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Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(5), May 2015, pp. 685-696 Effect of Soil Formations to Ground Failure During Earthquake in Adapazarı City, Northern Turkey Nazile Ural Department of Civil Engineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11210 Turkey. [E-mail: [email protected]] Received 31 October 2013; revised 18 November 2013 In terms of the formation of the ground in each country, especially in earthquakes, structure damages are much observed in cities due to soil problems. In Turkey, Adapazari soils show the rare feature in terms of formation in the word. 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake is remembered significant number of casualties, damage and the soil problems. Adapazari Plain is the largest alluvial plain of the Marmara region. Adapazari was shaped by both the tectonic events and contribution of sediments carried by the rivers. The largest share belongs to the Sakarya River in the filling of the plain, Mudurnu water takes the second place. The geotechnical properties of this alluvial area are highly variable. Because of geology and local soil conditions soils of Adapazari has shown potential in terms of soil problems during earthquake. In this study a description of the damage suffered throughout history in Adapazari will be given. [Keywords: Earthquake, History, Flood, Alluvial Soil, Soil Problems] Introduction land. Soil properties and soil conditions are used to Earthquake ground motion is affected by the identify and correlate liquefaction susceptible soils. local soil conditions and geological structure. The It is indicated that liquefaction susceptibility maps variations in the strong ground motion caused by showed similar to Quaternary geologic maps. As a local soil conditions are reflected in the dynamic result of investigation was characterized by behavior of soils. During earthquakes, the soil has grouping deposits into high, moderate, low, and played important role as a contributing factor in the very low categories. Kayen and Barnhardt3 failure of built in cities. For this reason, many examined the geomorphology and seismic stability researchers have studied about effect of local soil of the Duwamish River delta at the Port of Seattle in conditions on structure damages. Zamarbide1 western Washington State. Geotechnical examined to assess the potential damageability due investigation indicated that these river deposits earthquake in San Juan (Argentina). San Juan city is show high initial liquefaction susceptibility during located in the Tulum Valley, west of the San Juan earthquakes. River. The valley is consist of rock, alluvial fan Niigata city is located on the west coast of Japan deposits of the San Juan river, flood plain deposits where the Shinano River enters the sea. The river of the present course of the San Juan river, built up sand deposits nearly 100 meters thick on transition zone of old fan deposits and flood plain which the city was built. The soils of Niigata City deposits. In the 1977 earthquake most of ground consist of young sedimentary deposits having low failure was related to liquefaction in the valley. density soils and shallow ground water table. At the DeLisle2 presented maps potentially liquefiable time of 1964 Niiagata earthquake, there were many sediment area. He collected geotechnical data from reinforced concrete buildings in Niigata City. The more than 600 sites where one or more boreholes National Information Service for Earthquake were drilled. The study area is a peninsula bound by Engineering 2000 states: The Niigata Earthquake the Pacific Ocean on the west and San Francisco resulted in dramatic damage due to liquefaction of Bay on the north and east. Current topography of the sand deposits in the low-lying areas of4. study area was shaped by Quaternary tectonism, Especially in the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli marine and estuarine deposition, and man-made earthquake, Adapazari faced extreme destruction, 686 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 5 MAY 2015 thousands of lives were lost and serious material Söğüt and direct towards north until disemboguing losses occurred. The soil problems observed after into the Black Sea. the earthquake are toppling, strength decay, bottom In this study, important collimating information heave, exceeded bearing capacity and liquefaction5. will be given to researchers performing studies on Bol and Onalp6 stated that liquefaction especially Adapazari soils. The information about the occurred in regions where crevasse splays deposits formation mechanism of the Adapazari soils will develop on lower facies and where silt and fine provide an important contribution in order to sands are dominant. They also stated that crevasse understand the geotechnical properties of the soils. splays deposits form by the destruction of the river For this purpose, the notes of foreign travelers who barriers along the river bed due to high flow rate have visited Adapazari and soil formations and the accumulation of the material composed of originated from Sakarya River