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Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 6266

Report of Activities, 2010 Resident Geologist Program

Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Sudbury District

2011

ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open File Report 6266

Report of Activities, 2010 Resident Geologist Program

Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Sudbury District

by

M. Cosec, D.G. Farrow, R.M. Alemany, P.J. Sangster, R.L. Debicki, D.--A. Metsaranta and A.C. Wilson

2011

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Cosec, M., Farrow, D.G., Alemany, R.M., Sangster, P.J., Debicki, R.L., Metsaranta, D.--A. and Wilson, A.C. 2011. Report of Activities 2010, Resident Geologist Program, Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Sudbury District; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6266, 44p.

Users of OGS products are encouraged to contact those Aboriginal communities whose traditional territories may be located in the mineral exploration area to discuss their project.

e Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2011 e Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2011. Open File Reports of the Ontario Geological Survey are available for viewing at the John B. Gammon Geoscience Library in Sudbury and at the regional Mines and Minerals office whose district includes the area covered by the report (see below). Copies can be purchased at Publication Sales and the office whose district includes the area covered by the report. Although a particular report may not be in stock at locations other than the Publication Sales office in Sudbury, they can generally be obtained within 3 working days. All telephone, fax, mail and e-mail orders should be directed to the Publica- tion Sales office in Sudbury. Purchases may be made using cash, debit card, VISA, MasterCard, American Express, cheque or money order. Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance.

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Regional Mines and Minerals Offices:

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Cette publication est disponible en anglais seulement. Parts of this report may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference be made in the following form:

Cosec, M., Farrow, D.G., Alemany, R.M., Sangster, P.J., Debicki, R.L., Metsaranta, D.--A. and Wilson, A.C. 2011. Report of Activities 2010, Resident Geologist Program, Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Sudbury District; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 6266, 44p.

iii

Mines and Minerals Division Regional and District Offices

CITY ADDRESS OFFICE(S) TELEPHONE FAX Kenora Suite 104, 810 Robertson St., Kenora P9N 4J2 ○ ■ (807) 468-2819 (807) 468-2930 Red Lake 227 Howey Street, P.O. Box 324, ● ■ (807) 727-2464 (807) 727-3553 Red Lake P0V 2M0

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v

Ontario Geological Survey Regional Resident Geologist Program

Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist (Sudbury District)—2010

by

M. Cosec, D.G. Farrow, R.M. Alemany, P.J. Sangster, R.L. Debicki, D.-A. Metsaranta and A.C. Wilson

2011

CONTENTS

Sudbury District—2010

INTRODUCTION...... 1 MINING ACTIVITY ...... 2 , and PGE Production...... 2 Nickel...... 3 Strathcona Mill ...... 3 Fraser–Strathcona Mine Complex ...... 3 Nickel Rim South Mine ...... 3 First Nickel Inc...... 5 QuadraFNX Mining Limited...... 5 Levack Complex...... 6 Podolsky Mine ...... 7 URSA Major Minerals Incorporated ...... 7 Shakespeare Mine...... 7 ...... 7 Industrial Mineral Production ...... 8 Birkendale Natural Stone Limited...... 8 Brent Quarries ...... 8 Callander Industries Ltd...... 8 Trillium Stone Inc...... 9 The Rock Centre...... 9 Unimin Canada Limited—Badgley Island Silica ...... 9 Lafarge North America Inc.—Meldrum Bay Operations...... 9 ADVANCED EXPLORATION...... 10 Xstrata Nickel (Xstrata Canada Corp.) ...... 10 Onaping Depth Project ...... 10 Fraser–Morgan Project ...... 10 FNX Mining Company Inc...... 10 Vale Limited ...... 12 EXPLORATION ACTIVITY ...... 12 Endurance Gold Corporation and Ginguro Exploration Inc.—Pardo Property...... 22 GoldTrain Resources Inc...... 23 Industrial Minerals Inc...... 23 Prophecy Resource Corp./Randsburg International Gold Corp.—Titan Project...... 23 SNS Silver Corporation—Emerald Lake Gold Property...... 24 Sunrise Resources Plc ...... 24 Tearlach Resources Ltd.—Foy–Hess Properties...... 24 Trueclaim Exploration Inc.—Scadding Gold Property...... 25 URSA Major Minerals Incorporated...... 26 Shakespeare Mine Exploration...... 26 United Reef Limited Joint Venture—Nickel Offets Property ...... 26 Valencia Ventures Inc...... 27 VMS Ventures Inc...... 27 Post Creek ...... 27 Bell Lake ...... 27 Halcyon ...... 27 Woods Creek ...... 27 Wallbridge Mining Company Limited...... 27 Broken Hammer ...... 28 Cascaden Property...... 28

viii

Frost Lake Property...... 28 Graham Property ...... 28 Creighton South Property...... 29 Foy Property...... 29 Milnet Mine Property ...... 29 Skynner Lake Property...... 29 Trill Property ...... 29 Windy Lake Property ...... 30 DISTRICT GEOLOGIST’S OFFICE STAFF AND ACTIVITIES ...... 30 PROPERTY EXAMINATIONS ...... 31 Badgeley Island...... 33 Location and Access...... 33 Geology ...... 34 Scadding Gold Property...... 34 Exploration and Development History ...... 34 Regional Geology...... 38 Property Geology ...... 38 Mineralization ...... 38 Discussion ...... 38 OGS ACTIVITIES AND RESEARCH BY OTHERS...... 38 MINERAL DEPOSIT COMPILATION GEOLOGIST—NORTHEAST ACTIVITIES...... 40 REGIONAL LAND USE GEOLOGIST ACTIVITIES ...... 41 Land Use Planning Activities...... 41 Crown Lands ...... 41 Municipal and Private Lands...... 42 Other Activities ...... 42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 42 REFERENCES...... 43

ix

FIGURES

1. Five-year (2006–2010) and 1 year (2010) prices for copper, nickel, and palladium...... 2 2. Producing mines in the Sudbury area in 2010...... 4 3. First Nickel Inc. mineral resources, Lockerby Mine area...... 5 4. Industrial mineral and dimension stone producers in the Sudbury District in 2010 ...... 11 5. Exploration activity in the Sudbury District in 2010 ...... 15 6. Assessment files received in the Sudbury District in 2010...... 20 7. Property visits conducted by Sudbury District office staff in 2010 ...... 32 8. Badgeley Island property visit. A) Crushing plant with stockpiles; B) Island access dock; C) Conveyor stockpiling; and D) Lump quartzite ...... 33 9. Scadding gold mine property...... 35 10. Past-producing gold mines in the Southern Province ...... 37

TABLES

1. Summary of claims recorded and assessment work credits in the Sudbury Mining Division, 2001–2010...... 1 2. Total production from Xstrata Nickel Sudbury operations in 2010...... 3 3. FNX Mining Company Inc. 2010 quarterly production ...... 6 4. QuadraFNX Levack Complex mine sites and deposits...... 6 5. Industrial mineral and dimension stone producers in the Sudbury District in 2010 ...... 9 6. Exploration activity in the Sudbury District in 2010 ...... 13 7. Assessment files received for the Sudbury District in 2010 ...... 16 8. Mineral deposits not being mined in the Sudbury District in 2010...... 21 9. Results from a 2009 channel sampling program (Tearlach Resources Ltd.) ...... 25 10. Results from the channel samples (Tearlach Resources Ltd.) ...... 25 11. Highlights from the complete Phase 1 drilling program (Trueclaim Exploration Inc.)...... 25 12. Preliminary results from 3 holes in 2010 (URSA Major Minerals Inc.)...... 26 13. Summary of activities of the Sudbury Regional Resident Geologist Office in 2010...... 31 14. Property visits conducted by the Sudbury District Geologist Office in 2010...... 31 15. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Huronian Supergroup...... 36 16. Publications received by the Sudbury District Geologist Office in 2010...... 40 17. Mineral Deposit Inventory record revisions in 2010...... 41

x

Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist (Sudbury District)—2010

M. Cosec1, D.G. Farrow2, R.M. Alemany3, P.J. Sangster4, R.L. Debicki5, D.-A. Metsaranta6 and A.C. Wilson7

1 District Geologist, Sudbury District, Ontario Geological Survey 2 District Geologist (Acting), Sudbury District, Ontario Geological Survey 3 District Geological Assistant, Sudbury District, Ontario Geological Survey 4 Regional Resident Geologist, Southeastern and Southwestern Ontario Districts, Ontario Geological Survey 5 Regional Land Use Policy and Planning Coordinator, Ontario Geological Survey 6 Northeast Regional Land Use Geologist, Ontario Geological Survey 7 Mineral Deposits Compilation Geologist, Ontario Geological Survey

INTRODUCTION The Sudbury District Geologist Office administers to the judicial districts of Sudbury, Manitoulin, Parry Sound, Muskoka, parts of Nipissing District and the County of Renfrew. The district encompasses approximately 45 000 km2 and over 340 geographical townships. The Sudbury District Geology Office is located on the campus of Laurentian University in the Willet Green Miller Centre, 3rd Floor, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury P3E 6B5.

The Sudbury mining camp is one of the oldest and most active in the world, with nickel-copper mining operations related to the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) providing the basis of economic activity in the Sudbury region. Since 1883, more than 1 billion tons of ore have been raised from Sudbury’s deposits.

In general, the district is underlain, from north to south, by a diverse assemblage of Archean granitic, metavolcanic, mafic intrusive and gneissic rocks of the Superior Province; Paleoproterozoic mafic intrusive rocks, volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Huronian Supergroup of the Southern Province; the Sudbury Igneous Complex and related mafic intrusive rocks; various lithologies within the Central Gneiss Complex of the Grenville Province and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Michigan Basin.

Nickel, copper and precious metals continued to be the focus of exploration in the Sudbury mining camp in 2010, along with other base metals and industrial minerals. The global economy has shown signs of recovery, stimulating a moderate increase in exploration activity ranging from grass roots to advanced projects. Most notably, gold has received more attention than in recent years because of a steady rise in value. Despite reduced risk tolerance and the need for cost-effective spending, the Sudbury District continues to be an active area for minerals exploration. Claim- staking activities and exploration expenditures in 2010 are presented in Table 1.

Monetary values in this report are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise stated. Ore reserve statistics mentioned in this report may not necessarily be National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101) compliant unless otherwise stated.

Table 1. Summary of claims recorded and assessment work credits in the Sudbury Mining Division, 2001–2010. Recorded Cancelled Active Total ($) Year Claim Units Claim Units Claim Units Assessment Work 2010 2 964 3 591 18 768 6 482 550.00 2009 1 445 8 053 19 203 7 179 712.00 2008 2 749 4 041 25 709 6 698 594.00 2007 8 870 2 589 26 448 6 855 097.00 2006 4 729 2 700 17 472 5 751 411.00 2005 3 980 4 595 18 019 9 574 778.00 2004 4 479 5 117 18 932 5 219 593.00 2003 2 801 6 519 16 691 5 249 246.00 2002 4 946 8 332 24 501 11 662 525.00 2001 8 501 3 531 27 444 4 326 222.00

1 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

MINING ACTIVITY Nickel, Copper and PGE Production

The global economic downturn continued through 2009 and into 2010, affecting all producers in the Sudbury area. Reduced market demand for nickel resulted in lower prices and higher inventories. Copper prices were also influenced negatively, but have displayed a more consistent recovery, as shown in the accompanying historical charts taken from Kitco.com (Figure 1). Nickel is beginning a steady recovery of its own as stock piles are falling, and demand is once again increasing.

The labour dispute at Vale (formerly Vale Inco), Sudbury’s largest producer, continued well into 2010, with the 2 sides settling in July. Production began to ramp up at Vale’s operations shortly after, bringing Sudbury’s operating mines from a low of 4 mines in 2009 to 10 mines in 2010 (Figure 2), and with the recovery of nickel prices some of the focus has begun to shift from copper and precious metals.

Figure 1. Five-year (2006–2010) and 1 year (2010) prices for copper and nickel in USD/lb, platinum and palladium in USD/oz.

2 M. Cosec et al.

XSTRATA NICKEL

Xstrata Nickel is a division of Xstrata Canada Corp., which is wholly owned by Xstrata Plc of Zug Switzerland.

Xstrata Nickel operated 2 mines in the Sudbury area in 2010: Fraser–Strathcona in Levack Township, and the Nickel Rim South Mine in MacLennan Township (Figure 2). Total production from Xstrata’s Sudbury operations is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Total production from Xstrata Nickel Sudbury operations in 2010.

Ore mined: 1 216 205 tonnes Ore treated: 1 472 459 tonnes Nickel head grade: 1.4% Copper head grade : 2.81% Nickel in concentrate: 15 472 tonnes Nickel in matte: 59 706 tonnes Copper in concentrate: 1341 tonnes Copper in matte: 22 427 tonnes in concentrate: 341 tonnes Cobalt in matte: 2634 tonnes

Strathcona Mill

Ore is concentrated at the Strathcona mill, located on the North Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) and having a capacity of about 3 million tonnes per year. Copper concentrate is transported to Xstrata’s Horne Smelter in Rouyn, Quebec, for smelting and refining. Roaster gas is treated in an adjacent plant to produce sulphuric acid, thereby reducing sulphur emissions. The sulphuric acid is then sold as a by-product of the smelting process.

Nickel-copper concentrate is shipped to Xstrata’s Falconbridge smelter for refining. The smelter produces matte containing nickel, copper, cobalt, and other precious metals. The Falconbridge smelter has the capacity to produce 130 000 tonnes of nickel matte per year, which is shipped to the Nikkelverk Refinery in Norway for further processing.

During 2010 the reopening of the Fraser–Strathcona Complex allowed the Strathcona mill to increase its production levels by 47% to 16 813 tonnes (Xstrata Nickel, press release, February 1, 2010).

Fraser–Strathcona Mine Complex

Thanks to favourable market conditions in 2010, the Fraser–Strathcona Complex was placed back into production in April 2010, shipping more than 7900 tonnes of ore (Xstrata Nickel, press release, February 1, 2010).

