Named Things in Chemistry: a New On-Line Database for Research and Teaching
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Carl Djerassi: Chemist and Entrepreneur
Carl Djerassi: Chemist and entrepreneur Eugene Garfield 534 CHEMTECH SEPTEMBER 1983 Much has been said about the scientific entrepreneur. established a precedent for the widely used fragment coding Although the term ordinarily is applied to the person who system employed in the Index Chemicus Registry System has been successful in business—one thinks of Thomas (ICRS) and other systems. Edison or Edwin Land, among others—there also are At the end of the 1940s, much of the excitement centered scientific entrepreneurs in the academic community. It is on the discovery that cortisone could alleviate arthritis not often that one finds a scientist who can fit both symptoms. The chemical was derived from animal bile, but descriptions. To maintain a credible academic existence one initially in amounts too small for treating this chronic, needs enormous dedication and energy; to function in a widespread disease. Scientists around the world were racing scientifically oriented business these qualities as well as to find a more practical method of synthesis. In 1951, significant managerial competence are needed. That rare Djerassi and his team at Syntex won the race; they found a combination of qualities is found in my friend Carl relatively simple way to make cortisone using a readily Djerassi. available raw material, the Mexican yam (2). I recently had the honor of speaking informally at an That same year, Djerassi's team synthesized another unusual event. The numerous friends and collaborators of compound, which received much less attention at the time. Djerassi attended a party celebrating the publication of his They named it "norethisterone," and it was to become the thousandth paper. -
The 1990 Nobel Prize Winners
Current CX3mrnerits” EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FCR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATGW 3YJ1 MARKET ST PHILAOELFHIA, PA 19104 The 199Q Nobel Prize Winners: A Citationist Retrospective Number 11 March 18, 1991 For more than a decade, we have devoted Before the awards were announced last essays to each year’s Nobel Prizes. These year, the biweekly newspaper ?% Scien- reports, usually published six months or tkt @ published a series of axticles in which more after the prize, have provided a unique Nobel Prize contenders were listed, based citationist perspective on the wimers. In ad- on citation frequency and predictor dition to identifying their most-cited works, awards.$7 One would think that with all of especially Citation Clussics ~, we have the non-Nobel awards that abound,g.g there highlighted work that has influenced key re- would be few recipients not in that category. search fronts.1 Nevertheless, this does occur km time to When pertinent, we’ve also listed the time. winners’ contributions to the review litera- One interesting aspect of this year’s ture. And+whe~ possible, we’ve contacted awards is the relatively low level of citations the Nobelists or close colleagues to de- for several of the winners. This could be due termine whether or not our data rein- to factors similar to those of the famous forced or contradicted perceptions of de- Watson and Crick paper in 1953,10 for layed recognition, as in the case with which they teceived the 1%2 Nobel Prize in Barbara Mc(lintock.z Her 1983 Nobel for physiology or medicine. It had been cited physiology or medicine may have been de- just under 1,100 times when we last studied layed, but she was widely recognized in the it.11This is an indication of obliteration by genetics community. -
Robert Burns Woodward
The Life and Achievements of Robert Burns Woodward Long Literature Seminar July 13, 2009 Erika A. Crane “The structure known, but not yet accessible by synthesis, is to the chemist what the unclimbed mountain, the uncharted sea, the untilled field, the unreached planet, are to other men. The achievement of the objective in itself cannot but thrill all chemists, who even before they know the details of the journey can apprehend from their own experience the joys and elations, the disappointments and false hopes, the obstacles overcome, the frustrations subdued, which they experienced who traversed a road to the goal. The unique challenge which chemical synthesis provides for the creative imagination and the skilled