E T a N I C Connotative Meaning in the Proverbs of the Batak Angkola

Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics E T A N I C

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Connotative Meaning In The Proverbs Of The Batak Angkola Language

Mahrani1, Ayu Andira2, Feni Jelita Hasibuan3 1English Department, University of Graha Nusantara Padangsidimpuan, Indonesia 2,3 Bachelor of English Language Education, University of Graha Nusantara Padangsidimpuan, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: This research was aimed to describe the connotative meaning in the proverbs of the Batak Language which used by people in Batak tribe which most live in Received July 17, 2021 North Sumatera. The writer formulates the problem of this research is how the Revised July 19, 2021 connotative meaning in the proverbs of Batak language? The data of this Accepted July 22, 2021 research was the proverbs of Batak language which taken from Hatobangon who used proverbs in cultural ceremony in Tandihat Baru village region of Tapanuli selatan, North Sumatera. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative Keywords: in order to analyze the semantic of connotative meaning of proverbs in Batak semantics language. The results of this research showed that that the connotative meaning in the proverbs of Batak Language is having differences to denotative ones and language its meaning depends on personal experience of Batak people experience and meaning mostly relate the meaning of its proverbs to human life such as responsibility, proverb hard work, social concern, and patience. batak

Corresponding Author: Mahrani English Department, Universitas Graha Nusantara Padangsidimpuan, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION Language is a means of communication that is used by human to transfer knowledge, information, ideas, and feelings. It is used in every side of human life like daily conversation at home, formal conversation at office, in school. Then language occurs in various circumstances; who speak, what is speaking about, when the speaking occurs and to whom we speak. Language produced both in written and spoken form. Language is a dynamic and arbitrary. Therefore, the development in communication has increased all over the world, countries or even the tribes. The people who used the language in every side of life effect to change a language. Language grows from social context during the time and will change and develop all the time follows the development of society itself. The development occurs in all over the world, countries, city even into small tribes in a region. As in Indonesia which know has many tribes which has its own local languages with their unique character. There are many tribes in Indonesia which are spread out in all over regions such as the Javanese tribes, Batakness, Sundaness, Madurese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Malaynese tribes and many others. Therefore, the unique characteristic of local languages in Indonesian tribes is attractive to be observed. Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Vol 1 No 1 August 2021 E T A N I C e-ISBN : On Proces

In this research, the writer focused at one of the local language which is Batak language that mostly used in North Sumatra. Bataknese is one of the tribes and has local language which has a clear pronunciation, high intonation and straight to the point in doing a communication. Even known as straight communication, but every culture has its own culture especially in language. Batak tribe also has their proverb which still exists and used by older Batak people in some cultural ceremony, as in wedding ceremony. The proverbs are full of meaning and good message to young generation. People of Bataknese use Batak language in all their activity at home and at work office. The user of Batak language is from children who have active in speaking until adults. The writer wants to know how the meaning of Proverbs in Batak languge. Based on the observation, nowadays the native of Batak language especially the third generation was not totally used and understanding that language and also meaning of the proverb in Batak Language. The proverbs only exist in adult native who spoke Batak language. Because, Proverb is not only deal with word, phrase, clause and sentence but it more talk about meaning. The purpose of this research is to describe the proverbs meaning of Batak language in connotative meaning. The writer analyzed the meaning of proverbs in Batak language in order to comprehend and understand the uniqueness of the local language. In analyzing the collected data, the writer used semantic theory from leech theory and support by other supported theories.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Definition of Semantics Semantic is the study of meaning in language expression both written and spoken form. As one of the braches of linguistics that mainly concerned with how the ‘meaning’ was conveyed by the linguistics system, semantic is consisting of different unit structures like sentence, phrases, words, morphemes etc. Bagha (2011) sates that semantics is the study of meaning [1]. Seen by Breal, in the late 19th century, as an emerging science (French, „semantique‟) opposed to phonetics („phonetique‟) as a science of sounds: similarly for Bloomfield in 1930, it was a field covering, as one account of meaningful forms, and the lexicon It’s meant investigate the meanings of linguistics expressions [2]. In addition Semantics is the study of meaning In language [3]. Linguistic semantics deals with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words and sentences of a language. Associative Meaning is the idea, connection what that specific word brings to you. Pardede (2016) stated that” ..It is obvious that meaning plays a very important role in any situation of speech acts [4]. Without meaning, all the utterances of a language are useless or without meaning there will be no language, or if a language is not intended to communicate meaning, there will be no interaction of thought as we do in daily life”. It means, meaning is the soul of language both in written and spoken form in communication. In semantics there are some types of meaning such as Connotative meaning, Social meaning, Affective meaning, reflected meaning, Collective meaning and thematic meaning. These those seven kinds of meaning are differentiated to the three types of lexical meaning.

