THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE of FENCOOPERITE: UNIQUE [Fe3+
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
(Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a New Mineral of the Hedyphane Group in the Apatite Supergroup from the Shimoharai Mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan
Journal of MineralogicalMiyahisaite, and Petrological a new mineral Sciences, of the hedyphane Volume 107, group page 121─ 126, 2012 121 Miyahisaite, (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a new mineral of the hedyphane group in the apatite supergroup from the Shimoharai mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan * ** ** Daisuke NISHIO-HAMANE , Yukikazu OGOSHI and Tetsuo MINAKAWA * The Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan **Departments of Earth Science, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan Miyahisaite, (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a new mineral of the hedyphane group in the apatite supergroup, is found in the Shimoharai mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan. Miyahisaite is colorless and occurs as a pseudomorphic aggregate (up to about 100 μm in size) along with fluorapatite in the quartz matrix in a namansilite-rich layer of the chert. Its hardness is 5 on the Mohs scale, and its calculated density is 4.511 g/cm3. The empirical formula of miyahi- saite is (Sr1.366Ca0.717)Σ2.083Ba2.911P3.002O12(F0.898OH0.088Cl0.014)Σ1.00, which is representatively shown as (Sr,Ca)2 Ba3(PO4)3F. Its simplified ideal formula is written as Sr2Ba3(PO4)3F, which requires 23.25 wt% SrO, 51.62 wt% BaO, 23.89 wt% P2O5, 2.13 wt% F, and −0.90 wt% F = O, for a total of 100.00 wt%. The mineral is hexagonal 3 with a space group P63/m, unit cell parameters a = 9.921 (2) Å, c = 7.469 (3) Å, and V = 636.7 (3) Å , and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the powder XRD pattern [d (Å), (I/I0), hkl] are 3.427 (16) 102, 3.248 (22) 120, 2.981 (100) 121, 2.865 (21) 300, 1.976 (23) 123, 1.874 (16) 140, 1.870 (15) 004, and 1.864 (17) 402. -
29 Devitoite, a New Heterophyllosilicate
29 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 48, pp. 29-40 (2010) DOl: 1O.3749/canmin.48.1.29 DEVITOITE, A NEW HETEROPHYLLOSILICATE MINERAL WITH ASTROPHYLLITE-LiKE LAYERS FROM EASTERN FRESNO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA ANTHONY R. KAMPP§ Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. GEORGE R. ROSSMAN Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-2500, USA. IAN M. STEELE AND JOSEPH J. PLUTH Department of the Geophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5734 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A. GAIL E. DUNNING 773 Durshire Way, Sunnyvale, California 94087, U.S.A. ROBERT E. WALSTROM P. O. Box 1978, Silver City, New Mexico 88062, USA. ABSTRACT Devitoite, [Ba6(P04MC03)] [Fe2+7Fe3+2(Si4012h02(OH)4], is a new mineral species from the Esquire #8 claim along Big Creek in eastern Fresno County, California, U.SA. It is also found at the nearby Esquire #7 claim and at Trumbull Peak in Mariposa County. The mineral is named for Alfred (Fred) DeVito (1937-2004). Devitoite crystallized very late in a sequence of minerals resulting from fluids interacting with a quartz-sanbornite vein along its margin with the country rock. The mineral occurs in subparallel intergrowths of very thin brown blades, flattened on {001} and elongate and striated parallel to [100]. The mineral has a cream to pale brown streak, a silky luster, a Mohs hardness of approximately 4, and two cleavages: {OO!} perfect and {01O} good. The calculated density is 4.044 g/cm '. It is optically biaxial (+), Cl 1.730(3), 13 1.735(6), 'Y 1.755(3); 2Vcalc = 53.6°; orientation: X = b, Y = c, Z = a; pleochroism: brown, Y»> X> Z. -
Alforsite, a New Member of the Apatite Group: the Barium Analogue of Chlorapatite1
American Mineralogist, Volume 66, pages 1050-1053, 1981 Alforsite, a new member of the apatite group: the barium analogue of chlorapatite1 NANCY G. NEWBERRY, ERIC J. ESSENE, AND DONALD R. PEACOR Department of Geological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Abstract Alforsite, ideally Ba,(P04)3Cl, is a new member of the apatite group occurring in contact m.etamorphosed evaporitic rocks from Fresno and Mariposa counties, California, associated wlth fluor~patit: and m~ny. other rare barium minerals previously described by Alfors et al. (1965). It IS optically umaxlal, negative, with W,E= 1.70(1). The density is calculated to be 4.83(2) gm/cm3 for the end member composition. It is hexagonal, space group P63/m, with a = 10.25(1) and c = 7.64(2)A. The strongest lines in the powder pattern are 3.06(100), 2.95(30), 2.1~(30), 2.03(30), and 1.928(30). The associated assemblage of witherite, quartz, and s~~ornlte buffers the C02 fugacity at