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Redalyc.Genetic Control of Partial Resistance to Asian Soybean Rust Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy ISSN: 1679-9275 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Araújo Santos Martins, Juliana; Cézar Juliatti, Fernando Genetic control of partial resistance to Asian soybean rust Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, vol. 36, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2014, pp. 11-17 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=303029495003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1679-9275 ISSN on-line: 1807-8621 Doi: 10.4025/actasciagron.v36i1.16919 Genetic control of partial resistance to Asian soybean rust Juliana Araújo Santos Martins1* and Fernando Cézar Juliatti2 1Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Fazenda Sobradinho, s/n, Cx. Postal 592, 38400-974, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 2Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The genetic control of rust resistance was studied using the Caiapônia x IAC-100 and Luziânia x Potenza crosses. The F2 and F3 generations were evaluated. Rust severity was quantified through visual assessment of the middle third of three leaflets per plant and performed by three different evaluators; the average score was calculated foreach individual plant. From these data, we estimated the mean and variance of the genetic components by employing the weighted least squares method. The estimated number of genes and broad- and narrow-sense heritabilities were also obtained. It was concluded that rust resistance is a characteristic controlled by 2 to 23 genes that are predominantly dominant. The estimate of narrow-sense heritability was greater than 70% for the Caiapônia x IAC-100 cross, and the wide-sense heritability was greater than 60% for the Luziânia x Potenza cross; thus, it is possible to successfully select resistant individuals in early generations. Keywords: Glycine max, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, dominance variance, heritability, race non-specific disease resistance. Controle genético da resistência parcial à ferrugem asiática da soja RESUMO. Estudos sobre o controle genético da resistência à ferrugem asiática foram a conduzidos a partir dos cruzamentos Caiapônia x IAC 100 e Luziânia x Potenza. Foram avaliadas as gerações F2 e F3. A severidade da ferrugem asiática foi obtida pela estimativa visual de 3 folíolos do terço médio/planta. A partir desses dados foram estimados os componentes genéticos de média e de variância, empregando-se o método dos quadrados mínimos ponderados. Foram obtidas também a estimativa do número de genes e da herdabilidade no sentido amplo e restrito. Concluiu-se que o controle genético da resistência à Phakopsora pachyrhizi governado por 2 a 23 genes, com predominância dos efeitos dominantes no controle. A estimativa da herdabilidade no sentido restrito acima de 70% para o cruzamento Caiapônia x IAC 100 e amplo acima de 60% para o cruzamento Luziânia x Potenza, mostrou que há possibilidade de sucesso na seleção de indivíduos resistentes já nas gerações iniciais. Palavras-chave: Glycine max, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, variância de dominância, herdabilidade, resistência raça não-específica. Introduction pathogen has high genetic variability, mainly in the Brazilian savanna (YORINORI et al., 2005). Thus, The Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by the the identification of resistant cultivars is necessary. fungal pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi was identified Genetic studies confirm the existence of additive in Brazil in 2001 and quickly infected soybeans in genetic effects for ASR (PIEROZZI et al., 2008; several countries in South America. ASR is RIBEIRO et al., 2007). Quantitative studies of the responsible for severe economic losses because of its genes that express resistance to ASR genotypes are high damage potential and its constant presence in needed to support the development of effective almost all soybean-producing areas recently longer-lasting resistance in new cultivars. However, (HARTMAN et al., 2005). in Brazil, because of the recent re-emergence of the Brazilian breeding programs have not yet pathogen, there are few studies concerning the developed resistant cultivars, and therefore, inheritance of resistance to soybean rust chemical control is still used to reduce the losses (AKAMATSU et al., 2004; PIEROZZI et al., 2008; caused by ASR. Currently, the primary form of RIBEIRO et al., 2007). control is based on the use of fungicides of different Genetic models were fitted to these data to classes and action modes (MILES et al., 2007). This obtain estimates of the additive, dominance, is partially because the fungus has several races with epistatic, and environmental components. The fits multiple virulence alleles (SINCLAIR; enabled predictions of the cross potential to HARTMAN, 1999), which suggests that the ASR generate inbred lines with greater resistance to ASR Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy Maringá, v. 36, n. 1, p. 11-17, Jan.