VIRGINIA.2Ool

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

VIRGINIA.2Ool VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 164 DIRECTORY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA.2OOl Palmer C. Sweet COMMONWEALTH OF \'IRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DTVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Stanley S. Johnson, State Geologist CIIARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 2001 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINE,RAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 164 DIRECTORY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA.2OOl Palmer C. Sweet COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALSAND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Stanley S. Johnson, State Geologist CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 200r DEPARTMENT OF MINES. MINERALS AND ENERGY RICHMOND,VIRGINIA O.Gene Dishner. Director DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES C}IARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA Staaley S. Johnson, State Geologist and Division Director 804951-6350 STAIF Kay T. Hasenauer, Executive Secretary 804951-63,18 ECONOMICMINERALSANDENERGYSECTION SPATIALDATAANDEASTERNGEOLOGY PalmerC. Sweet, SectionHead,804-951-6362 IanJ. Duncan, SectionHead 804-951-6344 Rebecca S. Hope, Geologist Senior, 804-95 I -635 1 C. R. Berquist, Jr., Geologist Senior ,7 57 -221-2448 RoyS. Sitcs, GeologistSenior,804-951-6360 ElizabethV.M. Campbell,GeologistSenior,804-951-6343 Michaell. Upchurch, GeologistSenior,804-951-6363 NickH. Evans, GeologistSenior, 304-951-6345 William S. Henika, Geologist Senior, SOUTHWESTMINERALSANDGEOLOGYSECTION KarenK.Hostettler,GeologistSenior,804-951-6352 AlfredR. Taylor, SectionHead,540-676-5577 DavidB. Spears,GeologistSenior, 304-95 1-6361 James A. Lovett, Geologist Senior, 540-676-5830 WilliamW.Whitlock,GeologistSenor,540-676-5829 PUBLICATIONSANDWESTERNGEOI.OGYSECTION EugeneK. Rader,SectionHeadandEditor, 804-95 1-6358 SALESANDSIJPPORTSECTION DavidA.Hubbard,Jr.,GeologistSenior,804-951-6353 DeloresJ.Green, OfficeManager,804-951-6346 JohnD. Man, Jr., GeologistSenior, 304-951-6354 DeborahC. Farrish, StoreOperations Supervisor, 304-951-6359 VernonN.Monis,CartographicDrafterAssist.,S04-951-6356 EdwinW.Marshall, GeologistTechniciar\ 804-951-6355 GeraldP. Wilkes,GeologistSenior,S04-951-63& SALES:80,1-9516340 INFORMATION : 80l-9 5 I 43 5 4 FAX:804-9516365 FAX:80,1-951-6365 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: jmnr @geology. state.va.us FRONT COVER:Blocks of diabase dimension stone, Jet Mist Quarry of New England Stone Industries, Culpeper County (Photograph from Division of Mineral Resources files). VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 164 DIRECTORY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA .2OOI. Palmer C. Sweet COMMOI{WEALTH OF VIRGTXIIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DTVISION OF MINERAL RESOI.JRCES Stanley S. Johnson, State Geologist CHARLOTTESVILLE. VIRGINIA 2001 GEOLOGIC TIME TABLE WITH RESOURCES ERA PERIOD RESOURCES* CENOZOIC QUATERNARY CLAY MATERIALS. SAND AND GRAVEL TERTIARY CLAY MATERIALS \,J TTTJ CRETACEOUS SAND AND GAVEL MESOZOIC JURASSIC TRIASSIC CLAY MATERIALS, COAL, CRUSHED STONE. DIMENSION STONE PERMIAN PENNSYLVANIAN COAL. CRUSHED STONE MISSISSIPPIAN COAL, CRUSHED STONE, GAS, GYPSUM DEVONIAN CLAY MATERIALS. CRUSHED STONE, GAS, HIGH-SILICA ROCKS PALEOZOIC SILURIAN CRUSHED STONE, GAS, HIGH- SILICA ROCKS ORDOVICIAN CEMENT, CLAY MATERIALS, CRUSHED STONE, GAS, HIGH- CALCIUM LIMESTONE, KYAN- ITE,OIL, SLATE CAMBRIAN CLAY MATERIALS, CRUSHED STONE, DIMENSION STONE, HIGH-SILICA ROCKS, IRON OX- IDE PIGMENTS. VERMICULITE 570my_ - PRECAMBRIAN CLAY MATERIALS. CRUSHED STONE. DIMENSION STONE * Resources presently produced and some produced in the past. i FOREWORD This directory contains a list of mineral production companies and individuals on record as of December 1, 2000 exclusive of