his study that the Sakarya river Bol and Bol et al. used geographic disembogues to the Adapazari basin before reaching information systems to find the distribution of lower facies of the Adapazari soils. The work results of the Black Sea and it flows for enough time to form a 23 coast delta in the opening of the Gevye strait and Bol et al. are summarized in Fig.4. They showed depending on the precipitations occurring in the that 2 river bayous used to flow in the place where Adapazari plain, it made the bed deeper by splitting Adapazari city lies today and that other lower facies the delta formed by the Sakarya River. Bol12 developed around the channel facies sediments left examined the soil in Adapazari and determined the by these rivers and that all lower facies present distribution and depths of flood plain sediments in different geotechnical properties. They presented the past and gave the distribution of alluvions in the the change of river originated alluvion profiles that city center. He explained the clay, sand and pebbles are dominant in Adapazarı city. As the URAL: FORMATIONS TO GROUND FAILURE DURING EARTHQUAKE IN ADAPAZARI 689

geomorphologic formation stages in a river originated area such as Adapazari cannot be monotone, they stated that Adapazari city soils which are very active in terms of earthquakes are geotechnically very important. Based on all of these, it is understood that a river flowing 1500 years ago from south to north through the Gevye strait split into two bayous to the south of Erenler hills. One bayou used the Beşköprü valley in the west and the other bayou advanced from the east foothills of the Erenler hill and the two bayous combined again around the city center of Adapazari and proceeded towards the north. As the basin of the river bayou in the west descended continuously due to tectonic events and the collapses, the bayou left its valley and used only the channel in the east and Fig. 6— Two typical soil profile of the studied area with CPT 23 in modern times it probably immigrated to further data (Bol et al. ) east to its current position. They stated that in drilling operations made in Adapazarı city center, materials with sometimes heavy odor consisting of plant remains with fiber and wood pieces came out. The Sakarya River through the paths it followed in the past resulted in the formation of a more rigid subsoil compared with other regions and the precipitated thin materials in floods and swamp environments formed problematical areas for engineering structures.

Fig. 7— Major tectonic elements in the eastern Mediterannean 26 Region

Fig. 5— Flood in the River Sakarya-194025 690 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015

In the past, Sakarya River plays a primary role in the formation of Adapazari soils due flowed from different parts of the city and it was caused by different soil stack in plain. Two typical soil profile of the studied area with CPT data is given in Fig. 6. In Fig. 6a is seen soil profil about the old river channel (channel facies). In this soil profile, a thick layer of coarse sand is outstanding. In Fig. 6b is seen soil profil about the backswamp region. This soil profile is observed in thin layers of silt and sand in places where fine clays with. This thin layer of sand and silt is indicated crevasse splays caused by time to time the Sakarya River floods. Fig. 8— North Anatolian Fault27

Fig. 10— Long Bazaar after the earthquake in 194325

Fig. 9— Earthquake map of Adapazari (Earthquake research institution)

Moreover, the floods affected Adapazari very much until the 1960’s. In Table 1 part of the information of floods in Adapazari and its surroundings is given24. In Fig. 525 photos taken after the flood can seen. However, the dams built in Fig. 11— Adapazari after the earthquake of Mudurnu – 22July the upper parts of the river and the barriers built on 196725 both coasts of the Sakarya River have taken the floods under control. There are still floods in the Mudurnu River which is another river irrigating the Adapazari plain but it has little effect as it is away from the city centers.

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many earthquakes have occurred in history (Fig. 827). Adapazarı is located in a first degree earthquake zone and the Adapazari earthquake map is given in Fig. 9. As Adapazari lies on a deep alluvial soil, it was affected seriously by the earthquakes in the past. Caution is always necessary in Adapazari city where various soil problems may occur during earthquakes. In Table 2 part of the earthquakes which have affected Adapazari starting from the Byzantium and Ottoman eras until today are given21. When the table is examined it can be seen that Adapazari has always been affected by the earthquakes in the region due to the tectonic and

soil properties of the region. The photos taken after earthquakes are shown in Figs. 10, 11 and 1225.