Nickel Rim South Mine

Discovered in 2001, the high-grade, polymetallic Nickel Rim resource was found at depths of 1100 to 1700 m. The project is located 9 km north of the Falconbridge smelter and has a 14.5 million tonne inferred resource grading 1.6% nickel, 3.1% copper, 0.03% cobalt, 1.7 g/t platinum, 1.9 g/t palladium, and 0.7 g/t gold. Of this, 7.6 million tonnes are hanging wall, massive nickel sulphide mineralization, while 6.9 million tonnes are footwall, copper- platinum group metal (PGM)-rich in nature. Revenue is predicted to be 55% from nickel, 26% from copper and 19% from PGM. Underground diamond drilling has confirmed mineral location, thickness and grades to be consistent with expectations. The Nickel Rim South Mine commenced full production 6 months ahead of schedule, commencing operation in April of 2010 and reaching its nameplate capacity by October of the same year (Xstrata Nickel, press releases, February 1 and 9, 2010).

3 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010 area in 2010. y mines in the mines in the Sudbur g Producin ure 2. g Fi

Figure 2. Producing mines in the Sudbury area in 2010.

4 M. Cosec et al.

FIRST NICKEL INC.

First Nickel Inc. acquired the Lockerby Mine in Denison Township from Falconbridge Limited (now Xstrata Nickel) in 2005 (Figure 3). Because of weak metal prices the mine was placed on care and maintenance in October 2008.

In late 2009 a previous feasibility study was updated to reflect more favourable market conditions. Because of the slow economic recovery these conditions have yet to be realized and the project is not expected to begin development until early 2011, with plans to begin shipping ore by mid 2011 (First Nickel Inc., press release, November 10, 2010).

Figure 3. First Nickel Inc. mineral resources, Lockerby Mine area. Image from www.firstnickel.com.

QUADRAFNX MINING LIMITED

A merger in late May of 2010 between Quadra Mining Ltd, and FNX Mining Company Inc. created a new copper producer named QuadraFNX Mining Ltd.

QuadraFNX Ltd. (Quadra) operated 2 underground mines in 2010, the McCreedy West Mine in the North Range of the Sudbury Structure in Levack Township, and the Podolsky Mine on the Parkin/Whistle Offset Dike in the East Range in Norman Township. The Levack Mine remains suspended pending favourable market conditions.

5 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

The company’s 2010 operations were impacted by the shutdown of Quadra’s primary custom processor, Vale. With the start up of Vale operations more than half way through 2010, FNX was able to exceed their 2010 predictions. Throughout 2010 the focus was on copper-bearing ores, leaving the mining of nickel ores suspended for the time being. In the first commercial quarter, FNX posted a revenue of $41.1 million, with 158 952 tons of ore shipped, including 4.8 million payable pounds of copper, 0.8 million payable pounds of nickel and 13 258 ounces of payable Total Precious Metals (TPM). In the second quarter, the newly merged Quadra posted revenue of $169.1 million, with $21.7 million in earnings from the sale of 46.5 million pounds of payable copper and 28 133 ounces of payable TPM. The third quarter saw the first full quarter for the new QuadraFNX and a record revenue of $260 million was set, accomplished with the production of 57 million pounds of payable copper, and 31 800 ounces of payable TPM.

Table 3. FNX Mining Company Inc. 2010 quarterly production1.

Quarter Podolsky Levack Complex Total Tons Q1 3 1 4 Q2 9 1 10 Q3 5 1 6 Q4 8 1 9 1 Millions of pounds in shipped payable metals.

Levack Complex

The Levack Complex consists of the Levack Mine and the McCreedy West Mine (Table 4). The 2 mines are connected underground. At the McCreedy West Mine, production remains focused on copper, with plans to mine 5 to 6 million pounds of payable copper, 25 000 to 30 000 pounds of total precious metals (TPM) and 1 million pounds of payable nickel in 2011, while the development of contact nickel ore remains on hold. Some development work on the primary nickel stopes was done in late 2009 and early 2010 in preparation for the re-start of nickel production when price, supply and demand fundamentals became more sustainable. The former LFD deposit, now named the Morrison deposit, achieved production on September 1, 2010. Morrison deposit mineralization is characterized by -rich veins with significant cubanite, pentlandite and millerite, and is interpreted as being a “sharp-walled” vein system. Quadra previously drifted through the Morrison deposit at the 4000-foot level of the Levack Mine, intersecting high-grade copper-nickel-platinum-palladium-gold massive sulphide footwall veins similar to those found in other SIC footwall deposits. Mineralized veins vary in thickness from decimetres to greater than 7 m within a continuous composite ore-grade vein set having local mineral envelopes exceeding 100 m in width.

Initial indicated mineral resource estimates in the area of the Morrison deposit are in the order of 754 000 tons, averaging 8.09% copper, 1.26% nickel and 7.76 g/t TPM. This mineral resource represents a 75 m vertical cut through the mineral envelope. The overall envelope is larger, about 60 m wide, 750 m in down-plunging dip, and 300 m in strike. Expansion drilling of the Morrison deposit from the Levack 4000-foot level exploration drift and from Xstrata’s Craig Mine 4300-foot level intersected significant copper-nickel-platinum-palladium-gold mineralization outside the current mineral envelope in the vicinity of and below the lower Morrison deposit. These drill holes tend to be greater than 460 m and often more than 600 m in length. Development and advanced

Table 4. QuadraFNX Levack Complex mine sites and deposits. Mine Site Deposit Name Commodity Levack Mine Levack contact deposits nickel, copper Levack Mine LFD1 (formerly Rob’s deposit) copper, nickel, PGE Levack Mine Morrison deposit (formerly LFD) copper, PGE McCreedy West Mine Contact deposits nickel, copper McCreedy West Mine PM deposit copper, PGE, gold, silver

6 M. Cosec et al. exploration of the upper deposit and reconditioning of the Levack No 2 shaft from the 2900-foot level to the 3600- foot level to access the Morrison deposit were Quadra’s largest capital projects in 2010. A decline into LFD1 and the upper Morrison deposit from Levack Mine’s 2650-foot level reaches to the 3100-foot level. Sublevel access to LFD1 on both the 2900-foot and 2950-foot levels was completed, and continuation to the 3035-foot and 3090-foot levels progressed. Rehabilitation of the Levack No 2 shaft below the 2650-foot level will access the 3600-foot level (www.fnxmining.com).

Podolsky Mine

Mineralization at the Podolsky Mine in Norman Township occurs within the Parkin/Whistle Offset Dike as 2 high- grade copper-PGE-gold-nickel deposits: 1) the 2000 deposit, a breccia-hosted orebody centred 2000 feet below the surface; and 2) the near-surface North deposit. A third project, the Nickel Ramp deposit, is a down-plunge extension beneath the past-producing Whistle open pit mine. Commercial production from the Podolsky Mine was achieved January 1, 2008, and continued throughout 2010 with a mine end-of-life date set for 2015.

The Podolsky 2000 deposit is currently accessed by lateral development from both the 1750-foot and 2450-foot levels. New exploration of the footwall at Podolsky was initiated on the northwest and southeast sides of the Parkin/Whistle Offset Dike. The southeast footwall program is designed to test the relationship between Sudbury breccia identified by surface mapping and a splay in the offset dike adjacent to the 2000 deposit.

Podolsky Mine produced 25 million pounds of copper and 33 000 ounces of TPM in 2010 (www.fnxmining.com).

URSA MAJOR MINERALS INCORPORATED

Shakespeare Mine

URSA Major Minerals Incorporated resumed operations at its open pit mine 75 km west of Sudbury in February 2010. A two-year processing contract with Xstrata Nickel to process 200 000 tonnes per year was signed. At this processing rate, URSA Major expects to produce 1.1 million pounds of nickel, 1.7 million pounds of copper and 3100 ounces of precious metals a year. With planned expansion and development, the Shakespeare Mine is expected to have a greater than seven-year mine life producing 1.6 million tonnes per year (URSA Major Minerals Inc, press release, January 2011). The first commercial quarter for the Shakespeare Mine saw 58 000 tonnes of ore being shipped to Xstrata’s Strathcona mill, including a nearly 2 month break when haulage was halted by spring half-load trucking restrictions.

As at February 2010, probable reserves on site are indicated at 11 828 000 tonnes averaging 0.33% nickel, 0.35% copper, 0.02% cobalt, and other precious metals (Canadian & American Mines Handbook, 79th Edition, 2010).

VALE LIMITED

United Steelworkers Local 6500 went on strike on July 13, 2009, after negotiations to reach a new collective agreement failed. By October of 2009 Vale Limited had restarted its Clarabelle mill and some mining operations using non-striking workers, and the Copper Cliff nickel smelter also began to run at 50% capacity. By February 2010, the Copper Cliff smelter shipped its first nickel matte product since the strike began. Re-start of the Coleman Mine and the Creighton operation took place in early 2010, while partial production at the Garson Ramp mine also began, with the focus on copper-rich zones. By the beginning of May 2010 there had been 6300 tonnes of nickel produced from Sudbury operations. The labour action continued well into 2010, with a deal being signed in early July. By the end of September 2010 the Clarabelle mill, the smelter, and all mining facilities were back to full production (Vale Limited, press releases, January 11, 20, February 5, May 6 and November 17, 2010).

During 2010, Vale operated the following underground mines: Creighton, Garson, Copper Cliff North, Stobie, and McCreedy East–Coleman (see Figure 2).

Production statistics for the fourth quarter of 2010 were unavailable at the time of writing. Production for the third quarter was 14 000 tonnes of nickel and 17 000 tonnes of copper.

7 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

In late 2010 Vale announced a large investment in its Canadian facilities to strengthen and improve operations. Vale will invest about $3.4 billon to upgrade mining and processing facilities to improve efficiency. The Clarabelle mill is receiving $200 million to change the flow sheet and improve the recovery an expected 3 to 4%. Work on the mill is expected to begin in March of 2011 and to be completed in 2012. Vale is also undertaking a $1.5 to $2 billion project to reduce sulphur dioxide and other emissions. This project remains in the feasibility stage with construction expected to begin in 2012. Another aspect to the investment is the re-evaluation of previous projects, mainly the Copper Cliff Deep project. This is part of a larger strategy of exploration in an attempt to increase copper production in the Sudbury District (Vale Limited, press release, November 17, 2010).

Vale produces finished nickel at integrated mining, milling, smelting, and refining operations in Sudbury. A nickel intermediate product, nickel oxide, is shipped to Vale’s nickel refinery in Clydach, Wales, for processing into finished nickel. Sudbury facilities include the Clarabelle mill (rated capacity 45 000 tons per day), the Copper Cliff smelter, 4 refineries, 3 sulphuric acid plants, 1 liquid sulphur plant, and 1 oxygen plant.

Copper recovered from Sudbury nickel operations is customarily used to produce copper concentrate and copper anode. A lower purity refined copper (electro-won copper) is also produced. The company expects to increase production of copper concentrate and proportionately decrease production of copper anode over time as Sudbury operations are streamlined to separate nickel and copper production.

Significant quantities of PGM, as well as small quantities of gold and silver, are produced as by-products of nickel operations at Sudbury. Vale operates a precious metals upgrading facility at Port Colborne, Ontario, which produces PGM, gold and silver intermediate products.

Energy requirements for production from Sudbury’s sulphide ores are generally about one-fifth of the energy required to process lateritic ores. In addition, low-cost energy is available from Vale’s local hydroelectric facilities, which supply about 16% of Sudbury operations electricity requirements. The power plants consist of 5 separate generating stations with a capacity of about 56 MW each. Industrial Mineral Production

Industrial mineral production for a wide variety of commodities declined in the Sudbury District in 2010 (Table 5 and Figure 4). Commodities produced include dolostone, silica, trap rock, flagstone, organic soil conditioner, and several varieties of coloured landscape stone and aggregate. Numerous companies and individuals extracted a considerable amount of sand and gravel for various purposes.

BIRKENDALE NATURAL STONE LIMITED

Birkendale Natural Stone operates a year round flagstone quarry on Highway 35 in Muskoka. They offer a large variety of stone from landscaping to masonry stone. This quarry was until recently a dormant quarry that has been revitalized for is unique pink granite (www.birkendale.com).

BRENT QUARRIES

Brent Quarries have been in operation since 1989 and now offer over 40 products and services to their customers. Their product line varies from recycled asphalt to decorative stone. They operate 3 quarries in the Muskoka area, the largest being 300 acres in size (www.brentquarry.com).

CALLANDER INDUSTRIES LTD.

Callander Industries is a family owned operation just outside of North Bay. The quarry has been in operation since the late 1960s producing veneer and landscape boulders. They have recently entered into an agreement with Natur- stone Corporation to ship large blocks from their quarry to Italy for polishing and counter top production. In 2004 the company opened a new quarry to produce decorative flagstone (www.callanderindustries.com).

8 M. Cosec et al.

TRILLIUM STONE INC.

Trillium Stone specializes in the production of granitic gneiss for decorative purposes. They also produce large blocks that range from 200 pounds to 10 tons to be used as armour stone. With a quarry located north of Huntsville and the head office in , their products can be found in several dealers across Ontario (www.trilliumstone.com).

THE ROCK CENTRE

The Rock Centre focuses on landscape products including decorative stone and speciality aggregates. With over 15 years of experience the Rock Centre now operates 6 quarries in northern Ontario. They also offer unique items like flower pots, stone inuksuks and have the ability to customize products with engraving (www.therockcentre.ca).

UNIMIN CANADA LIMITED—BADGLEY ISLAND SILICA

Unimin Canada Ltd. is the largest producer of silica in Ontario with a capacity of about 500 000 t per year. Lump quartzite from the company’s Badgeley Island quarry (150 000 t per year capacity) in northern Georgian Bay is shipped by lake vessel to Canadian and American destinations for the manufacture of ferrosilicon. Preliminary crushing and grinding at the quarry produces a finer material that is shipped to Unimin’s plant at Midland (400 000 t per year capacity), south of Georgian Bay for further processing to glass-grade silica sand and to silica flour for ceramic and other uses.

LAFARGE NORTH AMERICA INC.—MELDRUM BAY OPERATIONS

Lafarge Canada Incorporated extracts approximately 5 million tonnes of dolostone annually from its Meldrum Bay quarry in Dawson Township on the western end of Manitoulin Island. Massive Paleozoic dolostone is excavated in a single lift about 30 m high. The material is classified as 70% construction aggregate and 30% metallurgical grade flux. Lake freighters ship the material to markets in southern Ontario and the United States. The operation is the largest of its kind in Ontario. The company plans to expand the operation to 7 million tons annually.

Table 5. Industrial mineral and dimension stone producers in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Figure 4).