2.2. Types of Meaning In line with this, Geoffrey Leech [5] studied the meaning in a very broad way and breaks it down into seven types such as ; 1) Logical or conceptual meaning, 2) Connotative meaning, 3) Social meaning, 4) Affective meaning, 5) Reflective meaning, 6) Colloctive meaning, and 7) Thematic meaning. 1. Logical or conceptual meaning. Social meaning also called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning. It refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content. Concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to. Moreover, Efransyah [6] said that the basis of conceptual meaning are the two structural principles that seem to be basis of all linguistics patterning namely the principle of contractiveness and the principle of structure. While the ones by which larger linguistics units are built up out of smaller units, it becomes the second principle. 2. Connotative meaning The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Involving the ‘real world’ experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it. According to Leech’s [5], connotative meaning associates with the linguistics expression one uses or hears that was concerned with the real world experiences. Efransyah [7] states that connotative meaning depends on “individual experience” ultimately while Yule (1996) emphesize it to the “speaker meaning” essence [8].

Connotative Meaning In The Proverbs Of The Batak Angkola Language (Mahrani)

34 Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Vol 1 No 1 August 2021 E T A N I C e-ISBN : On Proces

3. Social meaning Social meaning deal with two aspects of communication which is rise from the social context where the utterances and sentences were occurs in language by the people. So, the social context is concerned of social meaning. The social context that was relate to social meaning the dialect, time, province, status, and modality. 4. Affective meaning Affective meaning is reflecting the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. According to Efransyah [7] Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s personal feelings which include the attitude of the listener or his attitude to something the listener was talking about. 5. Reflected meaning and Collocative meaning It is arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning. The reflection f another forms differ from one sense as what it is. The addresser imagine another sense of what the speaker sense. meaning are due to relation between words or interconnection. They reflected the meaning which arises in cases when a word has multiple conceptual meaning or polysemous, when one sense of a word form part of our response (or reaction) to another sense. The association of a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its environment is the part of collocative meaing 6. Associtaed meaning From the six kinds of meaning discussed so for except the conceptual meaning the other five i.e. connotative, social, affective, collative and reflected meaning have something in common. These meaning have variable character and open ended. Associative meaning was less stable and varies with the individual’s experience. 7. Thematic meaning. What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis. Efransyah [7] states that connotative meaning depends on “individual experience” ultimately while Yule (1996) emphesize it to the “speaker meaning” essence [8].

2.3. Reflective and collocative meaning On the lexical level of language, these two types of meaning are due to relation between words or interconnection. They reflected the meaning which arises in cases when a word has multiple conceptual meaning or polysemous, when one sense of a word form part of our response (or reaction) to another sense. The association of a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its environment is the part of collocative meaing.

2.4. Associtaed meaning From the six kinds of meaning discussed so for except the conceptual meaning the other five i.e. connotative, social, affective, collative and reflected meaning have something in common. These meaning have variable character and open ended. Clearly, they can not investigated either-this-or-that term. Therefore, Leech group all these under the heading of associative meaning. While conceptual meaning was part of the language common system which is shared by member of the speech community, associative meaning was less stable and varies with the individual’s experience.

2.5. Thematic meaning Thematic meaning was that “the way what was communicated in which a speaker or writer organize the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis”. To highlight information in one part of a sentence, the thematic meaning can also be expressed by means of stress and intonation

3. RESEARCH METHOD The method of this research study is descriptive qualitative method. A method in qualitative research refers to the researcher’s plan of how proceed [9]. Qualitative research is a system of inquiry which seeks to build a holistic, largely narrative, description to inform the researcher’s understanding of a social or cultural phenomenon. The steps are: the first, the writer took the data from Hatobangon of Batak native spaker who often used proverbs in cultural ceremony. The second, the writer analyzed the proverb in Batak Language at lexical and connotative meaning.

