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Madensen Proposal UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI _____________May 25 , 20 _____07 I,________________________________Tamara D. Madensen ______________, hereby submit this as part of the requirements for the degree of: ________________________Doctorate of Philosophy ________________________ in: ________________________Criminal Justice ________________________ It is entitled: ________________________Bar Management and Crime: Toward________________________ a Dynamic Theory of ________________________Place Management and Crime Hotspots________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Approved by: ________________________John E. Eck, Chair ________________________Ronald V. Clarke ________________________Pamela Wilcox ________________________John D. Wooldredge ________________________ Bar Management and Crime: Toward a Dynamic Theory of Place Management and Crime Hotspots A Dissertation Submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies Of the University of Cincinnati In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) In the Division of Criminal Justice Of the College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services May 2007 by Tamara D. Madensen B.A., California State University, San Bernardino, 1999 M.A., California State University, San Bernardino, 2001 Dissertation Committee: Professor John E. Eck (Chair) Professor Ronald V. Clarke Professor Pamela Wilcox Professor John D. Wooldredge ABSTRACT Theory and research in the area of environmental criminology have suggested that people who own or manage particular locations can influence crime at these places. This dissertation extends our understanding of the role of place managers in two ways. First, a specific definition of place management is offered. Second, the relationships between the elements of this definition are explicated in a proposed theory of place management in bars. Data collected from bars in Cincinnati, Ohio are used to examine the plausibility of the theory. Findings indicate a strong relationship between place management practices and levels of crime and disorder at these locations. The study concludes with the proposal of a general theory of place management and suggestions for future research and theoretical development. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Pamela Wilcox, Dr. John Wooldredge, and Dr. Ronald Clarke for agreeing to serve on my committee. I deeply appreciate the time and thoughtful comments they provided during this process. I am also grateful for their guidance throughout my doctoral studies. There have been many other faculty members who have helped me during the course of my studies. I am especially indebted to Dr. Michael Benson, Dr. Mitchell Chamlin, Dr. Francis Cullen, Dr. Robin Engel, Dr. Graham Farrell, Dr. Bonnie Fisher, Dr. James Frank, and Dr. Edward Latessa. These individuals have had such a tremendous impact on both my personal life and professional career. Thank you. I would like to thank Officer Paul Byers of the Cincinnati Police Department who has been tremendously helpful to me and many other doctoral studies who desperately need data. Troy and Carrie Payne have assisted in my efforts to produce this document. Carrie, you are a word processing guru. Troy, thank you for running around Cincinnati with me, trying to convince people we were worth talking to, and for carrying the “heavy stuff” while we walked from bar to bar. I appreciate the patience and support of Gloria Estes and Stephanie Bilyk, our best friends, who waited for over four years for our return and continue to wait for this to be over. I could not have completed this project without the help and support of Darwin Morgan. You are an amazing friend and the best copy editor in the world. I owe you more than you could ever possibly know. I would like to thank my parents, Diane and Dusty Sorensen, who worked so hard to help me through college. This has been an amazing journey. Thank you for your support. My Vicki Madensen, who moved from sunny California to dreary Cincinnati, Ohio and never complained; who fixes me each time I break (band-aids and Advil always close by); who has listened to me talk incessantly about my ideas over countless dinners; who lived without me, only to support me and wait for me while I finished my work; I love you. I could not do these things without you. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my mentor, chair, and friend, Dr. John Eck. It has been such an honor to be your student. Thank you for investing so much time and energy in me. I hope to always be “on your whiteboard.” You are simply a wonderful and amazing person. I am so lucky to know you and your family. Thank you for everything. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Overview of Study ..................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 THE IMPORTANCE OF PLACE AND ITS MANAGEMENT ............................ 6 Early Studies of Crime Places.................................................................................................... 6 Places Become Important........................................................................................................... 8 The Emergence of Place Management as an Important Construct .......................................... 13 Why Study Place Management? .............................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3 DEFINING PLACE MANAGEMENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO BARS ... 16 Definition of Place Management ............................................................................................. 16 Bars, Crime, and Managers...................................................................................................... 20 Concentration of Crime in and Around Bars .................................................................... 20 Management in Bars ......................................................................................................... 24 Effective Place Management Strategies............................................................................ 28 Linking Place Management to Crime ...................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4 A DYNAMIC THEORY OF PLACE MANAGEMENT IN BARS..................... 32 Implications for Testing the Theory......................................................................................... 40 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 5 METHODS............................................................................................................ 47 Data .......................................................................................................................................... 47 Place Manager Survey ...................................................................................................... 47 Site Observation Survey ................................................................................................... 48 Official Crime Statistics.................................................................................................... 48 Sample...................................................................................................................................... 49 Data Collection Procedures...................................................................................................... 50 Analysis.................................................................................................................................... 51 Significant Effects.................................................................................................................... 55 Strengths and Limitations of the Data...................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 6 CINCINNATI BARS: PLACE AND MANAGEMENT CHARACTERISTICS. 58 Place and Business Characteristics .......................................................................................... 58 Building Characteristics.................................................................................................... 60 Business Characteristics.................................................................................................... 60 Management Characteristics............................................................................................. 62 Employees......................................................................................................................... 63 Additional Security ........................................................................................................... 64 Patrons............................................................................................................................... 64 Levels of Disorder............................................................................................................. 65 Distributions of Crime ............................................................................................................. 67 Response to Crime Events ................................................................................................ 76 Differences across Places........................................................................................................
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