No. Township/Area Company/Individual Commodity 1 Badgeley Island Unimin Canada Limited silica 2 Bigwood Allstone Quarry Products Inc. landscape stone 3 Brunel Newholm Aggregate Pit & Quarry veneer stone 4 Casimir CanAmerican Granite Corp. blocks, veneer 5 Dawson Lafarge Canada Limited dolomite 6 Finlayson Fraser Quarry flagstone 7 Finlayson McDonald Quarry flagstone 8 Finlayson Boothby Quarry flagstone 9 Finlayson Tasso Lake Stone flagstone 10 Franklin Algonquin Stone flagstone 11 Franklin Birkendale Natural Stone Limited flagstone 12 Franklin McFayden’s Stone Quarry flagstone, masonry stone 13 Franklin Van Dyk Natural Stone Supplies Inc. flagstone 14 Gibbons Upper Canada Stone Company Ltd. landscape stone 15 Gordon, Aylmer Canadian Colour Rock Inc. flagstone 16 McAuslan, Jocko, LaSalle Callander Industries Ltd. veneer stone 17 McDougall Fowler Construction Company Limited flagstone 18 McDougall Mill Lake Stone Quarry Limited flagstone

9 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

No. Township/Area Company/Individual Commodity 19 Medora, Humphrey, Watt Brent Quarry flagstone 20 Nairn, Baldwin, Howland J. Owen Development Ltd. armour stone 21 Perry Cushman Stone and Gravel flagstone 22 Poitras The Rock Centre landscape stone 23 Robinson Colonial Brick & Stone Inc. flagstone 24 Ryerson Ted Boyes and Sons Construction Limited flagstone 25 Ryerson Trillium Stone Inc. flagstone, armour stone

ADVANCED EXPLORATION

Xstrata Nickel (Xstrata Canada Corp.)

ONAPING DEPTH PROJECT

In 1994, down-dip diamond drilling at the Craig–Onaping mines resulted in the discovery of the Onaping Depth deposits, comprising a contact-type deposit and a shallow footwall deposit. Feasibility and scoping studies were conducted from 1999–2007. Indicated resources were 14.6 million tonnes grading 2.52% nickel and 1.15% copper, with inferred resources of 1.2 million tonnes at 3.61% nickel and 1.21% copper. Development of headworks and a shaft were planned for 2009–2010, with mining to start in 2012 and to reach full production in 2018. At a capital cost of about $1 billion, the mine was expected to run beyond 2030. The Onaping Depth project was put on hold late in 2008 pending better market conditions for nickel (www.xstrata.com).

FRASER–MORGAN PROJECT

In 1995, a 7 million tonne deposit comprising 5 mineralized zones was discovered in Morgan Township, about 2 km from the shaft of the Fraser Mine. Each zone was characterized by contact-style mineralization, having low copper and PGM values. Plans for development were to utilize underground access from the Fraser Mine, with production scheduled to start in 2009, reaching full mine production in 2010. The mine was estimated to have a life of 8 years with an annual production capacity of 7500 tonnes of refined nickel. This project was put on hold in 2009 pending better market conditions for nickel (Xstrata Nickel, news release, February 2, 2010). FNX Mining Company Inc.

In 2002, FNX Mining Company acquired from Vale (then Inco) a 100% interest in 5 mineral properties: Victoria, McCreedy West, Levack, Podolsky (formerly Norman) and Kirkwood. The Kirkwood and Victoria properties have both supported historical production, largely from contact nickel orebodies, and both have been subject to exploration by FNX since their acquisition. Geological mapping, geophysical and diamond-drilling programs were performed on the properties and both have NI-43-101 Indicated and Inferred mineral resources. In 2008, these programs led to the discovery of the Victoria Offset Dike “Zone 1” mineralization within a unit of block-choked quartz diorite (QD).

Exploration in 2010 by FNX and Quadra FNX included work on the Victoria and Kirkwood properties and grass roots exploration at their Ethel Lake QD Offset property south of Victoria.

The Kirkwood property, 11 km northeast of downtown , in Garson Township, received 3235 feet of diamond drilling in 3 holes.

The Victoria property, 30 km southwest of Sudbury, in Denison Township, received the majority of FNX and Quadra FNX exploration efforts, with expenditures of about $7.2 million allocated for 2010. The property is situated south of the historic Victoria Mine’s contact nickel orebodies and north of the former producing Totten Mine Offset Dike orebodies.

10 M. Cosec et al. Industrial mineral and dimension stone producers in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 5). to Table (keyed Sudbury District in 2010 the producers in stone dimension and Industrial mineral Figure 4.

Figure 4. Industrial mineral and dimension stone producers in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 5).

11 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

Early in the year FNX, diamond drilling with 5 surface rigs on the Victoria property, discovered new mineralization containing wide widths of mining-camp grade nickel, copper and precious metals within 3 zones associated with QD pinching along the Worthington Offset Dike. Mineralized zones do not appear to outcrop, but occur between 2500 and 5500 vertical feet below surface. Borehole UTEM (University of Toronto Electromagnetic System) surveys were conducted at low frequency (4 Hertz) to detect the most highly conductive rocks and sulphide-rich zones. Quadra FNX drilling in May led to the discovery of a fourth mineralized zone at the Victoria property.

Drilling and borehole geophysics have outlined a mineralized corridor associated with the Worthington Offset QD dike and surrounding Sudbury Breccia. The corridor is open in all directions and drilling has intersected discontinuous zones of mineralization over a strike length of 1700 feet and vertical length of 3200 feet from the 5500 foot to 8700 foot levels.

Since May 2010 QuadraFNX has drilled 11 holes and intersected Zone 4 in 10 places along the plunge of the deposit. The zone has now been traced over a vertical length of over 3000 feet. Six diamond-drill rigs are currently on the property, and the exploration budget for Victoria has been increased.

Vale Limited

Vale is working towards completing the Totten Mine, the first new Vale (Inco) Sudbury mine in almost 40 years. Inco Limited had sunk 2 shafts at the mine back in 1966, but discontinued the project in 1972 due to low metal prices. Vale has spent $360 million to date; production is expected to begin in late 2011 with an expected mine life of 20 years (Vale Limited, press release, November 17, 2010).

EXPLORATION ACTIVITY

Mineral exploration in the Sudbury District has rebounded since 2009 with a rise in metal prices. Twenty-eight mining and exploration companies and individuals reported work on about 110 exploration projects during the year (Table 6 and Figure 5, Table 7 and Figure 6), showing a marked improvement over last year’s numbers. Many of the junior mining companies have found new financing and have resumed projects.

Mineral deposits that were not being mined in the Sudbury District in 2010 are listed in Table 8. As in previous years, nickel, copper and platinum group metals were the main commodities, with interest also shown in other base metals along with gold, silver, cobalt, uranium and diamonds.

With the steady rise in the price of gold from a low of $US1061.40 per ounce in February to a high of $US1423.70 per ounce in December, there was strong interest in yellow metal prospects in the district.

The search for industrial minerals focused on garnet, silica, kyanite, graphite, dimension stone, agricultural calcium phosphate, mica, trap rock and other potential aggregate resources.

In addition to grass-roots prospecting and major mining company projects, several junior mining companies explored wholly owned, optioned or joint-ventured properties. Most of these efforts occurred within or near the prolific SIC contact sublayer or in associated quartz diorite offset dikes outside the SIC, either radiating from or concentric to the contact sublayer. Exploration associated with Nipissing diabase dikes, Archean greenstone belts and metasedimentary rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup were also documented.

12 M. Cosec et al.

Table 6. Exploration activity in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Figure 5).

Abbreviations

ADIT...... Driving adit H2O...... Water sample analysis AEM ...... Airborne electromagnetic survey INDUS...... Industrial mineral testing AGRAD ...... Airborne gradiometric survey IP...... Induced polarization survey AMAG ...... Airborne magnetic survey KIM ...... Kimberlite indicator minerals ARAD...... Airborne radiometric survey LC...... Line cutting ARES ...... Airborne resistivity survey LKSED ...... Lake sediment analysis ASSAY ...... Rock analysis MAG...... Magnetic survey AVLF...... Airborne VLF-EM survey METAL ...... Metallurgical testing BEEP...... Beep Mat EM survey MICRO...... Microscopic study BENEF...... Beneficiation study MMI...... Mobile Metal IonSM study BIOL...... Vegetation analysis OBD...... Overburden drilling BORE...... Boring, other than core OREHAB...... Other rehabilitation BULK ...... Bulk sampling PDRILL...... Percussion drilling CAP...... Capping of shafts, raises, etc. PHOTO...... Airphoto and remote imagery COMP-ABGPHYS...... Airborne geophysics compilation PITS...... Digging pits COMP-DRILL...... Drilling compilation PMAN ...... Prospecting, manual work COMP-GCHEM...... Geochemical compilation PROSP...... Prospecting, sampling COMP-GEOL...... Geological compilation PSAMP...... Prospecting, grab sampling COMP-GPHYS ...... Ground geophysics compilation RAD...... Radiometric survey COMP-MISC...... Miscellaneous compilation RCD...... Reverse circulation drilling DDRILL...... Diamond drilling RECON ...... Regional reconnaissance DEWAT...... Dewatering shafts, pits RES...... Resistivity survey DHGPHYS ...... Downhole geophysical SEIS...... Seismic survey EM ...... Electromagnetic survey SHAFT ...... Shaft sinking ENVIRO ...... Environmental study SOIL ...... Humus and other horizons analyses FENCE...... Fencing of stopes, raises, pits SP...... Self potential survey FILL...... Filling of pits, trenches, etc. STRIP ...... Overburden stripping GEOTECH...... Geotechnical STRSED ...... Stream sediment analyses GMAP...... Geological mapping TRNCH ...... Bedrock trenching GRAD...... Gradiometric survey TRVS...... Traverse GRAV...... Gravity survey VLF ...... Very low frequency EM survey GSAMP ...... Geological sampling

No. Company Name Township Type of Work 1 A. Barry, R. Fielding, T. Fielding Hutton COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2 A. LeBlanc Clement DDRILL 3 Champion Bear Resources Ltd, Pele Harty COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM Mountain Resources Inc, Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd 4 Champion Bear Resources Ltd, Wallbridge Totten DDRILL, DHGPHYS, COMP-GEOL, Mining Company Ltd COMP-GCHEM 5 Currie Rose Resources Inc. Scadding ASSAY, PDRILL 6 D.E. Beilhartz Tyrone, Hess COMP-GEOL, PROSP, COMP-GCHEM 7 Endurance Gold Corporation Pardo IP 8 Goldtrain Resources Inc. Clement GMAP, GSAMP, PSAMP, AEM, AEM, PSAMP, TRNCH 9 Griftco Corp. Butt IP, MAG, LC 10 Industrial Minerals Canada Inc. Maria COMP-GEOL 11 J. Brady, M. Brady Hyman, Davis COMP-GEOL, OTHER, PMECH, PROSP, STRIP, COMP-GCHEM 12 J.M. Slack, Agricultural Mineral Venturi COMP-GEOL Prospectors Inc. 13 K. Naples Foster ASSAY, PMAN 14 M. Kosovsky Waters ASSAY, MICRO

13 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

No. Company Name Township Type of Work 15 M.R. Carr, Wolverine Exploration and Davis COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM Mineral Recovery 16 Mount Logan Resources Ltd. Pardo ASSAY, COMP-GEOL, LC, PDRILL 17 Mustang Minerals Corp. Boon AEM, AMAG 18 P. Blue Shakespeare ASSAT, PMAN 19 Pacific North West Capital Corp. Davis PROSP, TRVS, PSAMP 20 Pacific North West Capital Corp. Scadding, Janes ARAD, MAG, VLF, PDRILL 21 R. Aviles McKinnon ASSAY, COMP-GEOL 22 R.J. Basserman Butt PSAMP, GMAP, STRIP 23 RJ. Fielding, T.G. Fielding Waters COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 24 R. Komarechka Eden TRVS, PROSP 25 Rainbow Concrete Industries Ltd Neelon ASSAY, PMECH 26 Randsburg International Gold Corp. Flett COMP-GEOL, LC, MAG 27 Salmay Resources Inc. May PDRILL 28 T. Sheppard Aylmer STRIP, COMP-GEOL, ASSAY, PROSP, EM, MAG, PSAMP, PMAN

14 M. Cosec et al.

Exploration activity in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 6). to 2010 (keyed in the Sudbury District in activity Exploration Figure 5.

Figure 5. Exploration activity in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 6).

15 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

Table 7. Assessment files received for the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Figure 6). Abbreviations

ADIT...... Driving adit H2O...... Water sample analysis AEM ...... Airborne electromagnetic survey INDUS...... Industrial mineral testing AGRAD ...... Airborne gradiometric survey IP...... Induced polarization survey AMAG ...... Airborne magnetic survey KIM ...... Kimberlite indicator minerals ARAD...... Airborne radiometric survey LC...... Line cutting ARES ...... Airborne resistivity survey LKSED ...... Lake sediment analysis ASSAY ...... Rock analysis MAG...... Magnetic survey AVLF...... Airborne VLF-EM survey METAL ...... Metallurgical testing BEEP...... Beep Mat EM survey MICRO...... Microscopic study BENEF...... Beneficiation study MMI...... Mobile Metal IonSM study BIOL...... Vegetation analysis MSTRIP...... Mechanical stripping BORE...... Boring, other than core OBD...... Overburden drilling BULK ...... Bulk sampling OREHAB...... Other rehabilitation CAP...... Capping of shafts, raises, etc. PDRILL...... Percussion drilling COMP-ABGPHYS...... Airborne geophysics compilation PHOTO...... Air photo and remote imagery COMP-DRILL...... Drilling compilation PMAN ...... Prospecting, manual work COMP-GCHEM...... Geochemical compilation PMECH ...... Prospecting, mechanical work COMP-GEOL...... Geological compilation PITS...... Digging pits COMP-GPHYS ...... Ground geophysics compilation PROSP...... Prospecting, sampling COMP-MISC...... Miscellaneous compilation PSAMP...... Prospecting, grab sampling CORE SAMP...... Core sampling PSTRIP...... Hand stripping DDRILL...... Diamond drilling RAD...... Radiometric survey DEWAT...... Dewatering shafts, pits RCD...... Reverse circulation drilling DHGPHYS ...... Downhole geophysical RECON ...... Regional reconnaissance EM ...... Electromagnetic survey RES...... Resistivity survey ENVIRO ...... Environmental study SEIS...... Seismic survey FENCE...... Fencing of stopes, raises, pits SHAFT ...... Shaft sinking FILL...... Filling of pits, trenches, etc. SOIL ...... Humus & other horizons analyses GCHMET ...... Geochemical testing SP...... Self potential survey GEOPHYS...... Geophysics STRIP ...... Overburden stripping GEOTECH...... Geotechnical STRSED ...... Stream sediment analyses GMAP...... Geological mapping TRNCH ...... Bedrock trenching GRAD...... Gradiometric survey TRVS...... Traverse GRAV...... Gravity survey VLF ...... Very low frequency EM survey GSAMP ...... Geological sampling