metamorphic pressures and temperatures. The name 1.s.mhono~ of Dr: Jo~ T. Alfors of the California Division of Mines and Geology in recogmtlOn of hlS contnbutlOns to the study of barium minerals. Introduction study. The phase was found to have the structural The sanbornite deposits of eastern Fresno and and physical characteristics of apatite, and deter- Mariposa counties, California, contain many rare mined to be the barium analogue of chlorapatite. As barium minerals, principally silicates (Rogers, 1932). the natural phase is rare and very fine-grained even The metamorphic sanbornite-quartz rock and fo- at the type locality, studies were supplemented by liated quartzite, both of which contain the new min- work on a synthetic end-member barium chlorapatite eral, are described by Matthews and Alfors (1962), supplied by Dr. -
Mineralogy and Crystal Structures of Barium Silicate Minerals
MINERALOGY AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF BARIUM SILICATE MINERALS FROM FRESNO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA by LAUREL CHRISTINE BASCIANO B.Sc. Honours, SSP (Geology), Queen's University, 1998 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 1999 © Laurel Christine Basciano, 1999 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of !PcX,rU\ a^/icJ OreO-^ Scf&PW The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date OeC S/79 DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The sanbornite deposits at Big Creek and Rush Creek, Fresno County, California are host to many rare barium silicates, including bigcreekite, UK6, walstromite and verplanckite. As part of this study I described the physical properties and solved the crystal structures of bigcreekite and UK6. In addition, I refined the crystal structures of walstromite and verplanckite. Bigcreekite, ideally BaSi205-4H20, is a newly identified mineral species that occurs along very thin transverse fractures in fairly well laminated quartz-rich sanbornite portions of the rock. -
STRONTIUM-APATITE: NEW OCCURRENCES, and the EXTENT of Sr-FOR-Ca SUBSTITUTION in APATITE-GROUP MINERALS
121 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 40, pp. 121-136 (2002) STRONTIUM-APATITE: NEW OCCURRENCES, AND THE EXTENT OF Sr-FOR-Ca SUBSTITUTION IN APATITE-GROUP MINERALS ANTON R. CHAKHMOURADIAN§ Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada EKATERINA P. REGUIR and ROGER H. MITCHELL Department of Geology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada ABSTRACT The paragenesis and compositional variation of strontium-apatite from three new localities are characterized. At Lovozero, in the Kola Peninsula, Russia, strontium-apatite forms elongate crystals and thin reaction-induced rims on early strontian fluorapatite in nepheline syenite pegmatites. The apatite-group minerals are enriched in Na and REE, and exhibit the following compositional range: (Ca0.34–4.49Sr0.18–4.54Na0.05–0.30REE0.08–0.18Ba0–0.10)(P2.87–3.03Si0–0.16)O12(F,OH). At Murun, in eastern Siberia, Russia, strontium-apatite also occurs in intimate association with strontian fluorapatite in a eudialyte-bearing nepheline syenite pegmatite. The overall compositional variation of these minerals can be expressed as (Ca2.26–3.55Sr1.41–2.74Na0–0.03REE0–0..08)(P2.91–3.01Si0– 0.06)O12(F,OH). At Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories, Canada, strontium-apatite and Sr-rich carbonate-hydroxylapatite compose cores of spherulites confined to vesicles in kimberlite, associated with suolunite and barian phlogopite. In addition to Sr, the apatite is enriched in Ba and V; the proportions of these elements decrease from the center of spherulites outward. The Lac de Gras apatite is inferred to contain carbon substituting for P. The overall compositional variation is (Sr0.08–2.58Ca2.04–4.65Ba0– 0.21Na0.09–0.28REE0–0.07K0–0.03)(P2.20–2.61C~0.25–0.50Si0.04–0.26V0–0.13)O12(OH,F). -
Introduction to Apatites
Chapter 1 Introduction to Apatites Petr Ptáček Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62208 Abstract Apatite is the generic name, which was first introduced by German geologist A.G. Werner. These minerals and their synthetic analogs represent a major class of ionic compounds and the most common crystalline form of calcium phosphates, which are of interest of many industrial branches and scientific disciplines. Since, apatite (fluora‐ patite) is the most abundant phosphate mineral, apatite bearing phosphate rocks represents an important source of inorganic phosphorus. First chapter of this book introduces the basic concepts of nomenclature, composition, classification, crystal structure, mineralogy and properties of minerals from the supergroup of apatite. Furthermore, the minerals from the group of apatite and polysomatic apatites are described. Since, the most of the topics mentioned in this