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Renforcer La Démocratie Au Canada : Principes, Processus Et Mobilisation Citoyenne En Vue D'une Réforme Électorale

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Renforcer La Démocratie Au Canada : Principes, Processus Et Mobilisation Citoyenne En Vue D'une Réforme Électorale RENFORCER LA DÉMOCRATIE AU CANADA : PRINCIPES, PROCESSUS ET MOBILISATION CITOYENNE EN VUE D'UNE RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE Rapport du Comité spécial sur la réforme électorale Le président Francis Scarpaleggia DÉCEMBRE 2016 42e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION Publié en conformité de l’autorité du Président de la Chambre des communes PERMISSION DU PRÉSIDENT Il est permis de reproduire les délibérations de la Chambre et de ses comités, en tout ou en partie, sur n’importe quel support, pourvu que la reproduction soit exacte et qu’elle ne soit pas présentée comme version officielle. Il n’est toutefois pas permis de reproduire, de distribuer ou d’utiliser les délibérations à des fins commerciales visant la réalisation d'un profit financier. Toute reproduction ou utilisation non permise ou non formellement autorisée peut être considérée comme une violation du droit d’auteur aux termes de la Loi sur le droit d’auteur. Une autorisation formelle peut être obtenue sur présentation d’une demande écrite au Bureau du Président de la Chambre. La reproduction conforme à la présente permission ne constitue pas une publication sous l’autorité de la Chambre. Le privilège absolu qui s’applique aux délibérations de la Chambre ne s’étend pas aux reproductions permises. Lorsqu’une reproduction comprend des mémoires présentés à un comité de la Chambre, il peut être nécessaire d’obtenir de leurs auteurs l’autorisation de les reproduire, conformément à la Loi sur le droit d’auteur. La présente permission ne porte pas atteinte aux privilèges, pouvoirs, immunités et droits de la Chambre et de ses comités. Il est entendu que cette permission ne touche pas l’interdiction de contester ou de mettre en cause les délibérations de la Chambre devant les tribunaux ou autrement. La Chambre conserve le droit et le privilège de déclarer l’utilisateur coupable d’outrage au Parlement lorsque la reproduction ou l’utilisation n’est pas conforme à la présente permission. Aussi disponible sur le site Web du Parlement du Canada à l’adresse suivante : http://www.parl.gc.ca RENFORCER LA DÉMOCRATIE AU CANADA : PRINCIPES, PROCESSUS ET MOBILISATION CITOYENNE EN VUE D'UNE RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE Rapport du Comité spécial sur la réforme électorale Le président Francis Scarpaleggia DÉCEMBRE 2016 42e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION COMITÉ SPÉCIAL SUR LA RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE PRÉSIDENT Francis Scarpaleggia VICE-PRÉSIDENTS Scott Reid Nathan Cullen MEMBRES John Aldag Blake Richards Alexandre Boulerice Sherry Romanado Matt DeCourcey Ruby Sahota Gérard Deltell Luc Thériault Elizabeth May AUTRES DÉPUTÉS AYANT PARTICIPÉ William Amos Georgina Jolibois Sheri Benson Pat Kelly Daniel Blaikie L'hon. Jason Kenney Mike Bossio Tom Kmiec Sylvie Boucher Larry Maguire David Christopherson Alistair MacGregor Matthew Dubé David J. McGuinty Jim Eglinski John Nater Greg Fergus Monique Pauzé Colin Fraser Alain Rayes Bernard Généreux L'hon. Michelle Rempel Garnett Genuis Brigitte Sansoucy David de Burgh Graham Gabriel Ste-Marie Jamie Schmale iii GREFFIÈRES DU COMITÉ Christine Lafrance Danielle Widmer BIBLIOTHÈQUE DU PARLEMENT Service d’information et de recherche parlementaires Dara Lithwick, analyste Erin Virgint, analyste Gabrielle de Billy Brown, adjointe de recherche Jessica Ozorak, adjointe de recherche DIRECTION DES COMITÉS ET SERVICES LÉGISLATIFS Ariann Bouchard, adjointe du Comité Lynda Gaudreault, adjointe de Comité iv LE COMITÉ SPECIAL SUR LA RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE a l’honneur de présenter son TROISIÈME RAPPORT Conformément à l’ordre de renvoi du mardi 7 juin 2016, le Comité a procédé à l’examen des questions reliées aux modes de scrutin pour remplacer le système majoritaire uninominal à un tour, ainsi qu’aux questions du vote obligatoire et du vote en ligne et a convenu de faire rapport de ce qui suit : v TABLE DES MATIÈRES RENFORCER LA DÉMOCRATIE AU CANADA : PRINCIPES, PROCESSUS ET MOBILISATION CITOYENNE EN VUE D'UNE RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE ................... 1 CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 A. La réforme électorale et l’écosystème démocratique propre au Canada .............. 1 B. Le mandat ............................................................................................................ 3 C. L’étude du Comité en chiffres ............................................................................... 5 1. Audiences officielles ........................................................................................ 5 2. Consultation électronique sur la réforme électorale ........................................ 