No. Township Company Name Year Type of Work AFRO Resident Number Geologist Office File Designation 1 Afton Northern Explorers Ltd. 2003 PROSP, COMP-GCHEM 2.28281 Afton-SP005 2 Afton Northern Nickel Mining Inc. 2008-2009 DDRILL, COMP-GEOL, 2.42639 Afton-SP019 COMP-GCHEM 3 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2010 STRIP, ASSAY 2.45845 Aylmer-SP019 4 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2009 PROSP 2.45869 Aylmer-SP017 5 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2010 PROSP 2.45863 Aylmer-SP016 6 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2010 EM, MAG 2.46299 Aylmer-SP015 7 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2010 PMAN, PSAMP 2.45848 Aylmer-SP014 8 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2009 SP, VLF-EM 2.44234 Aylmer-SP018 9 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2009 PMAN 2.45865 Aylmer-SP012 10 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2010 ASSAY, PMAN 2.45847 Aylmer-SP013 11 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2009-2010 PMAN, STRIP, COMP-GEOL 2.44168 Aylmer-SP011 12 Aylmer J. Brady, M. Brady 1997 COMP-GEOL, TRNCH, Donation Aylmer-SP004 COMP-GCHEM 13 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2008-2009 PHOTO, PMAN, STRIP 2.42365 Aylmer-SP009

16 M. Cosec et al.

No. Township Company Name Year Type of Work AFRO Resident Number Geologist Office File Designation 14 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2007-2009 PMAN, PWASH, COMP- 2.42379 Aylmer-SP010 GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 15 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2007 PROSP, COMP-GEOL 2.41587 Aylmer-SP007 16 Aylmer T. Sheppard 2007-2009 PROSP, GEOPHYS, COMP- 2.41560 Aylmer-SP008 GEOL 17 Baldwin J. Owen 1981 PDRILL, GEOPHYS Donation Baldwin-0044- D1 18 Belfast A. Adair 2004 PROSP 2.28311 Belfast-SP005 19 Blyth B. Bazinet 2009 COMP-GEOL 2.42537 Blyth-SP003 20 Boon Mustang Minerals Corp. 2010 AEM, AMAG 2.46401 Boon-SP028 21 Botha Votorantim Minerals Inc. 2010 AEM, AMAG 2.44894 Botha-SP012 22 Bowell Falconbridge Nickel 1950 DDRILL Bowell-0011-B1 23 Butler G. Kealey, A. Howden 2009 PMAN 2.42588 Butler-SP031 24 Butt Griftco Corp. 2010 IP, MAG, LC 2.45460 Butt-SP052 25 Butt R.J. Basserman 2010 PSAMP, GMAP, STRIP 2.46040 Butt-SP051 26 Cadeau Quartec Min Dev Inc 1994 PDRILL, STRIP, GMAP 2.15669 Cadeau-SP004 27 Capreol Xstrata Canada Corporation, 2008 DDRILL, DHGPHYS, MICRO, 2.42782 Capreol-SP013 Wallbridge Mining Company COMP-GCHEM Ltd. 28 Clement Goldtrain Resources Inc. 2010 AEM 2.44058 Clement-SP012 29 Clement A. Leblanc, D. Morrison 2009 DDRILL 2.42666 Clement-SP012 30 Clement A. LeBlanc 2010 DDRILL 2.44793 Clement-SP014 31 Clement Goldtrain Resources Inc. 2010 GMAP, GSAMP, PSAMP 2.46008 Clement-SP015 32 Clement Goldtrain Resources Inc. 2010 AEM, PSAMP, TRNCH 2.44452 Clement-SP016 33 Cotton Minnitaki Lake Syndicate, 2009 PROSP, GMAP 2.43201 Cotton-SP005 T. Loney 34 Craig S. Fillier 2009 PROSP, TRNCH, STRIP, 2.43576 Craig-SP007 DDRILL, PSAMP 35 Davis M.R. Carr, Wolverine 2010 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.45366 Davis-SP083 Exploration and Mineral Recovery 36 Davis J. Brady, M. Brady 2010 PROSP, COMP-GCHEM 2.45503 Davis-SP084 37 Davis J. Brady, M. Brady 2009-2010 PROSP, STRIP, COMP- 2.43617 Davis-SP082 GCHEM 38 Davis Z. Smellie 2010 GMAP, STRIP, PSAMP 2.44560 Davis-SP085 39 Davis Pacific North West Capital 2010 PROSP, TRVS, PSAMP 2.45401 Davis-SP086 Corp. 40 Drury Xstrata Canada Corporation 2009-2010 DDRILL, COMP-GCHEM 2.45785 Drury-SP033 41 Drury Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 PROSP, GEOPHYS, COMP- 2.44213 Drury-SP032 Ltd. GCHEM 42 Drury Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 PROSP, GEOPHYS 2.44352 Drury-SP031 Ltd. 43 Eden G. Salo 2007-2009 GEOPHYS, PROSP, GMAP 2.43237 Eden-SP014 44 Eden R. Komarechka 2010 TRVS, PROSP 2.46101 Eden-SP015 45 Flett Randsburg International Gold 2010 COMP-GEOL, LC, MAG 2.46789 Flett-SP011 Corp. 46 Foster K. Naples 2008 PROSP 2.40947 Foster-SP025 47 Foster K. Naples 2010 ASSAY, PMAN 2.45068 Foster-SP026 48 Foy United Reef Ltd. 2009 ASSAY, ENVIRO, PDRILL 2.44619 Foy-SP033 49 Foy United Reef Ltd. 2009 DHGPHYS 2.44849 Foy-SP034

17 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

No. Township Company Name Year Type of Work AFRO Resident Number Geologist Office File Designation 50 Garrow Precambrian Ventures Ltd. 2008-2009 COMP-GEOL, COMP- 2.42980 Garrow-SP003 GCHEM, BENEF, INDUS 51 Garrow G.M. Mote 2009 COMP-GEOL 2.42574 Garrow-SP002 52 Graham Vale Inco Limited 2009 DDRILL, DHGPHYS, COMP- 2.43205 Graham-SP014 GCHEM 53 Graham Wallbridge Mining Company 2008-2009 COMP-GEOL, GEOPHYS, 2.42535 Graham-SP013 Ltd. DDRILL, COMP-GCHEM, MICRO 54 Harty Champion Bear Resources Ltd, 2008-2010 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.45169 Harty-SP022 Pele Mountain Resources Inc, Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd. 55 Harty Vale Inco Limited 2007-2009 COMP-GEOL, GEOPHYS 2.43538 Harty-SP021 56 Harty Wallbridge Mining Company 2010 COMP-GEOL, GMAP 2.46463 Harty-SP023 Ltd. 57 Harty Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 ASSAY, PDRILL 2.44921 Harty-SP024 Ltd. 58 Harty Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 MAG 2.43821 Harty-SP025 Ltd. 59 Hess D.E. Beilhartz 2010 PROSP, COMP-GCHEM 2.45062 Hess-SP050 60 Hess Crowflight Minerals Inc. 2008-2009 ASSAY, COMP-GEOL, 2.43914 Hess-SP051 PDRILL, VLF 61 Hutton A. Barry, R. Fielding, 2008-2010 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.44140 Hutton-SP059 T. Fielding 62 Hyman J. Brady 2010 COMP-GEOL, OTHER, 2.46332 Hyman-SP022 PMECH, PROSP 63 Janes Pacific North West Capital 2007-2010 PDRILL 2.44055 Janes-SP035 Corp. 64 Leinster Wallbridge Mining Company 2009-2010 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.43957 Leinster-SP007 Ltd. 65 Lorne Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 PROSP, GEOPHYS 2.44219 Lorne-SP013 Ltd. 66 Mackelcan Flag Resources (1985) Limited 2009 DDRILL 2.43452 Mackelcan- SP041 67 Mackelcan Flag Resources (1985) Limited 2009 DDRILL, COMP-GCHEM 2.43442 Mackelcan- SP040 68 Mackelcan Flag Resources (1985) Limited 2009 DDRILL 2.42916 Mackelcan- SP039 69 MacLennan Wallbridge Mining Company 2009 COMP-GCHEM, COMP- 2.43247 MacLennan- Ltd. GEOL, ASSAY, MAP SP037 70 MacLennan Wallbridge Mining Company 2007-2009 COMP-GCHEM, DHGPHYS, 2.42397 MacLennan- Ltd. PROSP, COMP-GEOL, SP038 PDRILL 71 MacLennan Wallbridge Mining Company 2010 ASSAY, COMP-GEOL 2.46253 MacLennan- Ltd. SP039 72 Maria Industrial Minerals Canada Inc 2010 COMP-GEOL 2.45132 Maria-SP014 73 May Salmay Resources Inc. 2008-2010 PDRILL 2.45521 May-SP010 74 McConkey JD Exploration Inc 2009 GEOPHYS 2.43135 McConkey- SP022 75 McConkey J.R. Atkinson 2008-2009 PROSP, COMP-GCHEM 2.42231 McConkey- SP021 76 McKinnon R. Aviles 2010 ASSAY, COMP-GEOL 2.45839 McKinnon- SP022 77 Morgan Wallbridge Mining Company 2009-2010 COMP-GEOL 2.43669 Morgan-SP008 Ltd. 78 Neelon 1724084 Ontario Inc. (Red 2009 INDUS 2.42688 Neelon-SP019 Rock Mining)

18 M. Cosec et al.

No. Township Company Name Year Type of Work AFRO Resident Number Geologist Office File Designation 79 Neelon Rainbow Concrete Industries 2010 ASSAY, PMECH 2.46260 Neelon-SP020 Ltd. 80 Norman Vale Inco Limited 2009 DDRILL, CORE SAMP, 2.43455 Norman-SP067 ASSAY 81 Norman A. Barry 2009 PMAN, MSTRIP, GMAP 2.43303 Norman-SP066 82 Norman Wallbridge Mining Company 2007-2009 ASSAY, PDRILL, DHGPHYS, 2.42448 Norman-SP065 Ltd. GCHMET, MICRO 83 Olive Drive-By Exploration Inc. 2008-2009 PROSP 2.45844 Olive-SP001 84 Pardo Endurance Gold Corporation 2009 LC, MAG, DDRILL 2.42551 Pardo-SP014 85 Pardo Endurance Gold Corporation 2009-2010 IP 2.45833 Pardo-SP015 86 Pardo Mount Logan Resources Ltd. 2010 ASSAY, COMP-GEOL, LC, 2.45793 Pardo-SP016 PDRILL 87 Parkin Champion Bear Resources, 2008-2009 DDRILL, GEOPHYS, COMP- 2.45493 Parkin-SP105 Xstrata Canada Corporation, GEOL, COMP-GCHEM Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd. 88 Parkman C. Marmont, R. Thomas 2009 COMP-GCHEM, COMP- 2.43525 Parkman-SP026 GPHYS 89 Porter Falcon Ventures International 2009 RAD 2.42682 Porter-SP021 Inc. 90 Rathbun Flag Resources (1985) Limited 2009 DDRILL 2.43466 Rathbun-SP062 91 Rhodes T. Loney 2009 LC, PROSP 2.42924 Rhodes-SP017 92 Roberts Falcon Ventures International 2009 GEOPHYS 2.42683 Roberts-SP011 Inc. 93 Scadding J. Brady 2009 PROSP, STRIP, GCHEM, 2.42527 Scadding-SP064 ASSAY, GMAP 94 Scadding Currie Rose Resources Inc. 2009-2010 ASSAY PDRILL 2.45358 Scadding-SP065 95 Scadding Currie Rose Resources Inc. 2009 PDRILL 2.45350 Scadding-SP066 96 Scadding Pacific North West Capital 2010 ARAD, MAG, VLF 2.45173 Scadding-SP067 Corp. 97 Shakespeare P. Blue 2009 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.43459 Shakespeare- SP044 98 Shakespeare P. Blue 2010 ASSAY, PMAN 2.45510 Shakespeare- SP045 99 Totten Champion Bear Resources Ltd, 2009-2010 DDRILL, DHGPHYS, COMP- 2.44791 Totten-SP008 Wallbridge Mining Company GEOL, COMP-GCHEM Ltd. 100 Truman G. Salo 2009 PROSP, COMP-GEOL, 2.42830 Truman-SP013 GEOPHYS 101 Tyrone Tearlach Resources Limited 2009 TRNCH, STRIP, PWASH 2.42208 Tyrone-SP013 102 Tyrone Tearlach Resources Limited 2009 TRNCH, STRIP, PWASH, 2.42517 Tyrone-SP012 COMP-GCHEM 103 Tyrone D.E. Beilhartz 2010 COMP-GEOL 2.46404 Tyrone-SP014 104 Tyrone Tearlach Resources Limited 2010 ASSAY, PROSP, PSTRIP 2.45994 Tyrone-SP015 105 Unwin L.J. Salo 2009 PROSP, COMP-GEOL 2.42722 Unwin-SP002 106 Venturi J.M. Slack, Agricultural 2009-2010 COMP-GEOL 2.45310 Venturi-SP013 Mineral Prospectors Inc. 107 Waters R.J. Fielding, T.G. Fielding 2008-2010 COMP-GEOL, COMP-GCHEM 2.44438 Waters-SP022 108 Waters M. Kosovsky 2008-2010 ASSAY, MICRO 2.44576 Waters-SP023 109 Wyse Silicorp Developments Inc. 2009 PROSP, COMP-GEOL 2.41861 Wyse-SP005

19 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010 Assessment files received in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 7). 7). Table to (keyed 2010 District in Sudbury the received in Assessment files Figure 6.

Figure 6. Assessment files received in the Sudbury District in 2010 (keyed to Table 7).

20 M. Cosec et al.

Table 8. Mineral deposits not being mined in the Sudbury District in 2010.

