DOCSLIB.ORG

Self-Restoration of Contaminated Territories

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Self-Restoration of Contaminated Territories BY0000248 Self-restoration of contaminated territories Gerassimos ARAPIS Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece Emlen SOBOTOVICH, German BONDARENKO, Igor SADOLKO Department of Environmental Radiogeochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 34 Palladin av., Kiev 152680, Ukraine Evgeny PETRAYEV, Galina SOKOLIK Department of Radiochemistry, Belarus State University, Leninski prosp. 4, Minsk 220080, Belarus Abstract This paper illustrates the experience gained in the field of natural restoration of contaminated vast ecosystems. Prior to recommending a large-scale application of any rehabilitation technique, it is important to know the medium- and long- term intensity of self-restoration for most of the affected territories. Three main ways express the process of self-restoration: 1) the natural radioactive decay, 2) the transfer of radionuclides out of natural ecosystems and 3) the ability of some pedological components to fixate the contaminants. The first way is a real decontamination process resulting in the removal from the biosphere of significant quantities of radionuclides. Indeed, during the last years the total activity of short- life-isotopes was decreased by a factor of some thousand and actually, the main contaminants are 137Cs and 90Sr which are decreasing according to their half-life. The two other ways of self-restoration are closely connected with radionuclides migration (vertical or/and horizontal) in soils. The vertical migration velocities of 137Cs and 90Sr in typical soils of contaminated regions in Ukraine and Belarus were evaluated annually during 9 years since the accident. In most of these soils the migration rate of 90Sr seems higher than this of 137Cs and ranges from 0.71 to 1.54 cm/year and 0.10 to 1.16 cm/year respectively. At present time the main part of radionuclides is located in the upper 10 cm layer of soils. The ability of soils components to immobilize the radionuclides was also investigated. From 1989 to 1994 approximately 57% of 137Cs was converted in fixed forms and for the year 2000 it is expected that this percentage will be 80%. Finally, for total contaminated regions, the obtained results on vertical migration velocity of radionuclides as a function of the soil type, are presented under the form of a map in order to help decision makers to determine the feasibility and the methodology for restoration of areas contaminated by 137Cs and 90Sr. 1. Introduction The scale of the territory contaminated from the Chernobyl accident (approximately 140000 Km2) makes difficult the implementation of an extensive restoration strategy on account of its economical, technical and social implications. Before to recommend a large-scale application of any rehabilitation technique, it is important to know the medium- and long- term intensity of self-restoration for the most of the affected territories. This work presents the experience gained during the last decade in the field of natural restoration of contaminated vast ecosystems. Three main ways express the process of self-restoration: 1) the natural radioactive decay, 2) the transfer of radionuclides out of natural ecosystems and 3) the ability of some pedological components to fixate the contaminants for long-term. The first way is a real decontamination process resulting in the removal from the biosphere of significant quantities - 465 - of radionuclides. The two other ways of self-restoration are closely connected with radionuclides migration (vertical or/and horizontal) in soils and their entry to the food-chain. It is obvious that any reduction in time of radionuclide transfer into the surface biota and/or any decrease of the radiation of soils, caused by spontaneous natural processes, brings out a reduction of internal and external irradiation doses. 2. Methodology The natural behaviour of 137Cs and 90Sr in typical soils of contaminated regions in Ukraine and Belarus was studied for 9 consequent years since the accident. However, the study of natural restoration of contaminated areas must be considered in terms of variable landscape-geochemical complexes and thus the study of radionuclide's behaviour in different media such as soil, vegetation, surface and ground waters, became of great interest for the assessment of the efficacy of decontamination techniques applicable in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident. Reasoning from the concept that self-restoration of natural landscapes is any removal of radionuclides from the active geochemical cycle of the affected areas due to the active migration and/or durable fixation into the soils, from 1993 to 1995 we considered two main lines of study within the EC/CIS Experimental Collaboration Project n°4 (ECP-4). The first one was based on the evaluation of the intensity of