hand ensures that it will endure as long as men write books, paint pictures, and fashion things which are beautiful, or practical, or both.” “Art and Science in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Pointers and Pathways in Research (Bombay:CIBA of India, 1963). Robert Burns Woodward • Graduated from MIT with his Ph.D. in chemistry at the age of 20 Woodward taught by example and captivated • A tenured professor at Harvard by the age of 29 the young... “Woodward largely taught principles and values. He showed us by • Published 196 papers before his death at age example and precept that if anything is worth 62 doing, it should be done intelligently, intensely • Received 24 honorary degrees and passionately.” • Received 26 medals & awards including the -Daniel Kemp National Medal of Science in 1964, the Nobel Prize in 1965, and he was one of the first recipients of the Arthur C. -
Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholars 1956-57- 2016-2017 (61 Years)
Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholars 1956-57- 2016-2017 (61 years) 2016-2017 (112 visits) Adorno, Rolena Spanish/Latin American literatur Yale Bialek, William physics Princeton Ehrman, Bart D. religion, New Testament UNC-Chapel Hill Grosz, Barbara J. computer science Harvard Hochschild, Jennifer L. political science Harvard Kitcher, Philip philosophy Columbia Lester, Marsha I. chemistry Penn Morse, Nora Naranjo fine arts, poetry, sculpture Espanola, NM Rodgers, Daniel T. American history & culture Princeton Sabloff, Jeremy A. anthropology, Maya Penn Weiman, David F. economic history Barnard Wexler, Laura American studies Yale Witt, John Fabian law, American history Yale Wright, Patricia anthropology/primatology SUNY, Stony Brook Xiao, Shuhai geobiology/paleobiology Virginia Tech 2015-2016 (100 visits) Michael Bérubé English, disability studies Penn State Caroline Bruzelius art, art history Duke David K. Campbell physics, engineering Boston U. Hazel V. Carby African American studies Yale Carol Greenhouse anthropology, sociocultural Princeton David B. Grusky sociology, inequality, poverty Stanford Rigoberto Hernandez biochemistry, diversity studies Georgia Tech Mae Ngai history, Asian American studies Columbia Judith Resnik law Yale Timothy Rowe paleontology, geology UTAustin Larry A. Silver art history, Renaissance Penn Harold W. Stanley political science, elections Southern Methodist Richard Sylla American economic history NYU Blaire Van Valkenburgh vertebrate paleonbiology UCLA Vincent L. Wimbush religion Inst.SignifyingScriptures 2014-2015 (96 visits) Jeffrey C. Alexander sociology Yale William Y. Arms computer science Cornell Wendy Brown political science UCBerkeley Caroline Bruzelius art, art history Duke Philip J. Deloria history, American Indian Michigan Gerald Graff English, education Illinois at Chicago Kathleen McGarry economics, aging UCLA Gregory A. Petsko neurology, neuroscience Cornell Med. -
Carl Djerassi, Pictured Here with Artwork from His Collection
Carl Djerassi, pictured here with artwork from his collection. This sculpture, by artist Niki de Saint Phalle, is entitled “Wise Man.” Photograph by Walter van Schalkwijk. Carl Djerassi: Renaissance Scientist Par Excellence by Krishnan Rajeshwar and Walter van Schalkwijk arl Djerassi was born in Vienna, Austria, and received his Fritzsche Award (1960), Award for Creative Invention (1973), education at Kenyon College (AB summa cum laude, Award in the Chemistry of Contemporary Technological Prob- 1942) and the University of Wisconsin (PhD, 1945). After lems (1983), Priestley Medal (1992), Willard Gibbs Medal (1997), four years as research chemist with CIBA Pharmaceutical and Othmer Gold Medal (2000). Co. in Summit, New Jersey, he joined Syntex, S.A., in Carl Djerassi is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Mexico City in 1949 as associate director of chemical Sciences and of its Institute of Medicine, as well as a member of Cresearch. In 1952, he accepted a professorship at Wayne State the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Swedish University, and in 1959 his current position as professor of Academy of Sciences, and many other learned societies. He has chemistry at Stanford University. received 18 honorary doctorate degrees from various academic Concurrently with his academic positions, he also held var- institutions around the world. ious posts at Syntex during the period 1957-1972, including that Djerassi has embarked on a second career in writing of president of Syntex Research (1968-1972). In 1968, he helped including five “science-in-fiction” novels: Cantor’s Dilemma; The found Zoecon Corporation, a company dedicated to developing Bourbaki Gambit; Marx, Deceased; Menachem’s Seed; and NO. -
