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Thesis Title Goes Here Performance of Support Systems Subjected to Dynamic Loads at Two Underground Nickel Mines by Grace Ya Chih Liang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto © Copyright by Grace Liang 2012 Performance of Support Systems Subjected to Dynamic Loads at Two Underground Nickel Mines Grace Liang Master of Applied Science Department of Civil Engineering University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The consequences of mine seismicity can be mitigated by installing support systems capable of absorbing the energy generated by seismic events. Recent work has focused on the testing of individual support or reinforcement units under laboratory impact loads; this, however, does not render itself to easy extrapolation to field conditions. Hence, this thesis focuses on improving the understanding of the performance of support systems in real-world applications through passive monitoring of past rockburst events. 14 years of rockburst history were collected from Coleman Mine and Copper Cliff Mine, two of Vale’s underground (nickel) operations in Sudbury Ontario. Statistical analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square projection (PLS) were utilized to find relation between collected parameters and performance capacity. This thesis discusses the adequacy of various support systems and investigates the validity of perceived support performance as compared to the actual performance based on analyses of field data. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank many people who had helped me in many different ways for this thesis to be possible. I would like to thank Professor John Hadjigeorgiou, my supervisor, for his infinite patience, guidance, support and understanding. This would not have been possible without you. I would also like to thank Dr. Denis Thibodeau of Vale Base Metals Technology Development – Underground Mine Technology Division for initiating this project and guidance throughout the project. Special thanks to Dr. Mehdi Razavi, Dr. Zara Hosseini, Borz Kord, Dr. Mike Yao, Reddy Chinnasane, Anneta Sampson-Forsythe, Al Punkkinen, Danielle Pelletier, Omkar Beruar, and Samantha Espley for providing guidance and tireless assistance. Many thanks are given to friends and colleagues at the University of Toronto. Special thanks to Phil, my partner, for sharing ideas with me; I could not have done this thesis without you. To Ryan, Alex, and Ben for the constant support and believing that I can eventually finish this thesis. To Teresa for the all the help and support when most needed. I would also like to thank all the staff at the Lassonde Institute of Mining and the Department of Civil Engineering. I would like to acknowledge Vale, The Ontario Government, OGSST University of Toronto, and Dr. Pierre Lassonde for their financial support. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional support. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivation .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2 Coleman Mine and Copper Cliff Mine .......................................................................... 4 2 Background ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Regional geology and stress field of the Sudbury Basin ............................................. 4 2.3 Coleman Mine ............................................................................................................. 6 2.3.1 Local Geology ................................................................................................. 7 2.3.2 Operation Overview ....................................................................................... 10 2.4 Copper Cliff Mine ...................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Local Geology ............................................................................................... 12 2.4.2 Operation Overview ....................................................................................... 16 2.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 18 iv Chapter 3 Database of Rockburst Events ...................................................................................... 20 3 Database ................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Database Development .............................................................................................. 20 3.2 Sources of Information .............................................................................................. 23 3.3 Seismic Information ................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Mine-Wide Seismic Analysis ........................................................................ 26 3.4 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 39 3.4.1 Quality of Data .............................................................................................. 39 3.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4 Support Systems ........................................................................................................... 41 4 Support Systems ....................................................................................................................... 41 4.1 Support Systems in the Coleman Mine ..................................................................... 42 4.2 Support Systems in the Copper Cliff Mine ................................................................ 45 4.3 Summary .................................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5 Principal Component Analysis ..................................................................................... 50 5 Preliminary Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................... 50 5.1 Principal Component Analysis and Partial Least Square to Latent Structure ........... 50 5.2 Support Systems and Mine Information .................................................................... 52 5.2.1 Parameters and Events ................................................................................... 52 5.2.2 Grouping of Support System ......................................................................... 54 5.2.3 Support System Damage Index ..................................................................... 58 5.3 Principal Component Analysis .................................................................................. 64 5.3.1 Score Plots and Loading Plots ....................................................................... 64 5.3.2 Model Fitting and Superfluous Parameters ................................................... 72 5.3.3 Discussion on PCA Analysis ......................................................................... 76 v 5.4 Projection to Latent Structures .................................................................................. 77 5.4.1 Coleman Mine ............................................................................................... 78 5.4.2 Copper Cliff Mine .......................................................................................... 81 5.4.3 Discussion on PLS Analysis .......................................................................... 85 5.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................
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