radionuclides migration. A study of vertical redistribution of radionuclides in different soil types was conducted in Ukraine and Belarus. An important surface ablation of soils may be occurred in sloping landscapes thus, they can considered as a good topographical model which may give indications of long-term behaviour of radionuclides soon, we studied the efficiency of self- restoration on four sloping sites with different incline, soil types, vegetation character, density of contamination and form of radionuclides. The second investigation line was based on the dynamics of distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs and their forms of occurrence in different types of soils and the concurrent changes of phytomass contamination. The main processes of self-restoration resulting to the reduction of external irradiation are the radioactive decay and the vertical or/and lateral migration of radionuclides. The processes leading to the decrease of internal irradiation are the radioactive decay, the vertical or/and lateral migration and the immobilization of radionuclides. It is necessary to know the main parameters of self-restoration of different types of soils for the recovery of large contaminated areas. This knowledge forms the background for any project and decision associated to the application of countermeasures. Indeed the following information can be delivered: 1. Predict the decontamination of soils as a function of time and thus forecast of natural rehabilitation of contaminated areas. The affected areas in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia being vast, it is essential to know the intensity of their natural self-restoration. 2. Classify the contaminated territories and select the areas and sites for the implementation of countermeasures. 3. Define the secondary effect of the rehabilitation actions and introduce them in the cost- benefit analysis of the countermeasures. 4. Qualify the contaminated areas according to their rate of self-restoration in order to plan their reintegration into the normal uses. Within the period of our involvement in the ECP-4, studies were conducted related mainly to the two first of the above items. Data referring to the properties of migration - 466 - (horizontal and vertical) and of immobilization of radionuclides into the contaminated soils of different type are presented below. 3. Results 3.1. Evaluation of the radioecological balances of contaminated territories The evaluation of the radioecological balance of affected areas in Ukraine and Belarus was made in the base of general quantitative estimations of radionuclides horizontal migration. The balance of radionuclides in the landscapes reflects the ability of the natural systems to "evacuate" the pollutants. It can be negative or positive, depending of the direction and the intensity of the natural processes of migration of radionuclides. In addition to the classic geochemical parameters, terrestrial balance of radionuclides depends on the forms of relief, the lithology of soil forming deposits and the vegetation cover. These factors are to be taken into account in order to evaluate the ability of different elements of landscapes to evacuate or to accumulate 137Cs [1,2,3]. Based on the balance of this radionuclide, the landscape elements of 30-km zone (Ukraine) or of Khoiniki region (Belarus) can be classified on three main groups 1) areas with negative balance (where the process of radionuclides evacuation is dominant), 2) areas with neutral balance and 3) areas with positive balance (and accumulation of radioactivity) [4], We prepared short-term and long-term maps of balance evaluation of 137Cs surface migration in natural landscapes of Chernobyl zone. Short-term balance reflects the evaluation from the present situation up to 20-30 years in future. Long-term balance is a forecast situation 60-80 years from now, when some stable forest succession will arrive, and shows globally small differences compared to the short-term one. The landscape of extreme-morainic ridge of Chistogalovka, shows both in short-term and in long-term aspects, a clear negative balance of I37Cs. Generally landscapes with negative short-term balance of the radionuclide occupy 36,9% of the estimated territory. Neutral short-term balance is expected for sandy territories of the river terraces and fluvioglacial plains and together with water surfaces and industrial areas cover approximately 38,9% of the territory. Zones of positive short-term balance of !37Cs are identified with closed depressions, watershed catchments, elements of erosional network and rear lowered parts of river terraces and flood plains. Positive balance of the radionuclide
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Activities About the Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl NPS Accident and Social Activities to Assist the Sufferers by the Accident