coal, natural gas, and petroleum operators, and supersedes the previous directory, published in 1993. The listing includes portable plants, some captive and intermittent operations, and some Frocessors of out-of-state or imported materials. The names of producers and processors are arranged by county or city under the appropriate raw material or commodity. Operations that are located in the independent cities of Chesapeake, Harnpton, Harrisonburg, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond, Roanoke, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach are listed under the city; operations in other independent cities are listed under the surrounding county. Telephone numbers are included. The locations ofthe various operations are given with respect to a nearby city or town (if possible). The directory provides the names of geologic formations from which cement materials, clay, shale and related materials, granite and related rocks, gypsum, kyanite, lime, limestone and dolostone, sandstone and quartzite, and slate are produced. An alphabetical listing of the names of companies and individuals is provided as a reference index, keyed by their number in the directorv. MINERAL PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA . I999IIP Value Mineral Commodit), Ouantity (thousands) C1ays......... .... shorr tons..... ...967,000.........$ 3,240 Coal (bituminour)r, ($33.63) ......do... .32,254,0Cf.............1,084,702 r, - Lime...................thousand short tons........... .992...............54.2AO Natural Gas, ($2.42ll000cu.ft)r,..million cubic feer............72,189. 174,697 Petroleum (crude) ($17.23lbl.) 42-sallon 2t3t- Sand and gravel........thousand short tons.... Stone: Combined value of cement, clay (fuller's earth) feldspar, gemstones, gypsum, industrial sand and gravel, iron oxide pigments, kyanite, mineral sand (titanium and zirconium concentrates), sulfur, vermiculite Tota1.......... ................XX $1,913,886 XX Not Applicable. P Preliminary. l/ Measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production, (includes consumption by producers) - U. S. Geological Survey. Department Mines, !. _V_lrginja of Minerals and Energy 3/ U. S. Department of Energy, Average Export - Imp6rt Price CONTENTS ffi1........,. ......'.........'...........'.......................... ..'...'....'............. .'.'. '. '.........1.| lt| AMPHIBOLITE Brunswick Franklin 7 Brick and,Tile.Corporation Lawrenceville of Lawrenceville (804) 848-31s1 P. O. 45 1 Rockydale Quarries Corp. Union Hall Box Lawrencevill€,23868 Jack Mountain Quarry (540) s76-2s44 1535 Jacks Creek Road Glade Hill24A92 Orange 8 General Shale Brick Somerset Somersel Plant,, (s4o) 832-2293 ANIIYDRITE P. O: B'ox.523 (See Gypsum) Somerset 22972 BASALT AND RELATED ROCKS Prince William' CRUSHEDSTONE 9 Glen-Gery"Corporation Manassas P. O. Box'3410 (703) 368-3178 Albemarle Manassas.22l l0 2 Luck Stone Corp. Shadwell Roanoke Charlottesville Plant (804) 29s-9729 P. O. Box 278 10 Old Virginia Brick Co. Inc. Salem Charlottesville 22902 Catoctin Fm. P. O. Box 508 (s4o) 389-2357 Salem 24153 Campbell Smyth 3 Boxley Company, Inc. Lynchburg Mt. Athos Plant (804) 845-4s87 11 General Shale Brick Groseclose (s40) Route 2, Box 134 Marion Plant 783-3150 Concord 24538 Alligator Back Fm. 7164 Lee t{ighway Atkias 24311 Grayson CEMENTPLANTS 4 Cardinal Stone Co. Galax (s4o) 236-s4s7 Grayson Quarry Botetout Route 1, Box 452 (altered ultramafic Galax 24333 rock) 12 Roanoke Cement Company Haymakertown P. O. Box 27 (quarries and cement BRICKPLANTS Cloverdale 24O77 plant; manufacture portland and masonry Amherst cement) (540) 992-tsor 5 Old Mrginia Brick Co., Inc. Madison Heights P. O. Box 740 (804) 929-6411 Liberty Hall Fm. Madison Heights 24572 Effna Ls. Five Oaks Ls. Chesapeake (City of) Botetourt 13 LaFarge Calcium Aluminate, Inc.Chesapeake P. O. Box 5806 (plant grinds imported 6 General Shale Brick Webster Chesapeake 23324 clinker and also Blue Ridge Plant (s40) 977-5s09 