Abbreviations

AF ...... Assessment Files MDIR...... Mineral Deposit Inventory record AR...... Annual Report MLS...... Mining Lands, Sudbury CAMH ...... Canadian & American Mines Handbook NM...... The Northern Miner CMH ...... Canadian Mines Handbook OFR ...... Open File Report GR...... Geological Report PC ...... Personal Communication MDC ...... Mineral Deposit Circular [No.15–] [formerly Mineral Resources Circular, No.1-14]

Deposit Name Commodity Tonnage-Grade Estimates and/or Ownership Reserve Status (MDI No.) Dimensions References References* Angus deposit Ti, Fe 141 000 000 tons @ 34.58% Fe, Randsburg AF Angus Tp. Active (MDIR 15.64% TiO2 to 1000 ft deep International 31L14SW00014) Gold Corp. Bissett Creek flake graphite 26 038 000 ton @ 1.86% flake graphite; Industrial AF Maria Tp. Active deposit (MDIR 4 744 000 tons @ 2.99% graphite Minerals Inc. 31L01SE00002)

Brazeau prospect Va, Ti, Fe, 110 000 tons @ 0.76% V2O3, 7.9% TiO2, MDC 11 Inactive (MDIR (garnet) 35.2% Fe for 2 lenses to 100 ft.; 31L02NE0010) 950 000 tons for 6 lenses to 100 ft. Burwash Lake Fe 15 possible pit areas outlined containing MDC 11 Inactive prospect (MDIR indicated or inferred reserves of 450 000 41P02SW00006) tons per vertical feet, aver. 20.7 % Fe. 100 million tons estimated. Preliminary concentration tests – concentrate grading 68.2% Fe, 5.0% SiO2 with recovery of 93% Butler (Crocan Kyanite 50 Mt @ 13-17% kyanite Kyanite Mining AF Butler Tp. Inactive Lake) prospect Corp. (MDIR 31L11SE00012) Butler Vermiculite Vermiculite “A” zone: 144 000 tons @ 50-90% Hedman Res. n/a Inactive deposit (MDIR vermiculite Ltd. 31L11SE00003) Cummings Lake Fe 327.9 Mt @ 26.9% soluble Fe total D. Laronde MDC 11 Inactive, prospect (MDIR underground 41I16NE00036) exploration and bulk sampling Errington/ Zn, Cu, Pb 4.4 Mt @ 1.33% Cu, 1% Pb, 4% Zn; Xstrata Nickel MDC 12 Inactive, past Vermilion Mines 9 Mt @ 1.14% Cu, 1% Pb, 3.8% Zn producer (MDIR (drilling by Xstrata Nickel has increased 41I11SW00006) these figures) Falcon Gold Au Estimate 60 000 tons @ 0.23 oz/ ton Au Kinross Gold E. Stringer, Inactive (MDIR Corp. prospector, 41I10SE00003) PC 1995 Fostung (Texas) W, Mo F33-10 zone, 100 000 t/vertical m @ Breakwater Ginn and Active, (MDIR 0.214% WO4 with 81 200 t/vertical m @ Resources Ltd. Beecham extensive work 41I04NE00036) 0.23% WO4 and 0.016 % MoS2 (1984) by Sulpetro Minerals Limited in late 1970s, early 1980s

21 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

Deposit Name Commodity Tonnage-Grade Estimates and/or Ownership Reserve Status (MDI No.) Dimensions References References* Geneva Lake Mine Cu, Pb, Zn 170 000 tons @ 11% Zn. (Small D. Beilhartz Properties Inactive, past- (MDIR (Ag, Au) production: 80 588 tons high-grade ore) with Mineral producer 1940s 41I13SE00002) Inventories, Ontario, Canada, February 1996 Parkin Calcite CaCO3 147 460 probable and possible tons of J. Brady AF Parkin- Inactive (MDIR "good, fair and poor" calcite SP025 41I15SW00041)

Spanish River Mine Cu, PGE Estimate 0.9 Mt @ 0.5% Cu + PGM D&H Consulting AF Inactive, past- (MDIR Services Inc. producer 1969– 41I05SW00014) 70. 14 500 T stockpile on surface Stralak deposit Zn, Cu, Pb 800 000 tons @ 4% Zn, 0.3% Cu, Stralak AF Inactive, last (MDIR (Ag) 0.5% Pb, 2.0 oz/ton Ag Resources Inc. active 1993, 41I13SE00044) diamond drilling Wikwemikong dolomite Undetermined, but possibly significant Wikwemikong n/a Inactive, some (MDIR Unceded Indian widely spaced 41H13SE00012) Reserve diamond-drill holes. Feasibility and several reports *Note: The resource estimates in this table are historic and do not follow the required disclosure for reserves and resources as outlined in National Instrument 43-101. All figures were generated by previous workers.

Endurance Gold Corporation and Ginguro Exploration Inc.—Pardo Property

The Pardo property, 65 km northeast of Sudbury, is largely underlain by flat-lying, Proterozoic-aged conglomerates resting unconformably on Archean bedrock in the southern part of the Cobalt Embayment. Gold mineralization is spatially associated with pyritic and quartz pebble-bearing conglomerates at, or proximal to, the unconformity.

The property comprises 16 claims covering 33 km2 and forms a part of Ginguro land holdings in the area, which includes the Four Corners property, covering 59 km2, and the Grigg/Stobie property, 68 km2 in area. Both have similar stratigraphy to that which occurs at the Pardo property. While Endurance owns a 100% interest in Pardo, Ginguro has an option to earn an initial 55% interest.

Five, 500-pound samples of representative mineralization from 5 separate blasted pits at the Pardo property were sent for analysis in January. A correlation between high-grade gold assays and low level uranium content (between 10 and 50 parts per million) was noted. Head grades of the samples averaged 2.0 g/t gold.

Ginguro commenced exploration of their Four Corners property in early May.

Diamond drilling was started at the Pardo property and on some adjoining Ginguro claims in June. The flat-lying, near-surface conglomerate target horizon permitted a program consisting of a large number of shallow holes. By July, a dozen diamond-drill holes had been completed. A second drill rig was employed late in the summer, and by September, 85 holes had been drilled for a cored total of 3416 m. Combined with geological mapping, the results identified a gold-enriched zone more than 700 m in length with a width of 500 m. By November, 137 holes were completed and assays received. A gold-bearing, channelized conglomerate “reef” 3600 m long by 400 m wide was identified at Pardo – the first confirmed paleoplacer gold deposit in Ontario. Ginguro plans more drilling on the Pardo property in early 2011 (Endurance Gold Corporation, press releases, January 11, and 12, April 16, and 19, June 29, July 21, September 8, October 4, November 24, 2010).

22 M. Cosec et al.

GoldTrain Resources Inc.

GoldTrain Resources holds a 75% interest in the Chiniguchi River property, which includes 8 mining claims covering an area of about 1920 ha in Janes Township, and 100% interest in the Manitou Lake property, which consists of 15 contiguous mining claims covering an area of approximately 3632 ha in Clement Township (GoldTrain Resources Inc, press release, August 11, 2010).

In the summer of 2010 GoldTrain performed a helicopter-born versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) survey and staked an additional 4 claim blocks, totalling 60 claim units, on the northern boundary of the Clement property to bring the property position to over 3600 ha, and an additional 5 claim blocks comprising 70 claim units on the southern boundary of the Janes property to bring the property position in Janes Township to over 3200 ha. GoldTrain performed a stream sediment study at Manitou Lake, of which 10 samples showed anomalous gold results. There are plans to collect larger samples for gold grain and some heavy metals analysis (GoldTrain Resources Inc, press release, October 6, 2010). Industrial Minerals Inc.

Industrial Minerals Inc. and subsidiary Northern Graphite Corporation hold the Bissett Creek property in Maria Township near Mattawa. The property consists of 28 patented claims covering about 1400 acres (564 ha). The company also owns 4 unpatented mining claims comprising 900 acres (360 ha) contiguous to the Bissett Creek property.

The graphitic gneiss unit that hosts the Bissett Creek deposit outcrops at surface in a band that is about 1 km wide and 3 km along strike, and dips to the east at 20°.

In early 2010 Industrial Minerals Inc. began metallurgical testing and confirmation drilling at the Bissett Creek property. The company is completing a pre-feasibility study and is amending the current Closure Plan. By the middle of the summer Industrial Minerals Inc. had completed a 2500 m drilling program over 13 holes (Industrial Minerals Inc., press releases, April 1 and July 7, 2010). Prophecy Resource Corp./Randsburg International Gold Corp.—Titan Project

The Titan project is situated 120 km east-northeast of Sudbury, straddling the boundary between Angus and Flett townships. The property consists of 1052 contiguous ha (2600 acres) comprising 17 patented and 3 unpatented mining claims.

Magnetite, ilmenite, dioxide, and vanadium mineralization at Titan occurs in a southeast plunging body in gabbroic to leucotroctolitic rocks in the northeastern corner of the Fall Lake Complex. The Titan deposit is located at the northern end of an aeromagnetic anomaly, about 1200 m by 800 m in area. Previous work by Randsburg includes 38 diamond-drill holes.

In January, Prophecy Resource Corp. entered into an option agreement with Randsburg to earn an 80% interest in the Titan vanadium-titanium-iron project.

An NI-43-101 compliant technical report received in February 2010 estimated an inferred mineral resource of 49 million tonnes grading 0.24% vanadium (0.43% vanadium pentoxide), 14.82% titanium oxide, and 48.09% iron oxide at a 40% iron oxide cut-off grade.

An exploration program including 22 line km of line cutting, ground magnetometer surveying and geological mapping was carried out during the 2010 field season in preparation for further diamond drilling (Prophecy Resource Corp., press releases, January 14, March 11, and June 28, 2010; Randsburg International Gold Corp., press releases, March 18, June 14, 2010).

23 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

SNS Silver Corporation—Emerald Lake Gold Property

The Emerald Lake project is located in Afton Township 65 km north and east of Sudbury. The 528 ha property consists of 32 contiguous unpatented mining claims containing 33 units, as well as 8 contiguous leased mining claims 330.53 ha in area containing 20.66 units.

The property is developed by 5 levels off a vertical shaft to 750 feet, and 2 levels off an inclined winze to 1000 feet. All past production took place above the 700 foot elevation. Ramp development reaches to about 800 feet in depth.

Ground geophysical surveys (magnetic, induced polarization (IP), and electromagnetic (EM)) were done over 1100 m strike as a precursor to diamond drilling. SNS completed 6713 m in 30 holes in the first phase of a diamond- drill program, followed by geological mapping, prospecting, down-hole IP and additional surface geophysical surveys.

Phase 2 of the diamond-drilling program was completed in December, coring an additional 2204 m in 7 holes. An NI-43-101 compliant technical report is being prepared from the acquired data, and additional diamond drilling is planned in the first quarter of 2011.

During the year, SNS Silver Corporation’s name changed to SNS Precious Metals Inc. and finally to Gold Finder Explorations Ltd. (SNS Silver Corporation, press releases, January 21, February 5, March 30, April 28, June 16, and 28, and August 31, 2010; Gold Finder Explorations Ltd., press releases, November 17, and December 14, 2010).

Sunrise Resources Plc

In May 2010 Sunrise Resources plc acquired a three-year option to acquire a 100% interest in the past-producing Long Lake gold mine in Eden Township 20 km southwest of Sudbury. The 40.3 km2 claim block consists of 23 contiguous claims.

Sunrise carried out prospecting during the summer and began a diamond-drilling program in November to test mineralization adjacent to and below existing mine workings. A prime target was gold mineralization below the 55 m level where it is thought to have been displaced by a fault. Three-dimensional modelling of historical (non N1- 43-101 compliant) mine and drill data indicates that mineralization was intersected beneath the fault in a number of 1930s drill holes which cut high-grade mineralization below the deepest mine level, at a vertical depth of about 120 m.

Historic diamond-drill core was catalogued, re-boxed, re-located and re-sampled for gold analysis (Sunrise Resources plc, press release, November 11, 2010).

Sunrise completed Phase I diamond drilling at Long Lake in December. Six drill holes were completed around and below existing mine workings and a further 3 holes tested other areas of interest identified by prospecting during the summer. Surface and down-hole IP (3D EARTHPROBE) surveying was also completed.

Results of the drilling and geophysics are expected during January 2011 (Sunrise Resources plc, press release, December 22, 2010).

Tearlach Resources Ltd.—Foy–Hess Properties

Tearlach Resources’ Sudbury Basin project comprises 26 km of strike length on the Foy and Hess offset dikes in the North Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Results from a 2009 channel sampling program are shown in Table 9.

Systematic Beep Mat surveying and channel sampling were performed in Tyrone Township on claim 1241741 during 2010, and 19 channel samples were collected and assayed. Assay results of 5 samples are shown in Table 10.

24 M. Cosec et al.

Table 9. Results from a 2009 channel sampling program (Tearlach Resources Ltd., press release, January 8, 2010).

Sample Ni (ppm) Cu (ppm) Pt (ppm) Pd (ppm) 174301 150 120 0.013 0.014 174302 70 720 <0.005 0.001 174303 100 70 <0.005 0.006 174304 150 90 0.009 0.012 174305 160 150 0.012 0.017 174306 100 60 <0.005 0.003 174307 90 70 <0.005 0.005 174308 30 150 <0.005 <0.001 174309 60 190 0.006 0.006 174310 50 120 <0.005 0.001

Table 10. Results from the channel samples (Tearlach Resources Ltd., press release, August 12, 2010)

Sample Ni (ppm) Cu (ppm) Pt (ppm) Pd (ppm) 5012305 660 730 0.068 0.075 5012329 790 970 0.101 0.115 5012330 850 910 0.080 0.101 5012331 1710 1940 0.172 0.218 5012334 1090 1240 0.104 0.131

Trueclaim Exploration Inc.—Scadding Gold Property Trueclaim holds 36 525 acres in the Scadding area east of Sudbury containing the former Scadding gold mine. The property is located in rocks of the Espanola and Serpent formations of Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup stratigraphy. Gold mineralization in this environment is often associated with a hydrothermal chloritic breccia.

Results from the Phase I Scadding diamond-drilling program carried out in November and December 2009 were released in January. The program cored 2117 m in 19 holes focused on 5 main zones (Trueclaim Exploration Inc., press release, January 8, 2010).

The company re-commenced an expanded Phase 1 drill program in January, with additional holes in key areas of the 5 zones explored during Phase I. Construction of a three-dimensional model of the geology was begun with new information from Phase 1. The completed Phase 1 program consisted of 30 NQ drill holes totalling 3275 m across all 5 zones (see Table 11 for results).

Table 11. Highlights from the complete Phase 1 drilling program. (Trueclaim Exploration Inc., press release, February 22, 2010).