    Research Activities about the Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl NPS Accident and Social Activities to Assist the Sufferers by the Accident Report of an International Collaborative Work under the Research Grant of the Toyota Foundation in 1995 - 1997 Edited by IMANAKA T. Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University March 1998 Research Activities about the Radiological Consequences of the Chernobyl NPS Accident and Social Activities to Assist the Sufferers by the Accident Preface The 12th anniversary is coming soon of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the former USSR on April 26, 1986. Many issues are, however, still unresolved about the radiological impacts on the environment and people due to the Chernobyl accident. This report contains the results of an international collaborative project about the radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident, carried out from November 1995 to October 1997 under the research grant of the Toyota foundation. Our project team consisted of the following 9 members: T. Imanaka (leader, KURRI), H. Koide (KURRI), V. P. Matsko (Institute of Radiobiology, Academy of Sciences of Belarus), I. A. Ryabzev (Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences), O. Nasvit (Institute of Hydrobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine), A. Yaroshinskaya (Yaroshinskaya Charity Fund, Russia), M. V. Malko (Institute of Physical and Chemical Radiation Problems, Academy Sciences of Belarus), V. Tykhyi (Environmental Education and Information Center, Ukraine) and S. Sugiura (Japan Chernobyl Foundation, Minsk office). Collaborative works were promoted along with the following 5 sub-themes: General description of research activities in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine concerning the radiological consequences of the accident.
    [Show full text]
  • COUNTRY SECTION Armenia Fishery Products
    Validity date from COUNTRY Armenia 28/09/2008 00016 SECTION Fishery products Date of publication 15/09/2008 List in force Approval number Name City Regions Activities Remark Date of request AM 001 Bakss Llc Sis Ararat PP 34 AM 002 Ichchan Ararat LLC Sevan Gegharqunik PP 34 11/08/2008 AM 003 Aquatic Llc Tsovazard Gelark'unik' PP 44 AM 007 Dimitri LLC Araks Armavir PP 34 11/08/2008 AM 008 Art-Bagh Llc Lchashen Gelark'unik' PP 34 Activities Legend : PP Processing Plant Remarks Legend : 34 Only for live non-farmed crayfish 44 For live non-farmed crayfish and for cooked and/or frozen non-farmed crayfish 1 / 1 Validity date from COUNTRY Azerbaijan 31/12/2009 00012 SECTION Fishery products Date of publication 18/12/2009 List in force Approval number Name City Regions Activities Remark Date of request AZE 01 10 101 Caspian Fish Co. Azerbaijan Llc Khurdalan Absheron PP 52 12/11/2009 AZE 53 10 121 AB Siyazan Fish Ltd Siyazan Siyazan PP 52 12/11/2009 Activities Legend : PP Processing Plant Remarks Legend : 52 Authorised only for imports of caviar 1 / 1 Validity date from COUNTRY Belarus 05/03/2015 00024 SECTION Processing plants Date of publication 05/03/2015 List in force Approval number Name City Regions Activities Remark Date of request 0013MC JSC Orsha Meat Canning Plant Orsha Vitsyebskaya Voblasts' CAT3 0014MC VOLKOVSKIJ MIASOKOMBINAT OAO Volkovysk Hrodzyenskaya Voblasts' CAT3 0015MC OJSC Grodno meat-processing plant Grodno Hrodzyenskaya Voblasts' CAT3 0016MC OJSC Oshmyanski- meat-packing plant Oshmyany Hrodzyenskaya Voblasts' CAT3 0017MC JSC
    [Show full text]
  • Wedding Rituals in the Belarusian Palesse 43
    Wedding Rituals in the Belarusian Palesse 43 Wedding Rituals on the Territory of Belarusian Palesse Iryna Charniakevich Department of Humanities Hrodna State Medical University Grodno, Belarus Abstract The article traces the local peculiarities of historical and ethnographic distribution of wedding rites in Belarusian Palesse. It is based on the analysis of a wide range of published sources, archival materials, and unpublished ethnographic field studies. This work was conducted in the context of Belarusian regional studies and concerns only the Belarusian part of Palesse, the territory which was subject to Belarusian ethnic processes in the early twentieth century and, in the second half of the twentieth century, was included in Belarusian territory; it does not apply to the entire region, that is Russian Poles’e, Ukrainian Polisse, and Polish Polesie. The analyzed rituals include all three stages of an East Slavic wedding ceremony: before the wedding, the wedding itself, and after the wedding. The common features and local differences of West and East Palesse weddings are discussed. This article is a part of my research entitled “Historical and Ethnographic distribution of wedding rites in Belarusian Palesse.” It is based on the analysis of a wide range of published sources, archival materials, and unpublished ethnographic field studies, including my own. Most of the sources used in this paper are from the first half of the twentieth century. However, taking into account the relative stability of traditional culture (at least prior to recent modernization) the use of published sources from the second half of the XIX century seems possible in a study like this.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Monitoring of Human Rights Center “Viasna” Concerning Tortures and Facts of Other Kinds of Inhumane Treatment Towards Citizens of Belarus
    REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2004 2 REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2004 PREAMBLE: CONCLUSIONS AND GENERALIZATIONS In 2004 the political situation in Belarus was distinguished by further worsening of the situation of human rights and the relations between the state and individuals. Regular and deliberate human rights violations became a necessary condition for the strengthening of the unlimited dictatorial power – infringements of human rights served as the funda¬ment for authoritarianism and were a favorable environment for the development of totalitarianism. One of the main factors that influenced the public and political situation in Belarus in 2004 was the Parliamentary election and the nationwide referendum concerning the possibility to prolong Aliaksandr Luka¬shenka’s presidential powers. The need for the liquidation of the cons¬ti¬tutional restriction of the number of possible presidential terms defined the state policy and influenced it in all circles of public life. This factor ma¬nifested in the sphere of human rights with the aggravation of the rep¬ressions against political opponents and prosecution of opposition-mindedness, enforcement of new discriminative legal acts, further limitation of the freedom of the press, violation of the liberty of peaceful assemblies and associations and other obstacles for the enjoyment of personal liberties by citizens of Belarus. Citizens of Belarus were deprived of the right to take part in the state government with the assistance of elected representatives. The election to the Chamber of Representatives wasn’t free and democratic. It was conducted according to the scenario that was prepared by the authorities in complete conformity with the “wishes” A.
    [Show full text]
  • SITUATION of HUMAN RIGHTS in BELARUS in 2014
    Human Rights Centre “Viasna” SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS in BELARUS in 2014 REVIEW-CHRONICLE Minsk, 2015 SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN BELARUS in 2014 REVIEW-CHRONICLE Author and compiler: Tatsiana Reviaka Editor and author of the foreword: Valiantsin Stefanovich The edition was prepared on the basis of reviews of human rights violations in Belarus published every month in 2014. Each of the monthly reviews includes an analysis of the most important events infl uencing the observance of human rights and outlines the most eloquent and characteristic facts of human rights abuses registered over the described period. The review was prepared on the basis of personal appeals of victims of human rights abuses and the facts which were either registered by human rights activists or reported by open informational sources. The book features photos from the archive of the Human Rights Center “Viasna”, as well as from publications on the websites of Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty Belarus service, the Nasha Niva newspaper, tv.lrytas.lt, baj.by, gazetaby.com, and taken by Franak Viachorka and Siarhei Hudzilin. Human Rights Situation in 2014: Trends and Evaluation The situation of human rights during 2014 remained consistently poor with a tendency to deterioration at the end of the year. Human rights violations were of both systemic and systematic nature: basic civil and political rights were extremely restricted, there were no systemic changes in the fi eld of human rights (at the legislative level and (or) at the level of practices). The only positive development during the year was the early release of Ales Bialiatski, Chairman of the Human Rights Centre “Viasna” and Vice-President of the International Federation for Human Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Environment in the Republic of Belarus
    THE MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS STATE SCIENTIFIC ESTABLISHMENT «INSTITUTE OF NATURAL MANAGEMENT NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY OF BELARUS» THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS NATIONAL REPORT Minsk «Beltamozhservice» 2010 UDC 502(476)(047.1) Editorial board of the Ministry of natural resources and environmental protection of the Republic of Belarus Ambrazhevich M.L., Germenchuk M.G., Dobritsky A.V., Zharkina A.I., Komosko I.V., Kuzmenkov S.K., Panteleeva O.A., Pilipchuk A.S., Rudko I.V., Rusaya I.E., Savich O.V., Savchenko V.V., Trafimovich T.F. Prepared by: Kadatskaya O.V., Sanets E.V., Bykova N.K., Ovcharova E.P. The state of environment in the Republic of Belarus: Nat. report / the Ministry of natural