-Mar., 2014 12 Martins and Juliatti (CRUZ, 2005). Previous studies by Azevedo et al., scores, which considers the percentage of leaf tissue 2007, Santos et al., 2007 and Silva et al., 2007, that is infected (the scale uses thresholds of 0.5, 5, demonstrated partial resistance for IAC-100 and 20, 40, 60, and 80%). Potenza. This study investigates on genetic control of Statistical and genetic analysis resistance to Asian soybean rust in lines derived Using the scores of individual plants, the analysis from IAC-100 and Potenza. of variance (ANOVA) was calculated for each cross using the parents and the F2 and F3 generations. The Material and methods means and variances of the severity scores of the The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse parents and the F2 and F3 generations were at the Agricultural Sciences Institute, which belongs estimated. Using these data, the mean components to the Federal University of Uberlândia, were also estimated using the weighted least squares Uberlândia, Brazil, and also at CapimBranco farm, method (WLS) (MATHER; JINKS, 1984; which belongs to the Federal University of RAMALHO et al., 1993; ROWE; ALEXANDER, Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State (located 1980). The additive-dominance model without at 55º18'23''S and 48º17'19''W). The populations epistasis was considered. The genetic variance and were assessed at the Agroteste Experimental Station, environmental components were estimated using Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State (located at the WLS method iterative (MATHER; JINKS, 21º12'58''S and 45º03'18''W). In July 2007, 1984; RAMALHO et al., 1993). The components of (Caiapônia x IAC-100) and (Luziânia x Potenza) the mean and variance were estimated using the were crossed in greenhouse conditions to obtain the computer software Mapgen. The software was also used to estimate the number of genes and the broad- F1 population. The breeding of the F1 and F2 generations and the multiplication of the parents and narrow-sense heritability coefficients was also performed in a greenhouse in the 2008 to (BERNARDO, 2002): 2009 period. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 For the 2009-2010 crop, the parents and the F2 h = / , h =1,5 / , h = - rF2 A F2 rF3 A F3 aF2 F2 and F3 generations were assessed under field 2 / 2 and h2 = 2 -2 / 2 . conditions. The trials were arranged in a E F2 aF3 F3 E F3 randomised complete block design with four replications. The experimental conditions were To estimate the number of genes (k) involved in those commonly used in soybean crop management. the trait control and to consider what fraction are During the experiment, chemical control of pests dominant, the expression of Burton (1951) was used and manual weed control were performed as by Ramalho et al. (1993): necessary. To reduce the risk of the evolving ASR epidemic 1 3 ( 2)D2 (because sowing was delayed) and to better assess k = 4 4 , partial resistance, a fungicide of the chemical group ˆ 2 ˆ 2 F2 E strobilurin (azoxystrobin) was sprayed. 300 mL of commercial product per hectare were used for the F1 P1 first spraying. In the second spraying, a mixture of where , D = P2 P1 , P1 is the mean trait triazole and strobilurin (pyraclostrobin + P2 P1 2 epoxiconazole) was used; the dose was 500 mL per for parent 1, P is the mean trait for parent 2, is 2 F2 hectare. The spraying was performed at stages R 1 2 the phenotypic variance of the F family, is the and R5 (FEHR; CAVINESS, 1977). This action, 2 E therefore, was intended to improve the reliability of environmental variance and F1 is the mean of the F1 the assessment of partial resistance. family. The assessment was performed at stage R5.5 (FEHR; CAVINESS, 1977), 80 days after sowing, Results and discussion because this stage was the developmental stage in which there was the greatest expression of the The results of the variance analysis shown in severity of symptoms in susceptible strains. The Table 1 indicate that there were significant disease severity was scored by three evaluators who differences (p ≤ 0.01) among the parent and inspected the middle third of three leaflets per plant segregating generations for the two crosses used. and used the diagrammatic scale of disease severity The existence of variation is an essential condition Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy Maringá, v. 36, n. 1, p. 11-17, Jan.-Mar., 2014 Genetic control of partial resistance 13 for studying the genetic control of the disease resistant to ASR (SILVA et al., 2007), in this resistance trait. experiment, the scores of disease severity for Potenza were significantly higher than for the parent Table 1. Analysis of the variance of the severity scores of Asian Luziânia. This fact maybe related to environmental rust for the parent and the cross-derived F2 and F3 generations of conditions and the variability of the pathogen soybeans.
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