The Century's Progress in Chemistry
THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY. 749 THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY. HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D. tlie casual observer, it might .seem to beginnings have great end- have no alliance whatever. The won- SMALLings—sometimes. As a case in point, derful theory of atoms, on which the note what came of the small original ef- whole gigantic structure of modern chem- fort of a self-trained back-country Quak- istry is founded, was the logical out- er youth named John Dalton, who along growth, in the mind of John Dalton, of toward the close of the last century be- those early studies in meteorology. came interested in the weather, and was The way it happened was this; From led to construct and use a crude rain- studying the rainfall, Dalton turned nat- gauge to test the amount of the wa- urally to the complementary process of terfall. The simple experiments thus evaporation. He was soon led to believe inaugurated led to no fewer than two that vapor exists in the atmosphere as an hundred thousand recorded observations independent gas. But since two bodies regarding the weather, which formed the cannot occupy the same space at the same basis for some of the most epochal dis- time, this implies that the various atmos- coveries in meteorology, as we have seen. pheric gases are really composed of discrete But this w Tas only a beginning. The particles. These ultimate particles are so simple rain-gauge pointed the way to the small that we cannot see them—cannot, most important generalization of our cen- indeed, more than vaguely imagine them tury in a field of science with which, to —yet each particle of vapor, for example, 750 HARPER’S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. -
The Evolution of Formulas and Structure in Organic Chemistry During the 19Th Century Dalton (1803)
The Evolution of Formulas and Structure in Organic Chemistry During the 19th Century Dalton (1803) Dalton’s Symbols (1803) Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen • circles for atoms of elements • occasional use of letters - gold G John Dalton (1766-1844) • must learn the symbol for each element Binary atoms Binary “atoms” water ammonia carbon monoxide OH NH CO Dalton (1803) Ternary atoms Ternary “atoms” carbon dioxide acetic acid olefiant gas OCO H HCH CO Dalton (1803) Berzelius • use first letter of Latin name of element SHCON hydrogencarbonoxygennitrogensulfur • use first two letters when first letter is taken J. J. Berzelius (1779-1848) SeSi siliconselenium Latin roots Latin roots English Latin Symbol antimony stibnum Sb tin stannum Sn sodium natrium Na potassium kalium K Why Latin? Why Latin? “Science, like that nature to which it belongs, is neither limited by time nor space, it belongs to the world, and is of no country and of no age” Sir Humphry Davy Affinity Affinity of the elements Oxygen (most electronegative) … … … … … … … … … (most electropositive) Potassium Dualism Dualism … the electrochemical theory By arranging the atoms in the order of their electrical affinities, one forms an electrochemical system, which is more suitable than any other arrangement to give an idea of chemistry. Berzelius Dualism exemplified Dualism exemplified + - + - K O S 3 O + - KO SO3 KO,SO3 Berzelius sulfate of potash The formula Sulfate of potash KO,SO3 • composed of a base KO and an acid SO3 • formula reflects number and kind of each atom • each atom has a defined mass (weight) Berzelius Dilemma The dilemma in the early 19th century • equivalent weights vs. -
On Kekulé's Insight