chapter will be developed in the following chapters, the key concepts provided in this chapter are important to understood before proceeding further. Keywords: Apatite, Group of Apatite, Polysomatic Apatites, Fluorapatite, Hydroxyla‐ patite, Chlorapatite, Vanadinite The minerals1 [1],[2],[3],[4],[5] from the apatite group2 [6] are classified as hexagonal or pseudo‐ hexagonal monoclinic anhydrous phosphates containing hydroxyl or halogen of the generic formula3: 1Minerals are individual components comprising rocks formed by geological processes classified according to their crystal structure and chemical composition. The total number of minerals accepted by mineralogical community is about 4000. Mineraloids are mineral-like phases including synthetic materials, human-treated substances, and some biological materials, which do not fulfill the criteria for the definition of mineral species [2]. -
Minerals and Materials
Microsc. Microanal. 14, 184–204, 2008 / doi: 10.1017 S143192760808029X Microscopy AND Microanalysis © MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2008 Luminescence Database I—Minerals and Materials Colin M. MacRae* and Nicholas C. Wilson CSIRO Minerals, Microbeam Laboratory, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia Abstract: A luminescence database for minerals and materials has been complied from the literature, the aim being to create a resource that will aid in the analysis of luminescence spectral of ionic species in minerals and materials. The database is based on a range of excitation techniques and records both major and minor lines, and their activators. The luminescence techniques included in the database are cathodoluminescence, ion luminescence, and photoluminescence. When combined with other traditional X-ray measurements collected on the same region, use of the luminescence database will give additional insight into the chemistry of minerals and materials. Key words: luminescence, cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, ion, minerals INTRODUCTION cite, dolomite, magnesite, witherite!, or silicates ~albite, feldspar, quartz, zeolites, kaolinite, forsterite, zircon, garnet, titanite, thorite, willemite!. The presence of luminescence, Minerals and materials can luminescence when they are in many cases, allows rapid identification of the different exposed to an electron, X-ray, ion, or photon beam. Lumi- mineral constituents using cathodoluminescence micros- nescence is generally associated with light in the ultraviolet copy. This is particularly important if samples consist of / ~UV! to infrared ~IR! region and can exhibit both broad fine-grained material and or of minerals with similar opti- and narrow band spectra. From the spectra it is possible to cal or crystallographic properties. These grains can then be identify both the activators responsible for the lumines- further characterized by electron microprobe or optical cence and their charge states. -
Walstromite Baca2si3o9 - Crystal Data: Triclinic
Walstromite BaCa2Si3O9 - Crystal Data: Triclinic. Point Group: 1 . Crystals nearly equant to short prismatic; grains anhedral to subhedral, to 1.5 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {011}, {010}, and {100}. Hardness = ~3.5 D(meas.) = 3.67(6) D(calc.) = 3.738 Fluoresces dull pink under SW UV; bright pink under LW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: White to colorless; colorless in thin section. Streak: White. Luster: Subvitreous, pearly on cleavages. Optical Class: Biaxial (-). α = 1.668(2) β = 1.684(2) γ = 1.685(2) 2V(meas.) = 30° 2V(calc.) = 28° Dispersion: Weak. - Cell Data: Space Group: P1 . a = 6.7335(2) b = 9.6142(3) c = 6.6859(2) α = 69.638(2)° β = 102.281(2)° γ = 96.855(2)° Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Fresno Co., California, USA. 2.99 (100), 6.58 (20), 2.70 (20), 4.40 (15), 3.35 (15), 3.20 (15), 3.06 (15) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) (4) SiO2 39.6 38.8 40.56 40.44 TiO2 < 0.01 0.03 0.16 Al2O3 0.07 0.15 FeO < 0.02 < 0.01 MnO 0.33 0.18 MgO < 0.05 < 0.1 CaO 26.1 26.2 25.60 25.16 SrO 0.53 0.27 BaO 33.3 34.5 33.62 34.40 K2O < 0.05 < 0.05 0.03 Na2O 0.06 . Total [100.00] [100.00] 100.45 100.00 (1-2) Fresno Co., California, USA; by D-C arc spectrography, stated to be recalculated to 100.00%. (3) Gurim Anticline, Negev Desert, Israel; electron microprobe analysis; corresponds to (Ba0.97Sr0.01Ca0.02)Σ=1.00(Ca2.00Na0.01)Σ=2.01(Si2.98Al0.01Ti0.01)Σ=3.00O9. -
Meierite, a New Barium Mineral with a Kfi-Type Zeolite Framework from the Gun Claim, Yukon Canada