resources and environmental protection of the Republic of Belarus, State scientific establishment «Institute of natural management National science academy of Belarus». – Minsk: Beltamozhservice, 2010. – 150 p. ISBN 978-985-6667-85-8. In the national report «The state of environment of the Republic of Belarus» there is information which characterizes the condition and change tendencies for last five years (2005-2009) of atmospheric air, surface waters, plant and animal life according to the international ecological indicators are presented. Features of use and protection of water, ground and biological resources of the country are reflected, priority directions of the state policy of the environment protection, including management of nature protection activity, the ecological information, formation and education, international cooperation are shown. The report is prepared for state structures of management, scientific and public organizations, the country, and also foreign partners by the objective information about the state of environment of the Republic of Belarus, natural resources of the country and their protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Festuca Arietina Klok
    ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 59/1: 35–53, 2017 DOI: 10.1515/abcsb-2017-0004 MORPHOLOGICAL, KARYOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF FESTUCA ARIETINA KLOK. – A NEGLECTED PSAMMOPHILOUS SPECIES OF THE FESTUCA VALESIACA AGG. FROM EASTERN EUROPE IRYNA BEDNARSKA1*, IGOR KOSTIKOV2, ANDRII TARIEIEV3 AND VACLOVAS STUKONIS4 1Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Kozelnytska str., Lviv, 79026, Ukraine 2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrs’ka str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine 3Ukrainian Botanical Society, 2 Tereshchenkivska str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine 4Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, LT-58343 Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania Received February 20, 2015; revision accepted March 20, 2017 Until recently, Festuca arietina was practically an unknown species in the flora of Eastern Europe. Such a situa- tion can be treated as a consequence of insufficient studying of Festuca valesiaca group species in Eastern Europe and misinterpretation of the volume of some taxa. As a result of a complex study of F. arietina populations from the territory of Ukraine (including the material from locus classicus), Belarus and Lithuania, original anatomy, morphology and molecular data were obtained. These data confirmed the taxonomical status of F. arietina as a separate species. Eleven morphological and 12 anatomical characters, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 cluster of nuclear ribo- somalKeywords: genes, as well as the models of secondary structure of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts were studied in this approach. It was found for the first time that F. arietina is hexaploid (6x = 42), which is distinguished from all the other narrow-leaved fescues by specific leaf anatomy as well as in ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • MATERNITY COLONIES of MYOTIS BRANDTII in the POLESIE STATE RADIATION-ECOLOGICAL RESERVE Introduction
    Theriologia Ukrainica, 16: 91–94 (2018) http://doi.org/10.15407/pts2018.16.091 UDC 599.4(476:282.247.322:23.07) MATERNITY COLONIES OF MYOTIS BRANDTII IN THE POLESIE STATE RADIATION-ECOLOGICAL RESERVE Valery C. Dombrovski Polesie State Radioecological Reserve (Khoiniki, Belarus) Correspondence to: Polesie State Radioecological Reserve; Tereshkovoj St. 7, Khoiniki, 247618 Belarus; e-mail: [email protected] Maternity colonies of Myotis brandtii in the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve. — V. C. Dom- brovski. — Two lactating females of Brandt’s bat were radio-tracked during 26–28 June 2016 and 14–20 June 2017 in the Polesie State Radiation-Ecological Reserve (Khoiniki district, Gomel region). Four tree roosts of nursery colonies of Brandt’s bat were found. The roosts were detected at the dead oak trees in an old oak forest at a distance of 142–870 m from each other. Roosts were located in trunk cracks and behind peel- ing bark at a height of 4–16 m above the ground. Visual inspection during the evening revealed that the ma- ternity colony consisted of 8–10 individuals of Brandt’s bat. In 2016, there was a mixed colony of Brandt’s bat and the soprano pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pygmaeus). This is the first documented record of maternity colo- nies of Brandt’s bat and the easternmost finding localities of this species in Belarus. Key words: maternity colony, bats, Myotis brandtii, Polesie, Reserve, Belarus. Материнські колонії Myotis brandtii в Поліському державному радіаційно-екологічному заповід- нику. — В. Ч. Домбровський. — За допомогою радіостеження за двома репродуктивно активними самками нічниці північної протягом 26–28 червня 2016 р.