On Kekulé’s insight Giuseppe Iurato E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, we would like to retake a historical controversy on the alleged discovery of Kekulé’s Benzene structure formula from other possible epistemological viewpoints which might perhaps put into a more right historical perspective this apparent and unmotivated riddle, also with the aid of some elementary psychoanalytic considerations. Moreover, one of the purposes of this paper is also that of understanding some possible, general aspects underlying a creative process. 1. Introduction This paper is centered on the vexata quæstio concerning the so-called Kekulé’s insight, namely, the alleged question inherent the discovery of the Benzene structure1. The Benzene, as chemical substance, was isolated by Michael Faraday in 1825 and the qualitative chemical analysis detected only carbon and hydrogen in it, so that its empirical formula is CH. Subsequent repeated analyses and molecular weight determinations2 (mainly made by Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1834) have determined to be C6H6 its molecular formula. The chemical properties of this substance show a high unsaturation degree (due to its low hydrogen-carbon ratio equal to 1:1) but it is no subject to those typical chemical reactions which characterize the other already known organic compounds, whence it follows that such a substance did should fall into another, new class of organic compounds: indeed, it will be the simplest chemical substance of the so-called aromatic compounds class. Thereafter, one of the main theoretical task was to determine, according to the new Dalton’s atomic theory, the possible geometrical configurations related to the disposition of the carbon and hydrogen atoms. -
Kenyon Collegian College Archives
Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange The Kenyon Collegian College Archives 2-5-2015 Kenyon Collegian - February 5, 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.kenyon.edu/collegian Recommended Citation "Kenyon Collegian - February 5, 2015" (2015). The Kenyon Collegian. 2369. https://digital.kenyon.edu/collegian/2369 This News Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College Archives at Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Kenyon Collegian by an authorized administrator of Digital Kenyon: Research, Scholarship, and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KCDC impresses with mainstage spectacle, Bakkhai Pg. 5 Serving Kenyon College and Gambier, Ohio Since 1856 2.5.15 VOLUME CXLII NO. 16 The Collegian 16 pages Today and tomorrow, the Destigmatizing mental health issues Board of Trustees meets to discuss Kenyon’s present and future. Some topics include: » Wrapping up 2020 discussions » Revisiting the campus master plan » Panel about connections between lib- eral arts education and career opportuni- ties, roles of undergraduate research and internships » Plans to release amount of future tu- ition increases COURTESY OF THE COUNSELING CENTER AND KRISTEN HUFFMAN Lef: Counseling Center staf pose for a group photo inside the newly renovated building. Right: the Counseling Center. Djerassi, a creator 34 percent of students visited the of her freshman year, Young and prescribed an anti-de- went to see a Kenyon coun- pressant medication in the Counseling Center in 2014. selor. “I learned that going spring of 2013, during her of the Pill, dies home was an option, and I sophomore year. -
Report No. Cs-203
wz^ STANFORD ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROJECT MEMOAIM-141 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT REPORT NO. CS-203 THE HEURISTIC DENDRAL PROGRAM FOR EXPLAINING EMPIRICAL DATA BY BRUCE G. BUCHANAN JOSHUA LEDERBERG CO-PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: E. FEIGENBAUM & J. LEDERBERG FEBRUARY 1971 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT STANFORD UNIVERSITY STANFORD ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROJECT FEBRUARY 1971 MEMO AIM-Ik 1 COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT REPORT NO. CS2O3 THE HEURISTIC DENDRAL PROGRAM FOR EXPLAINING EMPIRICAL DATA* Bruce G. Buchanan Joshua Lederberg Co-Principal Investigators: E. Feigenbaum & J. Lederberg ABSTRACT: The Heuristic DENDRAL program uses an information processing model of scientific reasoning to explain experimental data in organic chemistry. This report summarizes the organization and results of the program for computer scientists. The pro- gram is divided into three main parts : planning, structure generation, and evaluation. The planning phase infers constraints on the search space from the empirical data input to the system. The structure generation phase searches a tree whose termini are models of chemical molecules using pruning heuristics of various kinds. The evaluation phase tests the candidate structures against the original data. Results of the program's analyses of some test data are discussed. *This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (SD-I83). Much of the work reported here was performed by Mrs. Georgia Sutherland and Mr. Allan Delfino. The assistance of Dr. Alan Duffield I and Professor Carl Djerassi is also gratefully acknowledged. Reproduced in the USA. Available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Price: Full size copy $3-00; microfiche copy $ .65. I The Heuristic DENDRAL Program I for Explaining Empirical Data processing model of The Heuristic DENDRAL program applies an information chemistry. -