processes imported and domestic raw P. O. Box 306 materials for Ca-Al Blue Ridge 24064 cement) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES (757) s4s-4643 Greensville Warren 20 Brick and Tile Corporation Pleasant Shade 14 Riverton Corp Riverton of Lawrenceville (raw material used Riverton Road llll (quarries and cement P. O. Box 45 by company brick Front Royal 22630 plant; manufacture Lawrenceville 23868 plant in masonry cement) Lawrenceville) (s4o) 635-413r (804) 848-3151 EdinburgFm. Residual clay CLAY, SHALE, Ah[D RELAIED MATERIALS Orange ABSORBENT 21 General Shale Brick Somerset Somerset Plant (raw material used King and Queen P. O. Box 523 in adjacent company Somerset 22972 brick plant) 15 Bennett Mineral Co. Walkerton (s40) 832-2293 P. O. Box 28 (804) 769-3800 Walkerton 23177 Triassic shale Miocene clay & clay King William 16 Golden Cat Manquin Prince William Division of Ralston Purina Co. (804) 769-1266 931 Dunluce Road Glen-Gery Corporation Manassas King William 23086 Miocene clay 22 P. O. Box 3410 (raw material used BRICK Manassas 22110 in company brick plant) Amherst (703) 368-3178 17 Old Virginia Brick Co., Inc. Madison Heights Triassic shale & P. O. Box 740 (raw material used clay Madison Heights 24572 by company brick plant) Roanoke (804) 929-641r 23 Old Virginia Brick Co., Inc. Salem Candler Fm. P. O. Box 508 (raw material used and residual clay Salem 24153 by company brick plant) Botetourt (s4o) 389-23s7 18 General Shale Brick Webster Brallier Fm. Blue Ridge Plant (raw material used P. O. Box 306 by company brick Blue Ridge 24064 plant) Smyth (s4o) 977-s50s 24 General Shale Brick McMullin Rome Fm. Marion Plant (raw material used 7164 Lee Highway by company brick Atkins 24311 plant) Brunswick (540) 783-3rs6 19 Brick and Tile Comporation Lawrenceville Chatham Hill of Lawrenceville (raw material used Fm. P. O. Box 45 by company brick Lawrenceville 23868 plant) (804) 848-3151 Schist PUBLICATION 164 SHALE LIGH| WEIGI{T AGGREGATE Frederick Buckingham 25 Buckley-Lages, Inc. Chambersville P. O.Box3221 (540) 662-4924 34 Solite Corporation New Canton Winchester 22601 P. O. Box
Recommended publications
  • Pavements and Surface Materials
    N O N P O I N T E D U C A T I O N F O R M U N I C I P A L O F F I C I A L S TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 8 Pavements and Surface Materials By Jim Gibbons, UConn Extension Land Use Educator, 1999 Introduction Traffic Class Type of Road Pavements are composite materials that bear the weight of 1 Parking Lots, Driveways, Rural pedestrian and vehicular loads. Pavement thickness, width and Roads type should vary based on the intended function of the paved area. 2 Residential Streets 3 Collector Roads Pavement Thickness 4 Arterial roads 5 Freeways, Expressways, Interstates Pavement thickness is determined by four factors: environment, traffic, base characteristics and the pavement material used. Based on the above classes, pavement thickness ranges from 3" for a Class 1 parking lot, to 10" or more for Class 5 freeways. Environmental factors such as moisture and temperature significantly affect pavement. For example, as soil moisture Sub grade strength has the greatest effect in determining increases the load bearing capacity of the soil decreases and the pavement thickness. As a general rule, weaker sub grades require soil can heave and swell. Temperature also effects the load thicker asphalt layers to adequately bear different loads associated bearing capacity of pavements. When the moisture in pavement with different uses. The bearing capacity and permeability of the freezes and thaws, it creates stress leading to pavement heaving. sub grade influences total pavement thickness. There are actually The detrimental effects of moisture can be reduced or eliminated two or three separate layers or courses below the paved wearing by: keeping it from entering the pavement base, removing it before surface including: the sub grade, sub base and base.