Drill Hole Assay Result TRM-10-07 19.29 m of 12.9 g/t TRM-09-02 10.10 m of 3.5 g/t TRM-09-13 1.00 m of 47.6 g/t TRM-10-02 4.00 m of 9.6 g/t TRM-10-06 2.00 m of 22.3 g/t TRM-10-06 4.00 m of 2.3 g/t TRM-10-07 1.80 m of 25.6 g/t TRM-10-10 9.00 m of 2.9 g/t TRM-10-11 1.23 m of 11.2 g/t

25 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

An additional 4000 acres contiguous with the existing Scadding properties were optioned, increasing the total package of land to more than 40 500 acres (Trueclaim Exploration Inc., press release, January 19, 2010).

A composite airborne survey was flown in April comprising 2943.9 line km covering about 244 km2 over Scadding, Davis, Maclennan and Street townships. The survey comprised total field magnetometer, horizontal gradient magnetometer, radiometric surveys for potassium, thorium and uranium as well as a triaxial very low frequency (VLF) survey and colour digital photography of the area. (Trueclaim Exploration Inc., press releases, April 22 and June 4, 2010.)

The summer field work program consisted of prospecting, grab sampling, stripping and washing, line cutting, geological mapping, channel sampling and ground magnetic and IP geophysics. An airborne geophysical survey and three-dimensional modeling completed information needed to plan and execute a Phase 2 diamond-drilling program, which commenced in October.

The drilling program consisted of 1500 m on the East Wanapitei property to test showings peripheral to, and on, the former Scadding Mine site. During this period some claims were dropped and others were staked. At year end, Trueclaim’s holdings stood at 17 858 hectares.

Additional diamond drilling of 8000 m is planned for the area in 2011. (Trueclaim Exploration Inc., press releases, September 23, October 19 and December 8, 2010.) URSA Major Minerals Incorporated

SHAKESPEARE MINE EXPLORATION

Ursa has resumed an exploration diamond-drilling program to expand mineral resources at the Shakespeare Mine. The company has planned an initial two-hole, 1600 m program, targeting the eastern extension of the Shakespeare deposit. The holes will test up to 400 m east of, and down-plunge from, previous sulphide-mineralized drill intersections. Ursa also plans bore hole time domain EM geophysical surveys (URSA Major Minerals Incorporated, press release, December 2, 2010).

UNITED REEF LIMITED JOINT VENTURE—NICKEL OFFETS PROPERTY

Situated 40 km northwest of Sudbury on the Foy Offset Dike in the footwall of the SIC, the property consists of 12 contiguous patented mining claims and 5 unpatented claims covering 358 ha, including the past-producing Nickel Offsets (Ross) Mine. During 2009, a five-hole, 1807 m drilling and borehole electromagnetic (EM) survey was carried out to better define the 2.25 km strike of the Foy Offset Dike.

Phase 2 of the drilling program commenced in September of 2010 and consisted of 2000 m of diamond drilling with borehole EM in 7 holes. By mid October 2 holes totalling 679.6 m had been drilled, testing the up-dip extension of lens 4 mineralization and a third hole was in progress to test the down-dip extension of lens 3 mineralization beneath the existing mine workings. URSA Major is awaiting the final results from the 2580 m drilling and borehole EM program (Table 12). The company will continue drilling into 2011 (URSA Major Minerals Inc., press releases, September 9, October 19, and December 13, 2010).

Table 12. Preliminary results from 3 holes in 2010 (URSA Major Minerals Inc., press release, November 24, 2010).

DDH Length (m) Ni(%) Cu(%) Co(%) Au(g/t) Pt(g/t) Pd(g/t) U15-06 1.62 0.41 0.47 0.02 0.46 0.43 0.30 U15-07 1.31 0.64 0.60 0.02 0.06 0.18 0.24 U15-010 2.89 2.90 0.97 0.16 0.11 0.94 1.28 and incl. 2.00 0.07 0.37 0.00 0.82 3.04 2.00

26 M. Cosec et al.

Valencia Ventures Inc.

Forbes & Manhattan Coal Corp. (formerly Nyah Resources Corp.) holds the Agnew Lake properties in Hyman and Porter townships, 75 km west of Sudbury. The project consists of 2 separate exploration properties: the Agnew Lake North uranium property and the Agnew Lake South property.

The North property consists of 7 unpatented mining claims covering 1032 ha which encompass the past-producing Agnew Lake uranium mine. The South property consists of 4 unpatented mining claims covering 692 ha in Hyman Township. During September 2010, Valencia performed prospecting, mapping and radiometric surveys on the property.

In September Nyah completed a business combination with Forbes Coal. In connection with this, Nyah completed the sale of the Agnew Lake properties to Valencia Ventures Inc. Nyah and Valencia have common directors and officers (Forbes and Manhattan Coal Corp., press release, September 23, 2010). VMS Ventures Inc.

VMS Ventures Inc. will launch North American Nickel (NAN), a new nickel exploration company that will hold Manitoba nickel properties and newly optioned nickel properties in Sudbury. VMS will own 45% of the new company. Sudbury holdings consist of the Post Creek, Bell Lake and Halcyon properties, which are discussed below.

POST CREEK

The property is 35 km east of Sudbury in Norman and Parkin townships and consists of 35 contiguous unpatented mining claims and 1 isolated claim covering an area of 688 hectares. The property lies along the extension of the Whistle Offset Dike. The Post Creek property is known to host 2 types of mineralization: copper-nickel-PGE-gold within the Whistle Offset structure; and copper-zinc base metal massive sulphide-type mineralization represented by the historic Maki zinc-copper occurrence. Both styles of mineralization have been targeted by exploration. NAN exploration in 2010 at Post Creek consisted of geological mapping, soil geochemical surveys, ground EM surveys (beep mat) and stripping (VMS Ventures Inc., press releases, April 6 and September 24, 2010).

BELL LAKE

The Bell Lake property covers 256 acres along 1 km of the Mystery Offset Dike (MOD). The MOD is interpreted to be an extension of the Worthington Offset Dike, a mineralized structure that extends 10 to 11 km from the southwest margin of the SIC. The Bell Lake property is marked by surface exposures of disseminated to near-solid nickel- copper sulphide mineralization with PGM values. Deep-looking ground geophysical technologies and diamond drilling will test the property after detailed geological mapping has been completed (VMS Ventures Inc., press release, April 6, 2010).

HALCYON

Located 35 km northeast of Sudbury in the southeast corner of Parkin Township, the Halcyon property consists of 46 unpatented mining claims, accessible by paved and all-weather gravel road. Halcyon is adjacent to the Post Creek property and contains the extension of the Whistle Offset structure (VMS Ventures Inc., press release, April 6, 2010).

WOODS CREEK

Located in Hyman Township about 50 km west of Sudbury, Woods Creek comprises 8 contiguous unpatented mining claims covering 1264 hectares. The target on the property is disseminated to near-solid nickel-copper-cobalt- PGM mineralization hosted within Nipissing Diabase dikes (VMS Ventures Inc., press release, April 6, 2010). Wallbridge Mining Company Limited Wallbridge Mining Company Limited (www.wallbridgemining.com) holds 39 properties covering more than 705 km2 in SIC footwall rocks, the third largest land position in the Sudbury mining camp, with properties at various

27 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010 stages, ranging from grass roots to advanced exploration and scoping. Footwall rocks of the SIC are important as they contain the majority of copper-gold-PGE deposits found in the Sudbury mining camp. Wallbridge properties are mostly joint-ventured with companies that include Lonmin Plc, Vale, Xstrata Nickel, Pele Mountain Resources, Champion Bear Resources and Crowflight Minerals.

Most of the Wallbridge properties on the north and east ranges of the SIC have now been covered by high-density airborne magnetic and electromagnetic surveys. Detailed and regional mapping and prospecting program data are supported by sophisticated exploration tools such as fluid inclusion analysis and the use of pathfinder elements (bismuth, tellurium, antimony, tin, arsenic, chlorine and fluorine) to identify and characterize fluid pathways associated with copper-PGE mineralization in the footwall.

Wallbridge and Lonmin plc have approved CDN $1.25 million to explore for platinum, palladium, copper and nickel on their Sudbury Camp Joint Venture (SCJV) properties. The SCJV comprises 7 properties covering approximately 163 km2 in the Sudbury mining camp. The funding provides for up to 4100 m of diamond drilling and other exploration from October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011. Exploration will focus on testing geological and geophysical targets within mineralized structures on the Trill, Windy Lake, Skynner Lake, and Creighton South properties (Wallbridge Mining Company Ltd., press release, November 9, 2010).

Wallbridge is engaged in a joint-venture agreement with Holdings Limited (IPH) on its Parkin Offset Dike properties. These include the 100% Wallbridge-owned Milnet Mine property, the Parkin Xstrata joint- venture property (98.5% owned by Wallbridge and subject to a 1.5% net smelter return with Xstrata) and the Champion Bear Parkin joint-venture property. Together the properties encompass 2150 ha covering a 9.4 km strike length of the Parkin Offset Dike, the first time a contiguous land package has been established along this feature. This portion of the Parkin Offset has had historical production and currently contains undeveloped resources and numerous mineralized showings. In June an additional $1.3 million was committed to drilling the Parkin Offset properties, including 4900 m of drilling and borehole geophysics. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, June 23, 2010.)

BROKEN HAMMER

The Broken Hammer resource is located on the Northern Rim of the Sudbury Structure. It forms a surface zone of vein- and vein stockwork-hosted copper-PGE mineralization. In late 2010 a letter of intent was signed for bulk sampling on the property (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, December 14, 2010).

CASCADEN PROPERTY

The Cascaden property is primarily underlain by granitic to dioritic gneisses of the Levack gneissic complex that are moderately to strongly deformed and metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. Minor amounts of light to medium grey, weakly foliated gneissic diorite are also present. Fine- to medium-grained, dark grey to black amphibolite and/or diabase dikes of varying length and width cut the above lithologies. These dikes often contain trace to 1% disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, with local traces of blebby chalcopyrite. Sudbury breccia bodies cut all units and range in size from veinlets to small dikes having no preferred orientation. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

FROST LAKE PROPERTY

The Frost Lake property is a joint venture between Wallbridge and Xstrata Nickel. Wallbridge is operator and holds a 58% interest. In September of 2010, mapping and sampling took place followed by diamond drilling. Three holes were drilled at the Amy Lake Zone during the fall of 2010. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press releases, September 30 and December 2, 2010.)

GRAHAM PROPERTY

The Graham property is located in the South Range of the Sudbury Basin about 3.2 km south of Vale’s , which has been in production for over 100 years. The property is the focus of the Kildream joint venture, tying onto Wallbridge’s SCJV Creighton South property and covers about 7 km of prospective footwall rocks southwest of Creighton Mine. Mapping and prospecting discovered numerous PGM-bearing chalcopyrite stringers

28 M. Cosec et al. primarily where Huronian volcanic rocks are cut by scattered occurrences of Sudbury Breccia which range in size from veinlets to small dikes having no preferred orientation. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

CREIGHTON SOUTH PROPERTY

The Creighton South property is located in the central part of the South Range of the Sudbury Basin. The property covers the southern contact of the Creighton Granite which intruded a sequence of Huronian volcanic rocks and sediments. The property straddles what has been termed the South Range Breccia Belt, a belt of Sudbury Breccia of variable width. Breccia has been identified in many areas of the property. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

FOY PROPERTY

The Foy property covers footwall gneisses of the Levack Gneissic complex, and is situated greater than 500 m from the SIC contact. The property is dominated by Archean felsic to mafic gneisses, including strongly deformed amphibolite facies rocks. The gneisses are locally migmatitic, with leucosomes of trondjhemitic material banded subparallel to the SIC contact. Minor dikes of Matachewan and Nipissing diabase crosscut the above lithologies along northerly trends. Sudbury breccias are locally present, more so in the southern segment, where they can comprise up to 100% of the outcrop exposures. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

MILNET MINE PROPERTY

The Milnet Mine property is a joint venture with Impala Platinum Holdings Limited. Exploration in 2010 saw the continuation of a diamond-drilling program and down-hole UTEM surveys begun in 2009. The 2150-hectare property package optioned to Impala covers a 9.4 km strike length of the Parkin Offset Dike and also includes a southern block of claims held 98.5% by Wallbridge and 1.5% by Xstrata Nickel, and 2 blocks of claims on either side of the Milnet Mine property, which are subject to an option and joint-venture agreement between Wallbridge and Champion Bear Resources. The summer program saw a 4900 m drilling program on the Milnet property. The $1.3 million dollar program was funded by Impala. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press releases, February 23 and July 27, 2010.)

SKYNNER LAKE PROPERTY

The Skynner Lake property is located in footwall rocks on the East Range of the Sudbury Basin southeast of Quadra FNX’s Podolsky Mine. The area is largely underlain by Archean granitic gneisses unconformably overlain by minor Huronian clastic metasediments on the western portion of the property. All lithologies are cut by several generations of late diabase dikes and Sudbury Breccia bodies. Minor outcroppings of quartz diorite and leucoquartz diorite partial melts were encountered during exploration. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

TRILL PROPERTY

The Trill property is located in SIC footwall rocks on the west end of the Sudbury Basin. The Trill embayment, one of the largest embayment structures in the base of the SIC, is adjacent to the northern part of the property. The property is underlain mainly by an Archean migmatitic gneissic complex peripheral to the SIC on the North Range. The complex consists predominantly of felsic orthogneiss but also includes minor sedimentary, volcanic and basic to ultrabasic magmatic rocks, which occur as variably sized rafts in the complex. These rocks are cut by a complicated system of basic dikes which are intruded not only into the gneisses but also into the granitic Birch Lake pluton (2600 Ma) further to the north. The southern part of the property is underlain by Huronian volcanic rocks and sediments. The contact between the Archean and Huronian rocks is obscured by a gabbroic to anorthositic intrusion. The Huronian rocks on the south part of the property strike generally east and dip steeply south. These consist, from bottom to top, of predominantly mafic volcanic rocks of the Elsie Mountain and Stobie formations, which are overlain by arkosic sediments of the Matinenda and McKim formations. On the southern edge of the property these rocks are overlain by arkoses and conglomerates of the Hough Lake Group. (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, November 9, 2010.)