will be briefly given. silt and fine sand in the flood plain through the After that, the summary of earthquakes and floods crevasse, and that cavities form between the barrier that have affected Adapazari city will be given. In of the deserted bed and the current bed causing addition, it will be referred to the soil problems swamp deposits to accumulate in those cavities. observed in the 17 August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. These lower facies showing different deposit properties form different basic soils for engineering Informations about soil formation, earthquakes structures. Meanwhile, Bol7 prepared the thematic and the notes of travelers of Adapazarı city maps reflecting the various characteristics of soils with Geology Information Systems (GIS) using Adapazarı location and features wide a database for Adapazarı city center. Researcher compared soil classification, Adapazarı is a busy agricultural, business and liquefaction potential, liquit limit, average grain size industrial city in the Northen Turkey. The city was and liquidity index maps and 1999 earthquake ruined with unexpected death toll and building damage map. Consequently, he stated that it may damage in the past earthquakes. Especially it was understand approximate expected damage to the observed to many building damage during 17 regions with soil properties. The research studies August 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. The location of support that different soil problems depend on Adapazarı is given in Fig. 1 on turkey earthquake different layer properties in different lower facies of map. Adapazarı is located in the immediate vicinity the region established in a river facies stage. For this of the North Anatolian Fault. This transform fault purpose the studies related to the formation of has been known to be active approximately every Adapazari soils are generally compiled. decade. Even though we know that the Britons and Byzantines lived in this region, no accommodation area belonging to the Britons, Romans or Byzantines could be detected in the Adapazari area. However, it can be understood that there are bridges such as the Justinyen Bridge, haunts, castle relics and temples in the region. Eröz and Alpan8 stated that Adapazari is a recently established city. Towards the end of the XIII. century, the Ottomans conquered the Adapazari basin. As it is in an island shape stuck between 2 bayous of the Sakarya River, these places were called “island” in the following years. Researchers state that the Sakarya river is divided into 2 bayous at the place which was called Fig. 1— Location of Adapazari (Earthquake Research Uzunköprü before and that one of the bayous flows Department, Turkey) below the Beşköprü today and the other bayou flows almost through the current bed of the river today and that these two bayous combine around URAL: FORMATIONS TO GROUND FAILURE DURING EARTHQUAKE IN ADAPAZARI 687 Adapazarı geography and geology Sakarya River which passes from 4km east of Adapazari city center (Fig. 310), is combined with Sakarya which is located in the north east of the the Mudurnu River at the northern part of the plain Marmara region is surrounded by Düzce city, Bolu and after that it is combined with the Çark River Mountain to the east, by the Gölpazarı and which empties the excess water of Sapanca Lake Osmaneli districts of Bilecik city to the south, by and disembogues to the Black Sea from the the Kandıra, Merkez and Gölcük districts of Kocaeli Yenimahalle neighborhood of the Karasu district 11 to the west and by the Black Sea to the north. center . Adapazarı which is the center of Sakarya city is at the lower part of the Sakarya basin, on the Akova plains. The plains cover 22.1% of the city area. The biggest plain of the city is Akova (Adapazarı plain). The plain, which is located to the east of Sapanca Lake and Adapazarı, is one of the biggest plains in the Marmara region (Fig. 29). The plain is irrigated by the Sakarya River flowing from south to north and by the Mudurnu River flowing from east to west. The cross sectional area of Akoa is 620km² with a width of 23 km and with a length of 27 km in the east – west direction. Fig. 3— Drainage area of the Sakarya River10 Bol12 gave the geological map of Adapazarı region. Characteristics of the study area are the outcropping of Permian-Triassic red sandstones and grey dolomites, sandstones and quartzites outcrop Fig. 2— Adapazari plain (ISFZ= Izmit-Sapanca fault zone, IMF= on hills to the North. Upper Cretaceous formations Iznik-Mekece fault, MF= Mudurnu fault, The Izmit-Sapanca fault intrude from the southwest containing marl, 9 zone sandstone and their mixtures with limestones. The Lower-Mid Eocene Upper Cretaceous is overlain by The Sakarya River, which originates in the basalt, agglomerate and tuffs in Serdivan a suburb Çifteler district of Eskişehir, has a length of 824 km of Adapazarı to the West. together with its bayous. However, considering that The studies related to the formation of the some of the sources have dried up, the length can be Adapazarı plain started in the beginning of the assumed to be 720 km.