The notes of travelers about Adapazarı

Knowing the notes written by travelers visiting Adapazari and its surroundings will ease the interpretation of soil behaviors. In 1548, Gabriel d’Aramon stated that the Adapazarı region is a sea of trees, which means it was covered with dense forests. In 1640 Evliya Çelebi described the east of Izmit

Fig. 12— Tozlu Mosque and Adnan Menderes Street 17August by saying “A person can get lost in the sea of trees 199925 in the mountains in the east, there are such trees reaching high to the sky that ten thousand sheep can rest in their shade.” The seismicity of Adapazarı and History of In 1648 after Evliya Çelebi got in contact with Earthquakes the endless sea of trees next to Sapanca Lake to the east, he wrote “there is such a muddy swamp in this Turkey is in an active location in terms of area….” earthquakes because of the North Anatolian fault line with a length of 1500 km lying in east-west In 1740, Richard Pococke stated that the water direction. Fig. 726 shows the Anatolian one is under amount from the Sagaris/Sakarya is plentiful. He pressure by the northward movements of both also noted that the Sagaris used to flow through African and Arabian plates. The Anatolian plate, another bed but now the same river cannot be seen bounded by the North Anatolian Fault Zone under the bridge where the convoy passes. (NAFZ) and the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), In 1817 a traveler named William Heute who is pushed westward against the Agean plate as a visited the region stated that he reached Sapanca result of the relative movement of the Arabian plate after passing through Beşköprü, he did not mention with respect to African plate. about Adapazari accommodation. However, he The North Anatolian Fault line starts from Saroz noted that he had reached Izmit from Sapanca Bay and lies along the Marmara Sea, Sapanca Lake, through a muddy road which is difficult to pass Adapazari, and until the north of through. Van Lake. In the tectonic collapse of the basin In 1817-1819 a traveler named Minas Bıjıkyan formed by this fault line which crosses the Marmara who passed through Sakarya during his visit to the sea as far as Izmit bay, Sapanca and Adapazari, Black Sea coast mentioned the Sakarya River and 692 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015

Beşköprü but he did not mention accommodation in in the past years and was not suitable for city Adapazari. accommodation. The tree roots found at 4-5 mt In 1862 Kont A. De Moustier who made a visit to depths in drilling operations today are not surprising the region stated that Adapazari was an according to this information. accommodation area with a population of 10.000 on the left side of the Sakarya River beyond a small Major earthquakes and 17 August 1999 Kocaeli valley named Adaköy (Ada is island and köy is earthquake village) which contained minerals. In 1832 Charles Texier stated about Ada: “After The city of Adapazarı is extraordinarily high passing the bridge a small village named Adapazari seismic risk. Adapazarı is located in the immediate is reached through a road to the northeast. The vicinity of the North Anatolian Fault and therefore it reason for the name is that the shape is like an was recorded important earthquakes in 1943, 1957, island between the 2 bayous of the Sakarya River. 1967 and 1999. The 1943 Adapazarı- The width of the river is 100m here. It is separated earthquake occurred in , Turkey. It by two bayous and forms this small island.” registered an estimated magnitude of Ms=6.5, In 1838 Williame Ainsworth stated that he earthquake have aftershocks and quakes at regular reached to Sapanca from Izmit by passing through a intervals. It was recorded 346 people lost their lives. sea of trees. In Adapazari and Hendek has been heavy damage. In this earthquake, a few thousand houses was In 1840 J.Ballie Fraser stated that his only destroyed. 1957 Abant earthquake had a magnitude complaint in the Sakarya region was the rain and of Ms=7.0, the earthqauke caused total almost muddy land. destruction within the 40km long narrow valley In 1862 A.D. Moustier visited Sakarya and took between Abant Lake (east) and Dokurcun (west)28. some notes: “The terrain is low, road is almost 1967 Akyazı earthquake was been 7.2 magnitude under water. Sometimes we move in the water. We and it was claimed one hundred lives and destroying passed the bridge built by Justinianus in 6th century. numerous houses and buildings. This earthquake Sagarius is not passing under this bridge anymore. was felt around of Adapazari, , Bolu, There is weak water current under the bridge. It is Eskisehir and but major structural damage most likely a swamp. The French traveler who occurred mainly in the capital city of Adapazarı29. visited here 25 years ago states that there is an arch The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake occurred of triumph relic in Sapanca River. I could not see it at 03:02a.m.This earthquake had a magnitude of now. Adapazari is a small town with a population of Ms= 7.8, the depth was about 10 km and the 10.000 lying next to the river. It is also called epicenter was Golcuk at the eastern end of Marmara Adaköy.” Sea. The earthquake affected city centers of Golcuk, In 1888 German traveler Bernard Schwarz noted , Adapazari, Izmit, Istanbul (Avcılar area), the famous swamp of Adapazari. Duzce, Akyazi, Golyaka, Sapanca and Izmit. Sahin 30 In 1890 Edmund Naumann took these notes and Tari gave the total number of house unit about Adapazarı: “Sakarya is not flowing below the collapsed and heavily damaged is 19.043, and the bridge but from its surrounding. The flow of the owner or occupant families of these houses are river was changed in the 1300s.” He also noted: “I nowhomeless. After the damage evaluation, 12.200 jumped over many puddles on the way to Adapazari house units are classified as moderately damaged after passing Justinianus bridge and the cows lie in and total number of slightly damaged housing units some of these puddles which are almost completely are 18.720, in Adapazarı, Sakarya. Especially, after submerged in the water. Mud baths can be seen 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, many everywhere. The Adapazari name is formed by ada researchers studied about the problems of Adapazari 31 32 33 34 7 (island) and pazar (market) words and is located in a soil. Onalp , Erken , Bray , Bray , Bol , Bol et 23 12 35 muddy area.” 11, 24. al , Bol , Sert , and also. 31 It can summarized from the notes of travelers that Onalp summarised the damage to the buildings Adapazari was wet, muddy and covered with forests in 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in six main groups. They gave were the sheer magnitude of the URAL: FORMATIONS TO GROUND FAILURE DURING EARTHQUAKE IN ADAPAZARI 693