    [Show full text]
  • MDG 15 – Trucks and Loaders Open Cut Incidents
    MDG 15 – Trucks and Loaders Open Cut Incidents Incident Agent of Events Recommendations Information Fatality COAL OPEN-CUT INCIDENTS 8/01/2008 Unintended Fatally injured while attempting to Maintain adequate berm United States operation of dump spoil. The truck travelled heights, monitor work Coal Equipment over the edge of the dump and practices, ensure correct task Open-Cut rolled down the spoil slope 140 training, conduct pre-op feet. checks and use seat belts. 16/11/2007 Drowning Driver was attempting to dump Ensure adequate berms and United States spoil when he reversed over a 70 that safe work procedures are Coal foot high slope and down to the followed. Ensure work areas Open-Cut mine floor. are illuminated at night and that Pre-op checks of equipment are performed. 2/07/2007 Other Dozer operator was standing by his Mine shall train all workers in United States machine when foreman told him to regards to pick-up trucks and Coal move it for a highwall shot. He to use all available safety Open-Cut was then run over by the foreman equipment within a truck. on his way to the dozer. 28/11/2006 Unintended Driver reported that the park brake Strengthened policy about United States Operation of was sticking and was then found at applying park brakes before Coal Equipment the base of hill crushed between exiting truck, ensure proper Open-Cut the truck and a berm. Was either machine maintenance. thrown from truck or got out and brakes released. 23/05/2006 Unintended Miner driving a Mack water truck Implement extensive driver United States Operation of lost control descending a steep training, implement Coal Equipment mine access road.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Virginia
    THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF VIRGINIA This chapter has been prepared under a Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy for collecting information on all nonfuel minerals. In 2000, the estimated value1 of nonfuel mineral production lime. The State increased to 7th from 9th in the production of for Virginia was $692 million, based upon preliminary U.S. common clays. Although the only producing kyanite mine and Geological Survey (USGS) data. This was a 6.5% increase calcined kyanite (mullite) facilities in the United States were in from that of 19992 and followed a 2.2% increase from 1998 to Virginia, synthetic mullite, which is a calcined bauxite, was 1999. Virginia was 22d in rank among the 50 States in total produced in one other State. About 90% of the U.S. kyanite and nonfuel mineral production value, of which the State accounted mullite output is used in refractories for the smelting and for more than 1.5% of the U.S. total. processing of a variety of metals and in glass and in high- Crushed stone was, by value, Virginia’s leading raw nonfuel temperature ceramics manufacturing. mineral, accounting for 60% of the State’s total mineral The following narrative information was provided by the production value. From 1990 through 2000, the State produced Virginia Division of Mineral Resources3 (VDMR). Some more than 628 million metric tons of crushed stone, or an production data in the text that follows are those reported by the average of almost 57 million metric tons per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Overview and History of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate
    Chapter 1 Overview and History of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Industry April 2007 Expanded Shale, Clay & Slate Institute (ESCSI) 2225 E. Murray Holladay Rd, Suite 102 Salt Lake City, Utah 84117 (801) 272-7070 Fax: (801) 272-3377 [email protected] www.escsi.org CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 How it started 1.3 Beginnings of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate (ESCS) Industry 1.4 What is Rotary Kiln Produced ESCS Lightweight Aggregate? 1.5 What is Lightweight Concrete? 