    [Show full text]
  • An Excerpt from the Review by E. K. Nilova, a Senior Researcher at the SSTI “Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center”
    An excerpt from the review by E. K. Nilova, a senior researcher at the SSTI “Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center”: “The largest nuclear disaster occurred in the last century. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant has happened in 1986. It has the highest level on the international nuclear events scale (the 7th level). The consequences of the accident effected many countries in Europe to varying degrees. Ukraine, Belarus and Russia suffered the most. Moreover, the relative accident consequences severity for the Republic of Belarus turned out to be significantly higher than for neighboring countries. This is why overcoming the consequences of Chernobyl has become a task of national importance for the Republic of Belarus. Although the first half-life of the main “Chernobyl” radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr- 90) has already ended, public education on the current radiation situation in the contaminated territories remains relevant due to the current situation with radiation exposure in the post-Chernobyl period. The informational and journalistic essay is written in an extremely simple style that is understandable to users whose professional activity is not related to nuclear and radiation safety, as well as for children and seniors.” 34 Years After Chernobyl. Radiation, Are You Still Here? You can read on the Internet that the half-life of the cesium-137 the Chernobyl NPP released has already ended and the danger has passed. However, it seems to be more prudent to try to understand whether the risk continues today — and if so, to learn how to avoid it. Chernobyl NPP, 1986 2 Let's briefly recall the history The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986 is for good reason considered one of the largest man-made disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Breeding Population of the White Stork in Belarus in 2004-2005 – Results of the 6Th International White Stork Census
    WHITE STORK POPULATIONS ACROSS THE WORLD The breeding population of the White Stork in Belarus in 2004-2005 – Results of the 6th International White Stork Census Irina Samusenko Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Zusammenfassung Summary Der Internationale Weißstorchzensus 2004/05 war erfolgreicher The national White Stork census of 2004­2005 in Belarus was als alle anderen Erfassungen zuvor. Neue Methoden der Daten­ more successful than all of the previous surveys. New approaches erfassung und Analyse wurden genutzt. Das machte erstmals for data collection and analysis were used. This allowed a popula­ eine umfassende Hochrechnung der Populationsgröße in Belarus tion estimate of White Storks to be made for the whole of Belarus möglich. Nach der Hochrechnung und der Korrektur der vorhan­ for the first time. After extrapolation and correction of the availa­ denen Daten wurde der Weißstorchbestand in Belarus auf rund ble data, the Belarusian White Stork population was estimated to 21.400 Paare (HPa) hochgerechnet. be around 21,400 breeding pairs (HPa). Diese Zahlen sind etwa zweimal so hoch, wie bei den vorherigen This was almost twice as high as for previous censuses, mainly Zählungen. Dies wird großenteils auf die verbesserte Methodik due to the higher quality of the 2004­2005 census. Nevertheless des Weißstorchzensus 2004/05 zurückgeführt. Ein Vergleich von comparison of 2004/05 sample plot data with previous results for Probeflächenzählungen mit früheren Erfassungen weist jedoch the same areas indicated that there had also been a real increase einen realen Bestandsanstieg seit den 1980ziger und 1990ziger in White Stork population size during the 1980­1990’s, at least in Jahren nach.