29 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

WINDY LAKE PROPERTY

Exploration during the first quarter of 2010 consisted of the completion of surface EM surveys to better define the location of airborne EM targets detected in the Tower Bay area in the vicinity of the intersection of the Cascaden North offset dike and the Sudbury Basin contact (Wallbridge Mining Company, press release, May 11, 2010). DISTRICT GEOLOGIST’S OFFICE STAFF AND ACTIVITIES

In 2010 the Sudbury office was staffed by M. Cosec, P. Geo., District Geologist; D. Farrow, P. Geo, District Geological Assistant; and L. Bardeggia, Geological Assistant. Summer Experience Program student J. Querney (The University of Western Ontario) ably assisted in the office and field. Veronique Theriault, Sudbury Horizon High School student, spent one week of her Ontario Geological Survey co-op placement working with District Geologist Office staff.

Approximately 500 client requests were handled by Sudbury District Geologist office staff in 2010, including consultation and research assistance. Prospectors, mining company personnel and members of the general public were served.

Eight quarry visits and 1operating mine visit were made during the year, along with 10 property visits.

L. Bardeggia presented a poster entitled, “Laser Ablation ICP-MS Element Distribution Maps as a Tool to Unravel the Spatial Distribution and Chemical Association of Highly Siderophile Elements in Sulphide Assemblages: Examples from the Merensky Reef and the JM Reef” at the 11th International Platinum Symposium in Sudbury.

D. Farrow provided geological and cultural knowledge to visiting officials from the Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources and the Chinese Henan Academy of Land and Resources Sciences.

M. Cosec and D. Farrow gave a presentation updating mining and exploration activity in the Sudbury Mining Division to Sudbury Regional Economic Development Branch personnel. D. Farrow gave a geological presentation to an elementary school class at St. Mary’s School in Hanmer. M. Cosec and D. Farrow gave a presentation about working in the mining industry to students attending a First Nations job fair in North Bay.

D. Farrow and M. Cosec met with Whitefish Lake First Nation officials to assist in planning a geological compilation for their traditional territory. D. Farrow attended a First Nations awareness workshop at the Whitefish River First Nation on Birch Island.

M. Cosec and D. Farrow attended company activity and information sessions presented by FNX Mining Company Ltd., QuadraFNX Mining Ltd., Vale and Wallbridge Mining Company Limited.

Geological field trips of the Sudbury Structure and the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup were provided to undergraduate students of the Department of Geology from the University of Maine at Farmington. A field trip covering the South Range of the Sudbury Basin and Copper Cliff Offset Dike mineralization was given to a representative of the Canadian Ecology Centre in Mattawa, and was repeated on 2 other occasions for interested parties. A field trip of the Sudbury Structure and ore deposits was provided to graduate students and senior undergraduate students from the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, and a field trip of the Sudbury Basin was organized for visiting Chinese government officials.

M. Cosec and D. Farrow attended the Northeastern Ontario Mines and Minerals Symposium in Sault Ste. Marie, as well as the Ontario Exploration and Geoscience Symposium and the Ontario Geological Survey / Resident Geologist Program Annual General Meeting in Sudbury. M. Cosec and L. Bardeggia attended the 11th International Platinum Symposium held at Laurentian University in Sudbury.

As Co-Chair of the Willet Green Miller Centre Joint Health and Safety Committee, D. Farrow participated in workplace safety inspections and committee meetings and attended Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA) local networking sessions, hosting 1 session. He also attended the annual Partners in Prevention Health and Safety convention in Sudbury and the annual Partners in Prevention Health and Safety Conference and Trade Show in Mississauga.

30 M. Cosec et al.

M. Cosec and D. Farrow acted as proctors for Professional Practice and Ethics Examinations held in Sudbury on behalf of the Association of Professional Geoscientists of Ontario on 4 occasions during the year.

D. Farrow and M. Cosec completed Surface Miner Common Core qualification offered by the Northern Center for Advanced Technology Inc., received in-house training in Mineral Deposit Inventory database management and completed various other e-learning initiatives. D. Farrow attended 2 training sessions in the use of Intierra Resource Intelligence software.

Office staff attended talks and presentations from various local organizations such as the Sudbury Prospectors and Developers Association, Sudbury Geological Discussion Group and the Laurentian University Faculty of Geology as part of continuing professional development.

The Sudbury District Geology Office provides free, short-term loans of a Beep-Mat, metal detector, UV lamps, a scintillometer and a proton magnetometer to qualified explorationists. Binocular and polarizing microscopes are available for in-office use.

The office is located within the John B. Gammon Geoscience (“Mines”) Library, 3rd Floor, Willet Green Miller Centre, Laurentian University, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 6B5. M. Cosec may be reached at 705-670-5735; D. Farrow at 705-670-5741.

A summary of activities of the Sudbury Regional Resident Geologist Office in 2010 is provided in Table 13.

Table 13. Summary of activities of the Sudbury Regional Resident Geologist Office in 2010.

Activity Number Office visits 528 Properties visited 14 Field trips attended 11 Field trips given 8 Talks given 4 Assessment files and donations processed 109

PROPERTY EXAMINATIONS

In 2010, a total of 10 property visits were conducted by Sudbury District Office staff (Table 14 and Figure 7).

Table 14. Property visits conducted by the Sudbury District Geologist Office in 2010 (keyed to Figure 7). No. Property or Occurrence Township Commodity 1 Big Caribou Lake McConkey PGE 2 Bissett Creek Mine Maria graphite 3 Cartier–Benny area Cartier–Hess base metals 4 Fox Lake (E. Bailey) Curtin gold 5 Kupka McKeller calcite Magnetewan FN (I.R. 6 Magnetawan Quarry stone (various) No. 1, Wallbridge) 7 Mill Lake Stone Quarry McDougall flagstone 8 Scadding Mine* Scadding gold Sudbury-Shakespeare Mine 9 Shakespeare nickel-copper-PGE (Shakespeare Nickel Mine) 10 Trueclaim Street gold *Property visited more than once.

31 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

office staff in 2010 (keyed to Table 14). to 2010 (keyed office staff in Property visits conducted by Sudbury District Sudbury conducted by Property visits Figure 7.

Figure 7. Property visits conducted by Sudbury District office staff in 2010 (keyed to Table 14).

32 M. Cosec et al.

Badgeley Island

Unimin Canada Ltd. is the largest producer of silica in Ontario with a capacity of about 500 000 tonnes per year. Lump quartzite from the Badgeley Island quarry (150 000 t/y capacity) in northern Georgian Bay is shipped by lake vessel to Canadian destinations for the manufacture of ferrosilicon. Preliminary crushing and grinding at the quarry produces a finer material that is shipped to the Unimin plant at Midland (400 000 t/y capacity), south of Georgian Bay, for further processing to glass-grade silica sand and to silica flour for ceramic and other uses.

A traditional market for this finer material has been the auto glass industry; however, the crisis in the North American auto industry has had a negative impact on this operation. The closure of the PPG Glass plant in Owen Sound in 2009, the last float glass plant in Canada, represented the loss of a major market for silica from the Badgeley Island operation. In recent years, the production from the quarry has been controlled not by resource or quality of ore but by market conditions. Mining and crushing operations at this location are restricted to the shipping season on the Great Lakes, normally from April to late November.

On September 1, 2010, MNDMF staff members from Sudbury, Tweed and Parry Sound were given a tour of the quarry and onsite plant by Unimin Canada Ltd. engineering staff.

LOCATION AND ACCESS

The quarry (UTM Zone 17, 454973E 5089829N) on Badgeley Island is 6.5 km by water west of the village of Killarney and the plant, located in the town of Midland, is 190 km by water to the south (Figure 8).

A) B)

C) D)

Figure 8. Badgeley Island property visit. A) Crushing plant with stockpiles; B) Island access dock; C) Conveyor stockpiling; and D) Lump quartzite. (Photos A, B and C courtesy of Emily Ballent, 2000. Photo D courtesy of P.J. Sangster.)

33 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

EXPLORATION HISTORY

There has been mining of high-purity silica in the Killarney area since 1911. The Badgeley Island deposit was discovered in 1967 by Indusmin, the industrial mineral division of Falconbridge Inc., as the culmination of an exploration program to find a silica deposit in Ontario to supply the Ontario market. Exploration was concentrated on the Lorraine and Bar River formations in the Killarney area of Georgian Bay. In 1990, Unimin Corp. acquired Indusmin.

GEOLOGY

The deposit is in the Precambrian Bar River Formation, part of the Cobalt Group of the Huronian Supergroup.

The Bar River Formation quartzite consists of a lower unit of white quartzite, approximately 370 m thick, and an upper unit of interbedded quartzite, argillite and siltstone, approximately 550 m in thickness. The outcrop of the quartzite formation on Badgeley Island is 1525 m long by 300 m wide. The ore zone within this formation is part of the lower member of the Bar River Formation sandstone, and is 760 m long by 1590 m wide. It is in conformable contact with the Gordon Lake Formation to the northeast and in unconformable contact with the Lindsay Formation to the northwest and southwest. To the southeast it is in unconformable contact with the Killarney granitic intrusion, mapped as a quartz diorite.

Ripple marks and cross-bedding are common. The beds are 0.1 m to 1.0 m thick, in medium-grained, white to buff quartzite. There has been no major faulting in this section of the Bar River Formation, but folding has been extensive and the beds are now vertical to overturned. Two amphibolite dikes cut the orebody, one 250 m east of its western limit, and the second forms the western limit. The dikes have not introduced any appreciable contaminants into the quartzite. Alumina, iron, and titanium are present and are associated with sericite seams. These seams can be segregated visually from the ore-grade material. Scadding Gold Property

Trueclaim Exploration Incorporated’s Scadding gold property (Figure 9) is located in Scadding Township, Sudbury Mining Division, UTM co-ordinates Zone 17 529130E 5176250N, about 50 km northeast of Sudbury. The property may also be referred to as the Scadding Mine, the Orofino Mine, or the McLean–Watt property. Access is by the all- weather Kukagami Lake Road about 16 km north from Highway 17. The property hosts a soda-metasomatic gold deposit in the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup (Table 15).

EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

Gold was first reported in the area by R. McConnell in 1892 (Gates 1991). Numerous prospects were subsequently discovered and developed (Figure 10). The Scadding gold property was later explored by Gulf Minerals Canada Limited (1973–1975), the McLean–Watt group (1977–1980), and Northgate Exploration Limited (1980–1983).

In 1983 Westfield Minerals Limited installed a 200 ton per day concentrator and built a tailings facility. A total of 24 018 tons of ore were processed in 1984. No report is available on the amount of gold recovered (Winter 2009).

Underground exploration, development, production, and milling were conducted from 1984 to 1990 by Orofino Resources Limited. A total of 115 724 tons were milled yielding 15 769 ounces of gold recovered with 2324 ounces gold going to the tails (Winter 2009). No further work occurred on the property from 1990 to 1997.

In 1997 and 1998, Currie Rose Resources Inc. conducted exploration including diamond drilling. In 2003 and 2004 JML Resources Limited conducted ground magnetometer and induced polarity geophysical surveys, followed by diamond drilling. No exploration activity occurred on the property from 2005 to 2009.

34 M. Cosec et al. Winter 2009). 2009). Winter modified after modified Scadding gold mine property ( mine property Scadding gold Figure 9.

Figure 9. Scadding gold mine property (modified after Winter 2009).

35 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010 of the Huronian Supergroup. Huronian the of Generalized stratigraphic column stratigraphic Generalized Table 15.

Table 15. Generalized stratigraphic column of the Huronian Supergroup.

36 M. Cosec et al. Winter 2009). modified after modified . Past-producing gold mines in the Southern Province ( Province Southern in the mines gold . Past-producing Figure 10

Figure 10. Past-producing gold mines in the Southern Province (modified after Winter 2009).

37 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The area is underlain by rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup (2500 to 2220 Ma), of the Precambrian Southern Structural Province of the Canadian Shield. These rocks are in turn intruded by gabbroic Nipissing diabase (2219.4±4 Ma, U/Pb baddeleyite, Corfu and Andrews 1986). Post-Nipissing dikes and sills of various diabase and lamprophyre are common in the area.

PROPERTY GEOLOGY

The property is primarily underlain by the Quirke Lake Group metasedimentary rocks of the Huronian Supergroup (see Table 15). The formations comprising the group include, in ascending order, the Bruce, Espanola, and Serpent formations.

The Bruce Formation is a dark- to black-coloured paraconglomerate. Dressler (1982) states the Bruce Formation may be up to 200 m thick in the vicinity. The author (M. Cosec) observed a thickness of less than 50 m at the south end of the property.

A small outcrop of Espanola Formation has been mapped in the area (Dressler 1982). The author did not observe Espanola Formation on the property. It has, however, been logged in diamond-drill core.

The Serpent Formation is the most prevalent rock type on the property, consisting of fine-grained, greyish arkose.

MINERALIZATION

Gold mineralization is podiform and hosted within Serpent Formation arkose. The rocks are intensely albitized (soda-metasomatized) and silicified. Gold is in chloritic quartz-carbonate breccias and shear zones, surrounded by a zone of pink albititic alteration. Coarse-grained pyrite and ankerite are invariably present.

DISCUSSION

Schandl et al. (1994) suggest that the albitization occurred at 1700±2 Ma (U/Pb, monazite) and was coeval with felsic plutonic magmatism in the Southern Province.

In late 2010, Trueclaim Exploration Inc. conducted stripping on an EM geophysical anomaly. The resultant work exposed Bruce Formation intruded by Nipissing diabase. A felsic plutonic unit appears to intrude both Bruce Formation and Nipissing diabase.

A hand sample of this rock is mainly white, medium- to fine-grained with approximately 10% mafic minerals. It also has a faint pink hue denoting albitization. In thin section, the rock is seriate textured. It consists of sodic plagioclase, (70%), quartz (15%), and amphibole (10%). Some opaque minerals are also present. The rock can be classified as a tonalite as per IUGS classification.

This may be the felsic plutonic magmatism predicted by Schandl et al. (1994).

OGS ACTIVITIES AND RESEARCH BY OTHERS

The geology of the Sudbury Structure, which includes the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its mineral deposits, attracts research interest worldwide, even after nearly 120 years of commercial production and countless treatises. Some projects of interest underway in 2010 are noted below.

38 M. Cosec et al.

Laurentian University PhD students are completing the following projects in the Sudbury area (thesis supervisors are indicated in square brackets):

 Joshua Mukwakwami, BSc, Deformation and mobilization of Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization in the Garson Mine, Sudbury, Ontario [Lesher / co-supervised with B. Lafrance].  Taus Jørgensen, BSc, MSc (Copenhagen), Evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex Contact metamorphic aureole and Controls on Anatexis [Tinkham / co-supervised by Lesher].  Oladele Olaniyan, Sudbury Basin structure [Smith / Morris].