1.6 Marine Structures The Story of the Selma Powell River Concrete Ships Concrete Ships of World War II (1940-1947) Braddock Gated Dam Off Shore Platforms 1.7 First Building Using Structural Lightweight Concrete 1.8 Growth of the ESCS Industry 1.9 Lightweight Concrete Masonry Units Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Masonry Units 1.10 High Rise Building Parking Structures 1.11 Precast-Prestressed Lightweight Concrete 1.12 Thin Shell Construction 1.13 Resistance to Nuclear Blast 1.14 Design Flexibility 1.15 Floor and Roof Fill 1.16 Bridges 1.17 Horticulture Applications 1.18 Asphalt Surface Treatment and Hotmix Applications 1.19 A World of Uses – Detailed List of Applications SmartWall® High Performance Concrete Masonry Asphalt Pavement (Rural, City and Freeway) Structural Concrete (Including high performance) Geotechnical Horticulture Applications Specialty Concrete Miscellaneous Appendix 1A ESCSI Information Sheet #7600 “Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate- A World of Applications…Worldwide 1-1 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this reference manual (RM) is to provide information on the practical application of expanded shale, clay and slate (ESCS) lightweight aggregates.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Mine Haul Road Design
    GGUUIIDDEELLIINNEESS FFOORR MMIINNEE HHAAUULL RROOAADD DDEESSIIGGNN Dwayne D. Tannant & Bruce Regensburg 2001 Guidelines for Mine Haul Road Design Table of Contents 1 SURVEY OF HAUL TRUCKS & ROADS FOR SURFACE MINES ............................... 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Haul Trucks and Construction/Maintenance Equipment ................................................. 1 1.3 Haul Road Length ............................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Haul Road Geometry ....................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Haul Road Construction Materials .................................................................................. 6 1.6 Symptoms and Causes of Haul Road Deterioration ........................................................ 6 1.7 Haul Road Maintenance .................................................................................................. 7 1.8 Evolution of Haul Road Design at Syncrude ................................................................... 8 1.8.1 Layer Thickness .................................................................................................................. 9 1.8.2 Haul Road Geometry .......................................................................................................... 9 1.8.3 Construction Techniques .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Surface Mine Haulage Roads - a Manual by Walter W
    Information Circular 8758 Design of Surface Mine Haulage Roads - A Manual By Walter W. Kaufman and James C. Ault UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES WMC Resources Ltd have the expressed permission of the "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health" to replicate and present this document in Full for use by its employee's. This document was kindly supplied by the: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory Library P.O. Box 18070 PITTSBURCH, PA 15236-0070 Page 1 of 49 CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................4 HAULAGE ROAD ALIGNMENT ..........................................................................................................................4 Stopping Distance--Grade and Brake Relationships .......................................................................................5 Sight Distance ............................................................................................................................................8 Vertical Alignment ......................................................................................................................................9 Maximum and Sustained Grades..............................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Crushed Stone
    STONE (CRUSHED)1 (Data in million metric tons unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2020, 1.46 billion tons of crushed stone valued at more than $17.8 billion was produced by an estimated 1,410 companies operating 3,440 quarries and 180 sales and (or) distribution yards in 50 States. Leading States were, in descending order of production, Texas, Missouri, Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, Virginia, Illinois, North Carolina, and Kentucky, which combined accounted for more than one-half of the total crushed stone output. Of the total domestic crushed stone produced in 2020, about 70% was limestone and dolomite; 15%, granite; 6%, traprock; 5%, miscellaneous stone; 3%, sandstone and quartzite; and the remaining 1% was divided, in descending order of tonnage, among marble, volcanic cinder and scoria, calcareous marl, slate, and shell. It is estimated that of the 1.5 billion tons of crushed stone consumed in the United States in 2020, 72% was used as construction aggregate, mostly for road construction and maintenance; 16% for cement manufacturing; 8% for lime manufacturing; 2% for agricultural uses; and the remainder for other chemical, special, and miscellaneous uses and products. The estimated output of crushed stone in the United States shipped for consumption in the first 9 months of 2020 was 1.10 billion tons, a decrease of 3% compared with that of the same period of 2019. Third quarter shipments for consumption decreased by 6% compared with those of the same period of 2019. Additional production information, by quarter for each State, geographic division, and the United States, is reported in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 5 5 Roadway Construction Standards
