Situational Crime Prevention at Specific Locations in Community Context: Place and Neighborhood Effects
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The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Situational Crime Prevention at Specific Locations in Community Context: Place and Neighborhood Effects Author: John E. Eck, Tamara Madensen, Troy Payne, Pamela Wilcox, Bonnie S. Fisher, Heidi Scherer Document No.: 229364 Date Received: January 2010 Award Number: 2005-IJ-CX-0030 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Situational Crime Prevention at Specific Locations in Community Context: Place and Neighborhood Effects John E. Eck, Tamara Madensen, Troy Payne, Pamela Wilcox, Bonnie S. Fisher, Heidi Scherer University of Cincinnati November, 2009 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005-IJ-CX-0030 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice. -1- This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Abstract This final report to the National Institute of Justice describes the methods, data, findings and implications of a study of the situational and contextual influences on violence in bars and apartment. The study was conducted in Cincinnati, Ohio. Interviews of managers and observations of sites were made for 199 bars. For apartment complexes owners were interviewed for 307 and observations were made at 994. Using the data from these sources, police records, county land parcel data, and census information, the study examined why some bars and apartments had more violent crime than others. For both types of places, violent crime is highly skewed: a few places have most of the violent incidents but most bars and most apartment complexes have no violence or very little violence. In both bars and apartment complexes, neighborhood context seems to be loosely coupled with violence. Bars were clustered in a few neighborhoods, but violent and non-violent bars were near each other. Neighborhood context influenced the relationship between situational variables and violence in apartment complexes, but not consistently. Place specific features are also important. In bars, minimum drink price and whether the bar was attracting the ideal customer were negatively associated with violence while security was positively associated with violence. In apartment complexes a host of site specific features and management practices were associated with violence, including location, physical characteristics, incivilities, and management practices. These associations sometimes depended on neighborhood disadvantage or violence. To account for these findings, the report describes a hypothetical general model of place management. The report concludes with policy and research implications. -2- This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary................................................................................................................. 9 BARS FINDINGS................................................................................................................................. 14 APARTMENT COMPLEX FINDINGS............................................................................................. 16 GENERAL FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................18 Place Research Implications...................................................................................................................19 Place based prevention.............................................................................................................................21 Introduction.............................................................................................................................23 Purpose, Goals And Objectives ................................................................................................... 23 Review Of Relevant Research...................................................................................................... 24 Hot Spot Places..............................................................................................................................................24 Place Management......................................................................................................................................25 Context of Places..........................................................................................................................................26 Cincinnati Apartments and Drinking Places ....................................................................................28 Displacement and Diffusion....................................................................................................................29 Cincinnati Neighborhoods............................................................................................................ 30 Bar Methodology ....................................................................................................................35 Data Sources...................................................................................................................................... 35 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................................................35 Primary Data .................................................................................................................................................36 Sampling Design............................................................................................................................... 37 Data Collection Procedures ......................................................................................................... 38 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 39 -3- This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Violence Crime Distributions .................................................................................................................41 Neighborhood Context..............................................................................................................................45 Variation in Management Practices.....................................................................................................52 Relationship between Management Practices and Violence.....................................................58 Apartment Methodology......................................................................................................67 Data Sources...................................................................................................................................... 67 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................................................67 Primary Data .................................................................................................................................................68 Sampling Design ..........................................................................................................................................69 Response Rate ..............................................................................................................................................74 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 75 Conceptual Models......................................................................................................................................75 Apartment Manager Survey Measures...............................................................................................79