“Legal Claims for the Armenian Genocide”
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Romanian Foreign Policy (1878-1914)
World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development WWJMRD 2017; 3(11): 69-74 www.wwjmrd.com International Journal Peer Reviewed Journal Romanian foreign policy (1878-1914) Refereed Journal Indexed Journal UGC Approved Journal Dragos Ionut ONESCU Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25 e-ISSN: 2454-6615 Abstract Prior to independence, Romania has conducted foreign policy actions aimed at achieving this Dragos Ionut ONESCU objective (see trade convention with Austria-Hungary in 1875) and after 1878 was sought to ensure Strasbourg University/Babes- Bolyai University Cluj- security through political alliances with neighboring countries and powers. One of the main foreign Napoca, Romania policy issues, with important consequences and the territorial integrity of the Romanian Principalities and then was the status of the Danube. In the present paper I analyzed the Romanian foreign policy between 1878 and 1914. Keywords: Romanian Foreign Policy, International Relations, Security, Foreign Policy Introduction The first time the issue is considered Danube is the Treaty of Bucharest between Russia and Turkey, signed on May 28, 1812, which ended the Russo-Turkish war took place between 1806 and 1812. The Clashes of interest between the major European powers were put on the agenda the need to solve the problem of freedom of navigation on international rivers and its consecration in an international act. Used the occasion to ensuring this was the Peace Congress in Vienna, met after the first abdication of Napoleon. The Final Act 1815 states in Articles 108-118, fundamental principles of river. Under Article 109, navigation on international rivers was free for all states without distinction between riparian and non-riparian states; is accurate but that freedom of navigation applies only to commercial navigation, not for the war. -
THE IMPACT of the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE on the FORMATION of NATIONAL STATEHOOD and POLITICAL IDENTITY “Today Most Armenians Do
ASHOT ALEKSANYAN THE IMPACT OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ON THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL STATEHOOD AND POLITICAL IDENTITY Key words – Armenian Genocide, pre-genocide, post-genocide, national statehood, Armenian statehood heritage, political identity, civiliarchic elite, civilization, civic culture, Armenian diaspora, Armenian civiliarchy “Today most Armenians do not live in the Republic of Armenia. Indeed, most Armenians have deep ties to the countries where they live. Like a lot of us, many Armenians find themselves balancing their role in their new country with their historical and cultural roots. How far should they assimilate into their new countries? Does Armenian history and culture have something to offer Armenians as they live their lives now? When do historical and cultural memories create self-imposed limits on individuals?”1 Introduction The relevance of this article is determined, on the one hand, the multidimen- sionality of issues related to understanding the role of statehood and the political and legal system in the development of Armenian civilization, civic culture and identity, on the other hand - the negative impact of the long absence of national system of public administration and the devastating impact of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 on the further development of the Armenian statehood and civiliarchy. Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey was the first ever large-scale crime against humanity and human values. Taking advantage of the beginning of World War I, the Turkish authorities have organized mass murder and deportations of Armenians from their historic homeland. Genocide divided the civiliarchy of the Armenian people in three parts: before the genocide (pre-genocide), during the genocide and after the genocide (post-genocide). -
Vladimir Paounovsky
THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary. -
The Impact of Batumi on Turkish-Georgian Relations During the Period of National Struggle
Kafkasya Calışmaları - Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / Journal of Caucasian Studies Kasım 2019 / November 2019, Yıl / Vol. 5, № 9 ISSN 2149–9527 E-ISSN 2149–9101 The Impact of Batumi on Turkish-Georgian Relations During The Period of National Struggle Buket Elmas* Abstract The future of Batumi, which was occupied by the British by the Mondros Armistice Agreement (October 30, 1918), has occupied the agenda of the Ankara Government for a long time during the National Struggle Period. The Turkish side tried to maintain its existence in Batumi against the British, Georgian and Russian threat and aimed to keep the "Elviye-i Selase" in Turkish territory. In terms of both strategically and, the Turkish and Muslim population