Clarkson University's Shipley Distinguished Lectureship Series
Updated April 2018 Clarkson University’s Shipley Distinguished Lectureship Series 1995 Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel Laureate Universitè Louis Pasteur Strasbourg; College de France, Paris, France 1. From Matter to Life: Chemistry?! 2. Perspectives in Supra molecular Chemistry: From Molecular Recognition towards Self-Organization 1996 Sir John Meurig Thomas, FRS University of Cambridge, Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, Cambridge, England 1. Davy and Faraday: A Tale of Contrasting Geniuses 2. Designed Solid Catalysts 1997 Paul Josef Crutzen, Nobel Laureate Max-Planck Institute, Mainz, Germany 1. The Antarctic Ozone Hole: A Human Caused Chemical Instability of the Stratosphere 2. The Importance of the Tropics in Atmospheric Chemistry 1998 Helmut Ringdorf Institut für Organische Chemie, Mainz, Germany 1. Death of a Tumor Cell: Can We Mimic the Process? 2. Multicompartmentation: A Concept for the Molecular Architecture of Life 1999 Carl Djerassi Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA 1. Sex in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction 2. Noble Science and Nobel Lust: Disclosing Tribal Secrets 2000 Cherry A. Murray Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs Innovation, Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA 1. The Future of Communications 2. Video Microscopy of Colloidal Crystals 2001 Richard R. Ernst, Nobel Laureate ETH Hönggerberg CHI, Zurich, Switzerland 1. Tibetan Painting Art Seen Through the Eyes of a Western Scientist 2. Fascinating NMR Insights with Applications to Chemistry, Biology and Medicine 2002 Gabor A. Somorjai University of California, Berkeley, California, USA 1 Updated April 2018 1. Surfaces: Favorite Media of Evolution and New Technologies 2. The Evolution of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis from the Time of Langmuir and Taylor to the 21st Century 2003 Ivar Giaever, Nobel Laureate Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA 1. -
History of Arsenic Ethers: Who Was Felix D'arcet?
ORIGINAL ARTICLES Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, USA History of arsenic ethers: who was Felix D’Arcet? G. A. Petroianu Received February 28, 2012, accepted March 12, 2012 Prof. Dr. med. Georg A. Petroianu, Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Depart- ment of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, University Park, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami–33199 FL, USA georg.petroianu@fiu.edu Pharmazie 67: 951–953 (2012) doi: 10.1691/ph.2012.2052 Williamson serendipitously discovered (1851) a new and efficient way to produce esters using ethyl iodide and potassium salts and in doing so elucidated the molecular mechanism behind ether formation. Lassaigne (1820) made the analogy between sulphovinic and phosphovinic acids and demonstrated the existence of phosphovinic acid, while Pelouze (1833) synthesised monoethyl phosphovinic acid. Finally 1848 Voegeli produced diethyl phosphovinic acid and the first neutral ester of phosphoric acid, the triethyl phosphate (TEP). The successes of Lassaigne and Pelouze in producing phosphovinic acids and Mitscherlich’s theory of isomorphism fuelled the search for the vinic acids of arsenic, phosphorus neighbor in the periodic system. This short report attempts to identify the (less known) pharmacists and chemists involved in the quest for both arsenovinic acids and the neutral esters of arsenic and pyroarsenic acids. 1. Introduction In 1801 Jean-Pierre Boudet (1778–1849) generated traces of “ether” by directly reacting alcohol and phosphoric acid. Pierre Franc¸ois Guillaume Boullay (1777–1869) recognized that Boudet’s “phosphoric ether” was identical with both the “sulfu- ric ether” and the “arsenic ether” (and none of them contained phosphor, sulfur or arsenic)1 (Boullay 1815).