Laurentian University MSc students are completing the following projects in the Sudbury area:

 Lindsay Bygnes, BSc, A comparative study of mineralized and unmineralized breccias along the Whistle Offset Dyke in the North Range of the Sudbury impact structure [Lafrance / McDonald].  Rachel Gammel, BSc (Hons)., Mineralogy and geochemistry of As-rich Ni-Cu-(PGE) mineralization at the Garson Mine, Sudbury, Ontario (sponsored by Vale and NSERC).  Galen McNamara, BSc, Pb isotopic variations in the Sudbury Igneous Complex [co-supervised with B. Kamber].  Nathalie M. Mantha, BSc, Interaction between atmospheric components and mineral surfaces on rocks of the Greater Sudbury area [Schindler].  Edward Nelles, BSc, Genesis of transitional Cu-PGE-rich footwall mineralization in the Levack deposit, Sudbury [Lesher], (2009 SEG Fellowship awardee).  Dana Willson, BSc (Hons)., Vertical speciation and distribution of arsenic in the Sudbury Smelters’ Footprint [Spiers].

Graduate research from other institutions:  Chancheng Li, University of Western Ontario, The Deformation in the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone (GFTZ) and the Britt domain between the Sudbury Basin and the French River in Ontario, Canada [Dazhi Jiang].  M.A. Hamilton, U. Soderlund and A. Lovette, University of Toronto, Paleomagnetism of the Grenville Dyke Swarm [Halls].  A. Lovette, University of Toronto, Paleomagnetism of the River Valley anorthosite [Halls].  Tul-Naseer, H., University of Western Ontario, The relationship between carbonate strata of the Middle Ordovician Lindsay Formation and the Paleoproterozoic quartzites of the Bar River Formation on Heywood and Partridge Islands in Georgian Bay [Corcoran].

Selected recent publications focused on areas within the Sudbury District are listed in Table 16. In addition, the Sudbury District Geologist Office receives copies of the Canadian Mining Journal, The Northern Miner, Nickel, The Canadian & American Mines Handbook and the Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada’s In Brief.

39 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010

Table 16. Publications received by the Sudbury District Geologist Office in 2010.

Title Author Type and Year of Publication Elliot Lake–Sault Ste. Marie Area Lake Sediment Dyer, R.D. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Geochemical Survey, Northeastern Ontario Report 6251, 195p., 2010 Aggregate Resources Inventory of the District Gao, C., and Assistants Ontario Geological Survey, Aggregate Municipality of Muskoka Resources Inventory Paper 182, 52p., 2010 Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Lichtblau, A., Ravnaas, C., Storey, C.C., Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Red Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Lockwood, H.C., Bongfeldt, J. and Report 6244, 77p., 2010 Red Lake and Kenora Districts McDonald, S. Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Smyk, M.C., White, G.D. and Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Thunder Bay North Regional Resident Geologist Report: Lockwood, H.C. Report 6245, 48p., 2010 Thunder Bay North District Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Scott, J.F., Campbell, D.A., Lockwood, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Thunder Bay South Regional Resident Geologist Report: H.C., Brunelle, M.R. and Pelaia, R. Report 6246, 90p., 2010 Thunder Bay South District Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Atkinson, B.T., Pace, A., Beauchamp, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Timmins Regional Resident Geologist Report: Timmins S.A., Bousquet, P., Butorac, S., Report 6247, 99p., 2010 and Sault Ste. Marie Districts Draper, D.M. and Wilson, A.C. Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Guindon, D.L., Grabowski, G.P.B., Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: Wilson, A.C. and van Zeyl, D.P. Report 6248, 54p., 2010 Kirkland Lake District Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Cosec, M., Farrow, D., Bardeggia, L.A. Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Kirkland Lake Regional Resident Geologist Report: and Kitching, J. Report 6249, 48p., 2010 Sudbury District Report of Activities 2009, Resident Geologist Program, Sangster, P.J., Laidlaw, D.A., LeBaron, Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Southern Ontario Regional Resident Geologist Report: P.S., Carter, T.R., Fortner, L. and Report 6250, 55p., 2010 Southeastern and Southwestern Ontario Districts, Mines Lee, C.R. and Minerals Information Centre, and Petroleum Resources Centre

MINERAL DEPOSIT COMPILATION GEOLOGIST—NORTHEAST ACTIVITIES

The northeastern Mineral Deposit Compilation Geologist (MDCG) investigates and documents mineral deposits and occurrences in northeastern and southern Ontario. Through field visits, comprehensive literature research and personal research, the Mineral Deposit Compilation Geologist works with regional and district staff to ensure that the Mineral Deposit Inventory (MDI) database is regularly updated. Regular updates are required to ensure that the Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry is using the most up to date information in making land-use planning and policy decisions. A.C. Wilson is the northeastern Ontario Mineral Deposit Compilation Geologist.

In 2010, the northeastern MDCG trained all regional and district geological staff in the use of the MDI methodology and database entry techniques, updated the MDI data entry and compilation manuals, and worked with a committee that co-ordinated the release of an updated MDI database CD-ROM at the December Mines and Minerals symposium, the first update since 2004. In January 2011, the updated MDI database also was made available through the Ministry website. MDI data is searchable through the Ministry’s GeologyOntario website and through OGS Earth. The entire digital data set is available via the Ontario Geological Survey’s publication services as Mineral Deposit Inventory—2010.

At the request of the Precambrian Geoscience Section, the northeastern MDCG reviewed and updated MDI records for the following maps published in 2010: P.3617 – Precambrian Geology of English and Zavitz Townships, P.3618 – Precambrian Geology of Semple Township, P.3620 – Geological Compilation of the Maple Mountain Area, and P.3621 – Precambrian Geology of Hutt Township.

40 M. Cosec et al.

Total contributions to the MDI database in 2010 included 302 updated records, 127 records deleted and 39 new records. A breakdown of the northeastern Mineral Deposit Compilation Geologist record revision by office appears in Table 17.

Table 17. Mineral Deposit Inventory record revisions in 2010. Resident or District Office Updates Deletions New Total Kirkland Lake 13 1 14 Sault Ste Marie 43 5 1 49 Sudbury 189 122 14 325 Timmins 63 1 22 86

The Mineral Deposit Inventory database is a dynamic compilation of over 19 000 records describing most of the known mineral occurrences in the province of Ontario. The MDI database is an important reference tool for explorationists interested in exploring and acquiring mining properties in Ontario. It can be used in combination with a variety of Ontario Geological Survey digital databases, maps and geological reports. The Mineral Deposit Inventory is also used to assist land use planning decisions in Ontario.

REGIONAL LAND USE GEOLOGIST ACTIVITIES

Land Use Planning Activities

The northeast Regional Land Use Geologist, based in Timmins, co-ordinates input into land use planning activities in the Sault Ste. Marie, Timmins and Kirkland Lake Resident Geologist districts and the part of the Sudbury District that lies north of the French River. Until the end of October 2010, the position was staffed in an acting capacity by A.C. Wilson, before the position was filled by D.-A. Metsaranta.

The objectives of the position are to:  effectively represent mineral-related values in the context of competing interests for land use;  optimize the land base available for mineral exploration and development; and  raise awareness within the mineral sector of the implications of legislation and regulations other than the Mining Act on their activities. The competing interests for land use vary from place to place across the province, but most have potential to restrict the availability of land, access to it, and/or the activities on it. In 2010, the northeast Regional Land Use Geologist dealt with a variety of land use planning issues throughout the Northeast Region.

CROWN LANDS

The Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry (MNDMF) engages with the Ministry of Natural Resources when Crown land use planning activities have the potential to impact Provincial mineral interests. These activities include Forest Management Planning, Far North Land Use Planning, Community-based Land Use Planning, and other initiatives related to Crown Land use.

The Forest Management Planning process includes consideration of detailed socio-economic descriptions of minerals industry activity in each forest management unit during development of their respective five-year forest management plans. Formal comments and mineral values maps were provided for Nagagami and Abitibi River forest management units in 2010. The data provided included past mineral production, known mineral resources, mining land tenure, mining-related hazards, and a discussion of current exploration activity and trends.

Other Crown land use planning supported by the northeast Regional Land Use Geologist in 2010 included the review of Section 35 (Mining Act) Withdrawal and Reopening of Lands requests for purposes including the

41 SUDBURY DISTRICT—2010 investigation and development of new waterpower sites; to secure aggregate deposits; to support highway re- alignment projects; and to secure future landfill sites. A total of 11 requests were reviewed and processed for northeastern Ontario. Other withdrawal applications that were reviewed related to lands that may be used in settling First Nations land claims in northeastern Ontario.

MUNICIPAL AND PRIVATE LANDS

The Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry supports municipal and private land use planning though the One Window Planning Service led by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH). When requested, the northeast Regional Land Use Geologist provides input into, and completes reviews of draft Official Plans, Official Plan Amendments, draft plans of subdivision and consent (severance) applications to ensure that Provincial mineral interests are appropriately considered in the planning process.

In 2010, this work included reviewing and commenting on Draft Official Plans and Official Plans for the Township of Armstrong; the Central Timiskaming Planning Board; the Township of Chapleau; the Township of Larder Lake; the Township of Nairn and Hyman; and the Sault Ste Marie North Planning Board. In addition, comments related to 9 proposed consents and severances in the northeast region were provided throughout the year.

In addition, the northeast Regional Land Use Geologist provided comments on Comprehensive Zoning by-law amendments throughout the northeast, as well as background information on proposals to develop cottage lots along the shores of several lakes in the City of Elliot Lake area, condominiums in Knicely Township, and a new subdivision in the Town of Kirkland Lake.

The Provincial Policy Statement (PPS), which guides municipal planning in Ontario, is issued under the provisions of the Planning Act. The PPS was last modified in 2005. A compulsory five-year review of the PPS has been initiated to ensure that it is up to date, and meets the changing needs for environmental standards, ensures human health and safety, and protects Ontario’s cultural and natural heritage.

The northeast Regional Land Use Geologist assisted MMAH with a public consultation session, reviewed comments submitted as part of the province-wide public consultation process, and made recommendations with regard to MNDMF interests, as they relate to the PPS review.

OTHER ACTIVITIES

The northeast Regional Land Use Geologist also provided information to a company interested in developing a wind power site near Lake Superior, and to a variety of individuals and municipalities with respect to development near abandoned mine sites.

Five proposals for new waterpower development sites in northeastern Ontario were reviewed and comments provided, as a part of the Class Environmental Assessment procedures for such initiatives. With the implementation of the Green Energy Act in 2009, projects producing clean, renewable sources of energy, including wind, solar, hydro, biomass and biogas have been encouraged, and many such projects are being undertaken across Ontario.

The Regional Land Use Geologist also provided continued support for land use planning initiatives by the Ministry of Natural Resources, such as the Crown Land Use Atlas Harmonization project in the Wawa District. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to acknowledge company representatives, prospectors and individual explorationists who contributed to the content of this report. P.J. Sangster, Regional Resident Geologist for Southern Ontario, provided industrial minerals expertise. R. Ferguson, Northeast Regional Manager, Resident Geologist’s Program, Ontario Geological Survey, and Marg Rutka, Publication Services Section, Ontario Geological Survey, are credited for editorial support.

42 M. Cosec et al.

REFERENCES

Corfu, F. and Andrews, A.J. 1986. A U-PB age for mineralized Nipissing diabase, Gowganda, Ontario; Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v.23, p.107-109. Dressler, O.B. 1982. Geology of the Wanapitei Lake area, District of Sudbury; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 213, 131p. Schandl, E.S., Gorton, M.P., Davis, D.W. 1994. Albitization at 1700 ± 2 Ma in the Sudbury–Wanapitei Lake area, Ontario; Implications for deep-seated magmatism in the Southern Province; Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v.31, p.597-607. Winter, L.D.S. 2009. Technical Report NI 43-101 on the Scadding gold property; Trueclaim Exploration Inc., 54p.

43 Metric Conversion Table

Conversion from SI to Imperial Conversion from Imperial to SI SI Unit Multiplied by Gives Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives LENGTH 1 mm 0.039 37 inches 1 inch 25.4 mm 1 cm 0.393 70 inches 1 inch 2.54 cm 1 m 3.280 84 feet 1 foot 0.304 8 m 1 m 0.049 709 chains 1 chain 20.116 8 m 1 km 0.621 371 miles (statute) 1 mile (statute) 1.609 344 km AREA 1cm@ 0.155 0 square inches 1 square inch 6.451 6 cm@ 1m@ 10.763 9 square feet 1 square foot 0.092 903 04 m@ 1km@ 0.386 10 square miles 1 square mile 2.589 988 km@ 1 ha 2.471 054 acres 1 acre 0.404 685 6 ha VOLUME 1cm# 0.061 023 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 16.387 064 cm# 1m# 35.314 7 cubic feet 1 cubic foot 0.028 316 85 m# 1m# 1.307 951 cubic yards 1 cubic yard 0.764 554 86 m# CAPACITY 1 L 1.759 755 pints 1 pint 0.568 261 L 1 L 0.879 877 quarts 1 quart 1.136 522 L 1 L 0.219 969 gallons 1 gallon 4.546 090 L MASS 1 g 0.035 273 962 ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349 523 g 1 g 0.032 150 747 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.103 476 8 g 1 kg 2.204 622 6 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 kg 1 kg 0.001 102 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.184 74 kg 1 t 1.102 311 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.907 184 74 t 1 kg 0.000 984 21 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.046 908 8 kg 1 t 0.984 206 5 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.016 046 90 t CONCENTRATION 1 g/t 0.029 166 6 ounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ 34.285 714 2 g/t ton (short) ton (short) 1 g/t 0.583 333 33 pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/ 1.714 285 7 g/t ton (short) ton (short) OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Multiplied by 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 31.103 477 grams per ton (short) 1 gram per ton (short) 0.032 151 ounces (troy) per ton (short) 1 ounce (troy) per ton (short) 20.0 pennyweights per ton (short) 1 pennyweight per ton (short) 0.05 ounces (troy) per ton (short)

Note: Conversion factors which arein boldtype areexact. Theconversion factorshave been taken fromor havebeen derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Industries, pub- lished by the Mining Association of Canada in co-operation with the Coal Association of Canada.

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