earthquake experienced by the structures caused present. To the effects of ground on building immediate collapse of many, consist of buildings performance, they investigated areas of extensive which had a height/breadth ratio of larger than 2.5, ground failure occurred as evidenced by building those buildings simply toppled over and broke. settlement, sliding, and tilting. They claimed that They gave the buildings settled up to 1 m equally or the fluvial nature of the deposition of soils in tilted, with no evidence of ground failure on the Adapazari are vitally important in understanding the surface, the bursting of the soft subsoil into the occurence and nonoccurence of ground failure and basement if the foundation was not a raft, buildings building damage in Adapazari. They said that the have simply undergone bearing capacity failure and liquefaction triggering analyses were performed for they said the last damage is liquefaction. free-field, level ground conditions and they do not Bray34 presented a comprehensive study of the take into consideration the effect of the structure, soils Adapazari. There are CPT profiles, borings and in Adapazarı it appears that the inertial loading with SPTs and soil index tests in this study. They of the reinforced concrete structures was largely said that many of the affected buildings had sand detrimental, because ground failure was boils in their vicinity, although often ejecta were not systematically found adjacent to structuresand found to be less prevalent away from structures.

Table1— The flood information of Adapazari and around24 Date Damge case 28 December 1924 Due to overflow in Mudurnu water, Adapazari-Hendek way was damaged. 09 July 1938 Due to intensive and heavy rains, Adapazari's Karapürçek township was flooded. 30 December 1939 Water level of Sakarya River was extremely increased and was severe damaged around. 27 February 1941 Due to overflow in Sakarya River, settlements near the river remained under water. 04 July 1941 Due to heavy rains, Sakarya river was increased. 05 April 1948 Sakarya River overflowed and the surrounding residential areas remained under water, approximately 1m. 28 October 1950 In Sapanca and villages, as a result of intense rains occurred big floods 12 February 1951 In Sapanca and Derbent occurred large floods. 18 February 1953 Sakarya River overflowed and around Adapazari and 10 thousand acres of land remained under water. 04 March 1953 Due to the increased water of Sakarya river, flood waters were came up to the edge of downtown. 24 February 1956 Sakarya River was increased sets of Güneşler village was destroyed. 11 March 1956 The waters of Sakarya River were increased again in spring and contact with some of the villages with city were cut to the maximum extent. 23 January 1963 As a result of melting of the snow falling heavily, Çark River was flooded and thousands of homes remained under water in Adapazari. 16 April 1965 Due to rainfall Sakarya river water level was increased. 14 March 1968 As a result of the falling rain and melting snow overflowed the Sakarya River, settlements and roads was damaged. 29 October 1968 Between Adapazari and Izmit remained flooded lowland sites. 24 November 1968 Sakarya River was increased. 02 July 1969 Pouring rain and strong wind, some neighborhoods in Adapazari was led electricity poles break and electricity discontinuation. 13 February 1970 Sakarya River was increased as a result of rain and snow melt. 18 April 1970 Sakarya River was increased, as a result of rain. 04 July 1972 Due to rain, the province of Sakarya was flooded. 07 September 1979 Due to rain, in Sakarya and around was flooded and in the Safi village of 's was existed loss of lives. 02 March 1981 Due to intense rains, in -Sapanca was landslide. 30 July 1984 Due to heavy rain, especially Yenidoğan, Şeker, Semerciler, Yenigun and Yağcilar neighborhoods of Adapazari covered with rainwater. 02 April 1999 Due to rainfall and snowmelt, Sakarya River was increased. 26 June 1999 Due to heavy rain, Adapazari city center was occured lake. 694 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015