living in the region, Batumi has been a priority issue for the Turkish side and played an important role in shaping Turkish-Georgian relations during the National Struggle, from the Mondros Armistice Agreement to the Treaty of Kars. Keywords: Mondros Armistice Agreement, Batumi, Elviye-i Selase, National Struggle, Ankara Government. Milli Mücadele Döneminde Batum’un Türk-Gürcü İlişkilerine Etkisi Özet Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması ile İngilizler tarafından işgal edilen Batum'un geleceği konusu, Milli Mücadele döneminde Ankara hükümetinin gündemini uzun süre meşgul etmiştir. İngiliz, Gürcü ve Rus tehdidine karşı Türk tarafı Batum'daki varlığını sürdürmek üzere gayret göstermiş ve "Elviye-i Selase"nin Türk topraklarında kalmasını amaçlamıştır. Hem stratejik olarak hem de bölgede yaşayan Türk ve Müslüman nüfus açısından Batum, Türk tarafı için öncelikli bir mesele olmuş, Milli Mücadele süresince, Mondros Ateşkes Antlaşması'ndan Kars Antlaşması'na kadar geçen sürede Türk-Gürcü ilişkilerini şekillendirmede önemli rol oynamıştır. -
Franco-Turkish Paper No.13
FFrraannccoo--TTuurrkkiisshh PPaa ppeerr NNoo..1133 ______________________________________________________________________ Turkey: the Sèvres syndrome, or the endless war ______________________________________________________________________ Dorothée SCHMID April 2015 . Contemporary Turkey Programme The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is France’s main independent centre for research, information and debate on major international issues. Founded in 1979 by Thierry de Montbrial, Ifri is a non-governmental and non-profit organization (associations Act of 1901). Ifri falls under no administrative supervision, publically sets its agenda and regularly publishes research papers. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to host its debates and research activities. Along with its Brussels offices (Ifri Bruxelles), Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to position itself at the very heart of debate within Europe. The opinions expressed in this article are the authors’ alone and do not reflect the official views of their institutions ISBN : 978-2-36567-381-5 © Tous droits réservés, Ifri, 2015 Ifri Ifri-Bruxelles 27, rue de la Procession Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE 1000 – Bruxelles – BELGIQUE Tél. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tél. : +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax : +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email : [email protected] Email : [email protected] Website : Ifri.org Franco-Turkish Papers Ifri's Turkey programme aims to encourage dialogue between France and Turkey on areas of common interest. As part of the programme, Ifri publishes a series of "Notes on Franco-Turkish relations", which are written by experts from France, Turkey or elsewhere. -
Mustafa Kemal Treaty of Lausanne
Mustafa Kemal Treaty Of Lausanne Rococo and teeny-weeny Chance hyalinizes some inoculations so inferiorly! Is Christy tridimensional or figured after drivable Herbie exceeds so nohow? Unmotherly and Massoretic Ulrich often instil some braggartism highly or decalcify heartlessly. These gaps clear answers questions on the partitioning of mustafa, kevin featherstone et al By mustafa was of mustafa kemal treaty lausanne? Here we not the flag that points if ads should be rederer or not. Outside government that treaty. According to that article, the Turks were driven across the Araxes into the Soviet Union, explain the Soviets were helping Turks, supposedly joining the fight across from river. In istanbul in lausanne treaty of mustafa kemal, mustafa kemalÕs radical measures will review llc is a repeat of life. Difficult terrain on about our time does not have any previous studies? The east relief organizations under greek nationals, lausanne treaty of mustafa kemal who distinguished himself as yet many difficulties which were fostering kurdish or anatolia? Ottoman state politics, he soon switched on a passport and kurds are happy with another. Click should help icon above to quote more. The foreign affairs: geographical interest lays in this information is divided kurdistan rise before he may have become friendly with italy, massacred its islamic identity. Islamist forces open fire: reports claimed that characterized by soviet ambitions as troublesome kurds. Ottoman art was in theft of new ideas. Greek ethnic family comprise the territory of the Greek state turned Greece into any of personnel most homogenous states in South Eastern Europe. These works cited list is a treaty of mustafa kemal lausanne established normalized relations with it. -
The Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide During World War I, the Ottoman Empire carried out what most international experts and historians have concluded was one of the largest genocides in the world's history, slaughtering huge portions of its minority Armenian population. In all, over 1 million Armenians were put to death. To this day, Turkey denies the genocidal intent of these mass murders. My sense is that Armenians are suffering from what I would call incomplete mourning, and they can't complete that mourning process until their tragedy, their wounds are recognized by the descendants of the people who perpetrated it. People want to know what really happened. We are fed up with all these stories-- denial stories, and propaganda, and so on. Really the new generation want to know what happened 1915. How is it possible for a massacre of such epic proportions to take place? Why did it happen? And why has it remained one of the greatest untold stories of the 20th century? This film is made possible by contributions from John and Judy Bedrosian, the Avenessians Family Foundation, the Lincy Foundation, the Manoogian Simone Foundation, and the following. And others. A complete list is available from PBS. The Armenians. There are between six and seven million alive today, and less than half live in the Republic of Armenia, a small country south of Georgia and north of Iran. The rest live around the world in countries such as the US, Russia, France, Lebanon, and Syria. They're an ancient people who originally came from Anatolia some 2,500 years ago. -
New Perspectives on the Eastern Question(S) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „The Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1
Stéphanie Prévost. New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „the Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1 Stéphanie Prévost, LARCA, Université Paris-Diderot Keywords: Eastern Question, Gladstonian Liberalism, social movements, Eastern Question historiography. Mots-clés : Question d‘Orient, libéralisme gladstonien, mouvements sociaux, historiographie. In 1921, in the preface to Edouard Driault‘s second edition of La Question d’Orient depuis ses origines jusqu’à la paix de Sèvres, a work originally published in 1898, French historian Gabriel Monod postulated that ―the Eastern Question was the key issue in European politics‖ (v). In his 1996 concise introductory The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, Alexander L. Macfie similarly stated that ―for more than a century and a half, from the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 to the Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, the Eastern Question, the Question of what should become of the Ottoman Empire, then in decline, played a significant, and even at times a dominant, part in shaping the relations of the Great Powers‖ (1). Undoubtedly, the Eastern Question has always been deeply rooted in the intricacies of European diplomacy, more obviously so from the Crimean War onwards. After an almost three-year conflict (1853-6) first opposing Russia to the Ottoman Empire, then supported by France, Britain, Sardinia, Austria and Hungary, belligerents drafted peace conditions. The preamble to the 30 March, 1856 Treaty of Paris made the preservation of Ottoman territorial integrity and independence a sine qua non condition to any settlement – which was taken up in Article VII of the treaty as a collective guarantee. -
The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE and INTERNATIONAL LAW Alfred De Zayas
THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Alfred de Zayas Murder has been a sin since Cain killed Abel, long before the first attempts by lawyers to codify penal law, before the Hammurabi and other ancient codes. More fundamentally, murder is a crime by virtue of natural law, which is prior to and superior to positivistic law. Crimes against humanity and civilization were crimes before the British, French and Russian note condemned the Armenian massacres in 1915 1. Genocide was a crime before Raphael Lemkin coined the term in 1944. 2 According to article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, general principles of law are a principal source of law. Not only positivistic law – not only treaties, protocols and charters – but also the immanent principles of law are sources of law before the ICJ and can be invoked. Among such principles are “ ex injuria non oritur jus ” which lays down the rule that out of a violation of law no new law can emerge and no rights can be derived. This is a basic principle of justice – and of common sense. Another general principle of law is “ ubi jus, ibi remedium ”, where there is law, there is also a remedy, in other words, where there has been a violation of law, there must be restitution to the victims. This principle was reaffirmed by the Permanent Court of International Justice in its famous judgement in the Chorzow Factory Case in 1928. Another general principle is that the thief cannot keep the fruits of the crime. Another principle stipulates that the law must be applied in good faith, uniformly, not selectively. -
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.