    [Show full text]
  • BELARUS Building Blocks for a Sustainable Future
    BELARUS Building Blocks for a Sustainable Future A Selected Review of Environment and Natural Resource Management ECSSD June 2002 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary i-xix I. Introduction 1 A. Background and Purpose 1 B. Rationale and Context for the Study 1 C. Value Added of the Report 3 Why these three areas of focus (water, energy, natural resources 3 management)? II. Macroeconomic Trends and Linkages 6 A. Macroeconomic Background 6 Poverty and the Environment 8 B. The Pollution Intensity of Economic Activity 9 C. Genuine Savings 11 D. Allocation of Capital Investment for Environmental Protection 13 E. Environmental Expenditures and Their Financing 14 Expenditures 14 Revenues 15 Pollution Charges 16 Natural Resource Extraction Charges 17 Forestry Charges 18 Environmental Finances in a Broader Context 18 F. Conclusions on Environmental Policy and Macroeconomic 22 Developments III. Environmental Trends in Belarus 23 A. The Country, its Geography and Economy 23 B. Environmental Pollution and Ambient Quality 24 Air and Water Emissions 24 Water Quality 24 Air Quality 27 Radioactivity 30 Solid Waste 30 C. Agriculture, Forestry, Biodiversity and Mineral Resources 31 Agriculture 31 Forestry 33 Biodiversity 35 Mineral Resources 36 IV. The Management of the Environment: Institutional Issues 38 A. Institutional Framework 38 B. Environmental Education and Training 43 C. NGOs in Belarus 43 Public Participation in Environmental Issues 46 D. International Cooperation and Agreements 47 Annex 4-1: Environmental Assessment Procedures in Belarus 50 V. Environmental Aspects of Energy Efficiency in Belarus 61 A. Background and Regional Context 61 B. The Impact of Macroeconomic Developments on Energy-related 63 Emissions Russian Natural Gas Prices 65 C.
    [Show full text]
  • 03Bednarska Et Al (59-1).Pdf
    ACTA BIOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA Series Botanica 59/1: 35–53, 2017 DOI: 10.1515/abcsb-2017-0004 MORPHOLOGICAL, KARYOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF FESTUCA ARIETINA KLOK. – A NEGLECTED PSAMMOPHILOUS SPECIES OF THE FESTUCA VALESIACA AGG. FROM EASTERN EUROPE IRYNA BEDNARSKA1*, IGOR KOSTIKOV2, ANDRII TARIEIEV3 AND VACLOVAS STUKONIS4 1Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Kozelnytska str., Lviv, 79026, Ukraine 2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrs’ka str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine 3Ukrainian Botanical Society, 2 Tereshchenkivska str., Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine 4Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, LT-58343 Akademija, Kedainiai distr., Lithuania Received February 20, 2015; revision accepted March 20, 2017 Until recently, Festuca arietina was practically an unknown species in the flora of Eastern Europe. Such a situa- tion can be treated as a consequence of insufficient studying of Festuca valesiaca group species in Eastern Europe and misinterpretation of the volume of some taxa. As a result of a complex study of F. arietina populations from the territory of Ukraine (including the material from locus classicus), Belarus and Lithuania, original anatomy, morphology and molecular data were obtained. These data confirmed the taxonomical status of F. arietina as a separate species. Eleven morphological and 12 anatomical characters, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 cluster of nuclear ribo- somalKeywords: genes, as well as the models of secondary structure of ITS1 and ITS2 transcripts were studied in this approach. It was found for the first time that F. arietina is hexaploid (6x = 42), which is distinguished from all the other narrow-leaved fescues by specific leaf anatomy as well as in ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences.
    [Show full text]