Table 2— The earthquake information of Adapazari and around24 Date Important note about earthquake 26 October 740 Earthquakes was caused great devastation in Istanbul, city and castles was collapsed, in Trakya, Izmit and Karamürsel almost completely destroyed, except a single church was destroyed in Iznik. 1 June-17 July 1296 64 castle and many cities was destroyed in Anatolia. Regions in the west of the Sakarya River, settlements was destroyed. 10 September 1509 This earthquake was the largest earthquake that occurred in the eastern Mediterranean. 4-5 thousand people died (Istanbul population at 160,000), many monumental buildings were destroyed or suffered damage. The 5 mosques and 300 houses was destroyed in Izmit city. During the earthquake continued throughout the 45 days, sections of the sea-shore of the city walls was collapsed. Ottoman historians of this earthquake, "little apocalypse" they said. 24 May 1719 Istanbul, Izmit and surroundings was been affected this earthquake. Izmit 4/5's destroyed, more than 4,000 people died. 22 May 1766 Tsunami was occurred during the earthquake, many mosques and the capital building was destroyed in Istanbul. Approximately 2.5 months after the 5 August 1766, has been again an earthquake. Both earthquakes affected eastern of Marmara Sea. 1 November 1893 Earthquake was increasing in intensity and lasted 80sec. Then stopped suddenly this earthquake. People living in the earthquake said "passing through the courtyard and the garden to go to the shelter they had difficulty standing" and "we are just like the passengers on board a ship caught in a storm". Trees suspended from right to left more than half a meter. Sakarya river was increased and fields flooded water. 20 June 1943 6.9 magnitude, earthquakes have aftershocks and quakes at regular intervals. 346 people lost their lives. In Adapazari and Hendek has been heavy damage. A few thousand houses was destroyed. 22 July 1967 This earthquake was been 7.2 magnitude. Earthquake was felt around the of Adapazari, Istanbul, Bolu, Eskisehir and Ankara. The earthquake was collapsed concrete buildings, wooden houses, was caused the opening of large fissures on roads, large landslides, was overthrown stone and trees. 89 people died in the earthquake and this earthquake is one of the most important disasters occurring in the Republican history. 17 August 1999 Golcuk-Arifiye focused on this earthquake was 7.4 magnitude, 45-50sn long. The earthquake affected completely Marmara region. The earthquake occurred in the Marmara Region has the highest concentration of industry and urbanization, so was resulted in loss of life and the damage is too great. Loss of life has led to around 20 000. Between Highway Sapanca-Adapazari, in Anatolia was occured part of the settlements, tensile cracks and failure, so it did not reach the earthquake area.

Sert35 had prepared the maps of soil origins, Conclusion bearing capacity, and the distribution of damage in the In this paper was described the creation of the city. They prepared map of bearing capasity, map of Adapazarı soils with the historical perspective. Soils liquefaction, and damage map of Adapazari with of Adapazari city is on a very deep alluvial deposit. In prepared geology information system. These maps history Adapazari city has always been affected by were seen that areas where liquefaction of the city of the earthquakes in the region due to the tectonic and Adapazari covers only 36.3% and the main rock soil properties of the region. Especially after 17 outcrop where the damage does not appear. Generally, August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, soil problems researchers said that damage is located on the related to different soil types and foundation types alluvium in the region is seen on the more. During the have been observed. It is very important to learn the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, it was seen many structures formation mechanism of the Adapazarı soils in terms settled, tilted and slid as a result of liquefaction and of understanding the geotechnical properties of the bearing capasity failures due main part of the city is soils. It is thought the fact that Adapazari used to be located on a thick alluvium. Shortly, the damages in wet, muddy, covered with forests and therefore not the Adapazari City during earthquakes is showed to suitable for city accommodation should not be be strongly affected by the soil conditions. After forgotten. Consequently, it is showed that Adapazarı earthquakes, especially 17 August 1999 Kocaeli plain have different soil types, and it is understood earthquake was observed toppling, strength decay, that this like soils can show bad soil conditions in bottom heave, exceeded bearing capacity and terms of building performence, especially during liquefaction. So much of lives were lost and serious earthquake shaking. It is thought that this like material losses occurred due these soil problems. research paper will be an important resource for alluvial sites which are on risk of the earthquake. URAL: FORMATIONS TO GROUND FAILURE DURING EARTHQUAKE IN ADAPAZARI 695

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