1249 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 54, pp. 1249-1259 (2016) DOI: 10.3749/canmin.1400101 MEIERITE, A NEW BARIUM MINERAL WITH A KFI-TYPE ZEOLITE FRAMEWORK FROM THE GUN CLAIM, YUKON CANADA R.C. PETERSON§ Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6 GUNNAR FARBER Bornsche Str. 9,39326 Samswegen, Germany R. JAMES EVANS AND LEE GROAT Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 LAURA MACNEIL AND BRIAN JOY Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6 BARBARA LAFUENTE PANalytical, 7602 EA Almelo, Netherlands THOMAS WITZKE Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Arizona, USA ABSTRACT Meierite, ideally Ba44Si66Al30O192Cl25(OH)33, is a new mineral from the Gun claim, just south of the Itsi Range, Yukon, Canada. Meierite occurs as equant grains up to 200 lm across, enclosed within large gillespite crystals. The mineral is transparent, has a vitreous luster, and is non-fluorescent. It has a white streak and Mohs hardness of approximately 5½. It is brittle with no observed cleavage. The calculated density based upon the chemical formula and single-crystal unit-cell 3 dimension is 3.50 g/cm . The mineral is optically isotropic (n ¼ 1.598) Electron-microprobe composition (average of 11): SiO2 28.30, P2O5 1.61, Al2O3 11.75, TiO2 0.05, FeO 0.27, CaO 0.21, BaO 47.61, Na2O 0.15, K2O 0.21, Cl 6.64, and a total of 95.29 wt.%. The empirical formula (based on 192 framework O apfu) and charge balance considerations is: Ba41.1Ca0.5Fe0.5 Na0.7K0.6Si62.5Al30.5P3.0O192Cl24.8Á33.4(OH). -
Hydroxylpyromorphite, Modern Description and Characterization Of
This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7516. http://www.minsocam.org/ 1 REVISION 1 2 Word count: 6367 3 Hydroxylpyromorphite, modern description and 4 characterization of a mineral important to lead-remediation 5 Travis A. Olds1*, Anthony R. Kampf2, John F. Rakovan3, Peter C. Burns4,5, 6 Owen P. Mills6, and Cullen Laughlin-Yurs7 7 8 1 Section of Minerals and Earth Sciences, Carnegie Museum of Natural 9 History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA 10 2 Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles 11 County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA 12 3 Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami 13 University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA 14 4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, 15 University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA 16 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 17 Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA 18 6 Applied Chemical and Morphological Analysis Laboratory, Michigan 19 Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA 20 7 513 Iron Street, Norway, MI 49870, USA 21 22 *E-mail: [email protected] 23 Abstract 24 Hydroxylpyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3(OH), has been documented in the literature 25 as a synthetic and naturally occurring phase for some time now but has not 26 previously been formally described as a mineral. It is fully described here for 27 the first time using crystals collected underground in the Copps mine, Gogebic 28 County, Michigan. -
2Cl3•H2O, a NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM
1059 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 39, pp. 1059-1064 (2001) 3+ FENCOOPERITE, Ba6Fe 3Si8O23(CO3)2Cl3•H2O, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM TRUMBULL PEAK, MARIPOSA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA ANDREW C. ROBERTS§ Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada JOEL D. GRICE Mineral Sciences Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station “D”, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada GAIL E. DUNNING 773 Durshire Way, Sunnyvale, California 94087, U.S.A. KATHERINE E. VENANCE Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada ABSTRACT 3+ Fencooperite, a new mineral species having the ideal formula Ba6Fe 3Si8O23(CO3)2Cl3•H2O, is trigonal, P3m1, with unit- cell parameters refined from powder data: a 10.727(5), c 7.085(3) Å, V 706.1(5) Å3, c/a 0.6605, Z = 1. The strongest seven lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.892(100)(201), 3.148(40)(211), 2.820(90)(202), 2.685(80)(220), 2.208(40)(401), 2.136(40)(222) and 1.705(35)(421). The mineral occurs as a dominant phase within black aggregates 2 mm across in barium-silicate-rich lenses at Trumbull Peak, Mariposa County, California. It is a primary phase, formed after barite, in an aggregate assemblage that includes alforsite, barite, celsian, gillespite, quartz, pyrrhotite and sanbornite. Additional minerals found within the lenses are anandite, benitoite, bigcreekite, fresnoite, kinoshitalite, krauskopfite, macdonaldite, pellyite, titantaramellite, walstromite, witherite, biotite, diopside, fluorapatite, pentlandite, schorl, vesuvianite and three undefined spe- cies. Individual grains of fencooperite are anhedral to somewhat rounded to occasionally platy, are jet black to a dirty grey-brown (on very thin edges), do not exceed 100 m in size, and have an uneven to subconchoidal fracture.