    Section 5 5 Roadway Construction Standards 5.1 Roadway Design 5.1.1 General A. All plans shall be on 24-inch x 36-inch sheets. B. Plan and Profile of sections shall be on separate sheets. C. The horizontal scale of the plan and profile shall be the same. D. Boring or test pits shall be taken as determined by the Department of Public Works. These shall show soil strata and high ground water elevations. Drought conditions shall be noted. E. Electric, telephone, cable television and fire alarm cables and ducts shall be placed in the grass strip or sidewalk outside of the traveled way, on the opposite side of the centerline of the street as the water main. F. Street light standard locations shall be determined by the Department of Public Works and NSTAR Electric Company. G. DIG SAFE shall be contacted to determine the location of all existing underground utilities prior to any excavation. Call the Framingham Fire Department to mark out their lines. H. A note shall be placed on all plans stating “The Town of Framingham Department of Public Works and Engineering Department shall be notified seventy-two (72) hours in advance of any roadway or municipal service construction. No portion of any utility shall be backfilled until approval for such backfilling is obtained from the Department of Public Works. Such approval does not constitute acceptance of such utilities by the Town of Framingham.” 5.1.2 Streets and Roadways A. For the purposes of these Standards, streets shall be classified as Local, Collector and Arterial.
    [Show full text]
  • Greater Goose Pond Forest Trail Construction Specifications
    Greater Goose Pond Forest Trail Construction Specifications Trail Spec A: Singletrack Cribbing Rationale: Cribbing is used to elevate a trail out of a wet area or to maintain a specific trail grade. A turnpike is constructed of two parallel crib walls that elevate the trail tread. Crib walls and turnpikes can be constructed out of timber or stone and have the ability to allow walkers to cross intermittent wet areas or to maintain a sustainable grade. Construction Specification: Cribbing: Material: Cribbing can be constructed out of timber or stone. Stone cribbing will last longer than timber cribbing. Stone can be harvested on site or imported. Large stones are the best building stones for crib walls. Dimension: A crib wall retains the trail tread. That said, hikers and bikers should never have to walk on the crib wall as it is typically located far outside the designated trail. Installation: 1. Crib Wall: The height of the crib wall is determined by calculating how high the trail tread needs to be in order to keep hikers out of the wet area or to maintain grade. Once height is determined, stones are chosen that match the height plus an additional 1/3 that is dug into the ground for stability. 2. Drainage Stone: The center of the crib wall is filled with 1 ½” crushed stone, leaving at least 4” for surfacing. 3. Surfacing: 3” (4-6” ideally) of natural surfacing caps the drainage stone. Construction Specification: Timber Turnpike: Material: A timber turnpike is constructed out of rot resistant lumber (locust, cedar, hemlock, or PT) and is filled with 1 ½ ” crushed stone and capped with 3/8” minus natural stone surfacing.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Repeated Loading on Gravel and Crushed Stone Base Course Materials Used in the AASHO Road Test