6 3. Assemblées publiques .................................................................................... 9 4. Mémoires et pièces de correspondance ....................................................... 10 5. Rapports d’assemblées organisées par les députés ..................................... 10 CHAPITRE 2 : LA RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE ET LA CONSTITUTION ........................ 13 A. Fondement constitutionnel du système électoral fédéral et implications de la réforme du système ........................................................................................ 13 1. Dispositions de la Constitution relatives au système électoral fédéral et à la réforme du système ................................................................................ 13 2. Exemples tirés de la jurisprudence canadienne : Réforme électorale et Constitution ................................................................................................... 16 B. Observations formulées par les témoins et relevées dans les mémoires au sujet de la constitutionnalité de la réforme du système électoral ........................ 18 CHAPITRE 3 : LEÇONS APPRISES : HISTORIQUE DE LA RÉFORME ÉLECTORALE AUX PALIERS FÉDÉRAL ET PROVINCIAL ........................................ 23 A. 1921 : Un point tournant ..................................................................................... 24 1. Le Comité spécial de 1921 de la Chambre des communes sur la représentation proportionnelle et le vote unique transférable ou préférentiel .................................................................................................... 25 B. Études subséquentes de la réforme du système électoral au palier fédéral ....... 26 1. 1935-1937 : Le Comité spécial concernant la Loi des élections fédérales et la Loi du cens électoral fédéral .................................................. 26 2. Trois commissions : 1979, 1985, 1991 .......................................................... 26 3. Commission du droit du Canada, Un vote qui compte : la réforme électorale au Canada, 2004 .......................................................................... 27 vii 4. Comité permanent de la procédure et des affaires de la Chambre, Quarante-troisième Rapport (Réforme électorale) (déposé le 16 juin 2005) ................................................................................................. 29 5. Gouvernement du Canada, Consultations publiques sur les institutions et pratiques démocratiques du Canada, 2007 ............................................... 30 C. La réforme électorale au palier provincial ........................................................... 31 1. Premières initiatives de réforme ..................................................................... 31 2. Initiatives de réforme récentes ........................................................................ 32 a. Colombie-Britannique .............................................................................. 33 b. Ontario ..................................................................................................... 36 c. Québec .................................................................................................... 37 d. Nouveau-Brunswick ................................................................................. 38 e. Île-du-Prince-Édouard .............................................................................. 40 CHAPITRE 4 : VALEURS ET SYSTÈMES ÉLECTORAUX : VERS UNE SOLUTION PROPREMENT CANADIENNE ................................................................. 45 A. Au sujet des valeurs et des principes ................................................................. 45 1. Principes et systèmes électoraux : Une question de compromis .................. 48 B. Familles de systèmes électoraux : majoritaires, proportionnels et mixtes .......... 49 1. Éléments constitutifs des systèmes électoraux ............................................. 49 C. Le système électoral en vigueur : Système uninominal pluraliste, ou « système majoritaire uninominal à un tour » ..................................................... 51 1. Forces perçues du SMUT ............................................................................. 51 a. Le SMUT est efficace et simple, tant pour les électeurs que pour les administrateurs électoraux ....................................................................... 52 b. Le SMUT donne l’importance à la représentation locale ........................... 53 c. Le SMUT a tendance à produire des gouvernements majoritaires et efficaces ................................................................................................... 53 2. Faiblesses perçues du SMUT ....................................................................... 54 a. Le SMUT dans un contexte multipartite et à candidatures multiples ....... 55 b. Le SMUT, l’apathie des électeurs, le vote stratégique, l’inversion des politiques et le manque de représentation de la diversité
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