Connotative Meaning In The Proverbs Of The Batak Angkola Language (Mahrani)

35 Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Vol 1 No 1 August 2021 E T A N I C e-ISBN : On Proces

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Results In this research the writer uses eight proverbs of Batak language which still exist and used by the native in cultural ceremony. Those eight proverbs will analyze based on connotative meaning in semantics theory. 1. Tuit sitara tuit, tuit pangalahona. Molo tuit boruboru I mago (maila) ma ibotona 2. Nunut do siraja ni oppuna. Ndang di ahu, ndang di ho, tumagon ma di begu. 3. Tampulon aek do na mardongan tubu. 4. Unang songon taganing marguru tu anakna. 5. Songon sorha ni padati do parngoluon ni jolma. 6. Unang maganjang tanganmanjalo, jempek ia mngalehon. Marnehet-nehet songon api di sorbuon

4.2. Analysis 1. Tuit sitara tuit, tuit pangalahona. Molo tuit boruboru I mago (maila) ma ibotona connotatively the proverb means It means the sister in a family who act not polite and playing girls will make a broter shy or it will become a bad thing from that family in society. So, the women (daughter) in the family should pretend to be a good person. 2. Nunut do siraja ni oppuna. Connotatively the proverb means in working the person who works slowly is an efficient and effective way. The Batak people work in systematic time and prepare all things based on the schedule. So, the result will better. 3. Ndang di ahu, ndang di ho, tumagon ma di begu. Connotatively the proverb means if something that you wan so much but you can get it or reach it so it will be better not for other people too who belong as a rival in that situation. This proverb shows a bad message and not really recommended to imitate by the young generation in facing one unpredictable result. So, we must work hard and let other person get it. 4. Tampulon aek do na mardongan tubu. Connotatively the proverb means in Batak family the same name of family as called marga have a significant role in society. One day if there is a problem among them and break their relationship, it will not take so long. They will be kind together. Even they are not in a good relation but this relationship can’t be separated. 5. Unang songon taganing marguru tu anakna. Connotatively the proverb means the parents unlike to be a drum which depends on his children. It means, as a parent it is not good if they always depend to their children in fulfill their needs. Even maybe they have a wealth child in Batak people it so embarrassed if the parents take all from their children. But the children will show his or her respect to his parent event they are not ask for it. 6. Songon sorha ni padati do parngoluon ni jolma. Connotatively the proverb means that this life is like wagon wheel which always turn sometimes up and sometimes down. So, it teaches Batak people to thank for life, respect for life and be a simple person in life. The bad and the good thing that we reach in this life is not always hang on in one situation for example the bad one. The balance of life will see in how the wagon wheel turns. 7. Unang maganjang tanganmanjalo, jempek ia mngalehon. Connotatively the proverb means that do not only taking but also giving. The people should give much to others firs and then taking less. So, the balance of life in society will occur well. It is so rude and a bad attitude if the person always taking much but when giving something for example helping another person is very less or won’t do that. 8. Marnehet-nehet songon api di sorbuon. Connotatively the proverb means in life we are should keep doing something, keep work, keep pray and anything to continue our life with slowly but sure as a fire in husk. This proverb teaches us to stay productive in any situation and produce a product.

5. CONCLUSION This research study focuses on the connotative meaning in the proverbs of the Batak Language in order to comprehend and understand the uniqueness of local language of proverbs in Batak language. Based on the analysis in eight proverbs of Batak language showed that, first the connotative meaning having a difference meaning from denotative meaning, second the meaning in proverbs of Batak language is consist of advice of life. From the twelve collected data which had been analyzed in connotative meaning, they can be concluded that the connotative meaning in the proverbs of Batak Language are having great differences to denotative ones for it depends on individual experience in society and mostly relate the meaning of its proverbs to human life such responsibility, social concern, hard work, patience and love.

Connotative Meaning In The Proverbs Of The Batak Angkola Language (Mahrani)

36 Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Vol 1 No 1 August 2021 E T A N I C e-ISBN : On Proces

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[6] E. Efransyah, “Analyzing Thematic Structure In Indonesian Folktales In English Version: A Systemic Functional Grammar (Sfg),” Proj. (Professional J. English Educ., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 85–94, 2019.

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[8] G. Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[9] R. Bogdan and S. K. Biklen, “Bogdan, R. C & Biklen, S. K. (2003). Qualitative Research for Education: An introduction to Theories and Methods (4th ed.). New York: Pearson Education group. (pp. 110-120).,” Qual. Res. Educ. An Introd. to Theor. Methods, 2003.

Connotative Meaning In The Proverbs Of The Batak Angkola Language (Mahrani)