    Effects of Repeated Loading on Gravel and Crushed Stone Base Course Materials Used in the AASHO Road Test JOHN H. HAYNES, Soils Engineer, Mason-Johnson and Associates, and ELDON J. YODER, Professor of Highway Engineering, Purdue University This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the behavior of the AASHO Road Test gravel and crushed stone mixtures subjected to repeated loading. Cylindrical speci­ mens were stressed triaxially to levels approximating those which would be found in the base course of a highway pave­ ment. The repetitive loadings were applied with equipment developed in the laboratories of the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue University. The materials used were obtained from the site of the AASHO Road Test. The gravel and crushed stone with grain size dis­ tribution equal to that used in the Road Test and compacted to the mean density levels found in the field were U1e subject of primary interest. Variation in percent fines and degree of saturation were considered to have a great effect on these basic gradations. Therefore, the percent passing the No. 200 mesh sieve was varied so that three mixtures of each material were obtained. These three mixtures were tested at three levels of saturation. The effects of the;se variables on the deformation-rebound characteristics of the materials under repeated loads were studied. From these studies, the advantages and disadvantages of each material, concerning its value as a base course ma­ terial, were found and are reported in detail. Also, a com­ parison between the laboratory and field performance of the two AASHO materials is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Install Reclaimed Materials by Scott Smith, Experienced Brick & Stone
    Feature Story How to Install Reclaimed Materials by Scott Smith, Experienced Brick & Stone Cobblestone Pavers First things first: Which side is up? You can install cobble- stones in a variety of ways to achieve any look your customer prefers: with the worn top side facing up, the rouge split sides up or a combination. In addition to providing multiple de- sign options, there are pros and cons to each side. For exam- ple, the worn tops can be slippery when wet, but offer the au- thenticity of worn stone. With a quick brush blast—after the stone is set, but before the joints are filled—you can roughen up the surface enough to improve slip resistance without losing the worn face. You can increase the coverage area of most jumbo cobblestones by laying the stones on their side because they are taller than they are wide. Kushequa Street Brick with spacing lugs The bedding for cobblestones needs to support their often- uneven bottom face. Wet-set cobbles should be tapped into hen working with reclaimed brick and stone pavers an overfilled bed to ensure complete contact. Meanwhile, the Wor curbing, one thing is for sure: There is no one right bedding for sand-set cobblestones benefits greatly from add- way to install these historic materials. Over my time in the ing 3/8” broken stone to give the bedding more structure and industry, masons have consistently surprised me with new increase its load-carrying capacity. Always use cement sand methods that work well for them—and who can argue with (crushed stone fines) because the more angular particles in ce- success? In this article, we will discuss the materials’ unique ment sand will “lock up” when compacted and are less likely to attributes and installation idiosyncrasies you should know to flow under loading.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Crushed-Stone Base Courses
    78 Performance of Crushed-Stone Base Courses RICHARD D. BARKSDALE ABSTRACT TEST FACILITY The pit in which the tests were performed was 8 ft Twelve full-scale, instrumented pavement (2.4 m) wide, 12 ft (3.7 m) long, and 5 ft (1.5 m) sections were tested to failure in a spe­ deep (Figure 1). To study a maximum number of base c i al laboratory facility under closely con­ variables a different structural section was con­ trolled environmental conditions. Seven of structed at each end of the pit to give two tests the pavement sections were loaded to more for each complete filling of the pit. Emphasis was than 1 million repetitions and five of placed during construction of the test sections on these sections to more than 2 million repe­ achieving uniform material properties and meeting titions. A 6.5-kip (29-kN) uniform circular GDOT material specifications. loading was applied to the surface and sys­ An air-over-oil cyclic loading system was devel­ t ema tically moved to prevent a punching oped to apply 6.5 to 7.5 kips (29.4 to 33.~ kN) to failure. ~avements tested consisted of five the pavement in 0 .17 sec to simulate a slowly mov­ conventional sections having crushed-stone ing, heavy wheel loading. About 70 to 90 load pulses bases, -five full-depth asphalt-concrete per minule were transmitted to the pavement surface sections, and two inverted sections. The through a water-filled circular rubber bladder. The inverted sections consisted of a crushed­ diameter of the 6.
    [Show full text]