Description and Crystal Structure
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Barite (Barium)
Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 -
1469 Vol 43#5 Art 03.Indd
1469 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1487 (2005) BORATE MINERALS OF THE PENOBSQUIS AND MILLSTREAM DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA JOEL D. GRICE§, ROBERT A. GAULT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN† Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The borate minerals found in two potash deposits, at Penobsquis and Millstream, Kings County, New Brunswick, are described in detail. These deposits are located in the Moncton Subbasin, which forms the eastern portion of the extensive Maritimes Basin. These marine evaporites consist of an early carbonate unit, followed by a sulfate, and fi nally, a salt unit. The borate assemblages occur in specifi c beds of halite and sylvite that were the last units to form in the evaporite sequence. Species identifi ed from drill-core sections include: boracite, brianroulstonite, chambersite, colemanite, congolite, danburite, hilgardite, howlite, hydroboracite, kurgantaite, penobsquisite, pringleite, ruitenbergite, strontioginorite, szaibélyite, trembathite, veatchite, volkovskite and walkerite. In addition, 41 non-borate species have been identifi ed, including magnesite, monohydrocalcite, sellaite, kieserite and fl uorite. The borate assemblages in the two deposits differ, and in each deposit, they vary stratigraphically. At Millstream, boracite is the most common borate in the sylvite + carnallite beds, with hilgardite in the lower halite strata. At Penobsquis, there is an upper unit of hilgardite + volkovskite + trembathite in halite and a lower unit of hydroboracite + volkov- skite + trembathite–congolite in halite–sylvite. At both deposits, values of the ratio of B isotopes [␦11B] range from 21.5 to 37.8‰ [21 analyses] and are consistent with a seawater source, without any need for a more exotic interpretation. -
NVMC Nov 2019 Newsletter.Pdf
The Mineral Newsletter Meeting: November 18 Time: 7:45 p.m. Long Branch Nature Center, 625 S. Carlin Springs Rd., Arlington, VA 22204 Volume 60, No. 9 November 2019 Explore our website! November Meeting Program: Making Sugarloaf Mountain (details on page 5) In this issue … Mineral of the month: Datolite ................. p. 2 November program details ........................ p. 5 Annual Holiday Party coming up! ............. p. 5 President’s collected thoughts .................. p. 5 October meeting minutes .......................... p. 7 Nominations for 2019 club officers ........... p. 8 Datolite nodule Club show volunteers needed! .................. p. 8 Quincy Mine, Michigan Bench tip: Sheet wax with adhesives ......... p. 9 Source: Brandes (2019). Photo: Paul T. Brandes. Annual show coming up—Help needed! .. p. 10 EFMLS: Wildacres—finally! ........................ p. 12 AFMS: Scam targets mineral clubs ............ p. 13 Safety: Be prepared ................................... p. 13 Deadline for Submissions Field trip opportunity ................................. p. 14 November 20 Manassas quarry geology, pt. 2 ................. p. 15 Please make your submission by the 20th of the month! Upcoming events ....................................... p. 20 Submissions received later might go into a later newsletter. 28th Annual Show flyer ............................. p. 21 Mineral of the Month Datolite by Sue Marcus Datolite, our mineral this month, is not a zeolite, alt- hough it often occurs with minerals of the Zeolite Group. It can form lustrous crystals or attractive masses that take a nice polish. And, for collectors like Northern Virginia Mineral Club me, it is attainable! members, Etymology Please join our guest speaker, Joe Marx, for dinner at Datolite was named in 1806 by Jens Esmark, a Danish- the Olive Garden on November 18 at 6 p.m. -
Synthesis of Monoclinic Celsian from Coal Fly Ash by Using a One-Step Solid-State Reaction Process D
Synthesis of monoclinic Celsian from Coal Fly Ash by using a one-step solid-state reaction process D. Long-González a, J. López-Cuevas a , C.A. Gutiérrez-Chavarríaa, P. Penab, C Baudinb, X. Turrillasc a CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Carretera Saltillo-Monterrey, Km. 13.5, 25900, Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC, Kelsen 5, E-28049 Madrid, Spain c Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences, CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, E-28033 Madrid, Spain Abstract Monoclinic (Celsian) and hexagonal (Hexacelsian) Ba1_JCSrJCAl2Si208 solid solutions, where x = 0,0.25,0.375,0.5,0.75 or 1, were synthesized by using Coal Fly Ash (CFA) as main raw material, employing a simple one-step solid-state reaction process involving thermal treatment for 5 h at 850-1300 °C. Fully monoclinic Celsian was obtained at 1200 °C/5 h, for SrO contents of 0.25 < x < 0.75. However, an optimum SrO level of 0.25 < x < 0.375 was recommended for the stabilization of Celsian. These synthesis conditions represent a significant improvement over the higher temperatures, longer times and/or multi-step processes needed to obtain fully monoclinic Celsian, when other raw materials are used for this purpose, according to previous literature. These results were attributed to the role of the chemical and phase constitution of CFA as well as to a likely mineralizing effect of CaO and Ti02 present in it, which enhanced the Hexacelsian to Celsian conversion. Keywords: (A) Powders: solid-state reaction; (B) X-ray methods; (E) Thermal applications; Celsian 1. Introduction 1760 °C, and Celsian is stable below 1590 °C. -
The Grystal Structure of Danburite: a Gomparison with Anorthite, Albite
American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 79-85, 1974 The GrystalStructure of Danburite:A Gomparison with Anorthite,Albite, and Reedmergnerite MrcHnBrW. Pnrrrrps,G.V.Glnns, eNn P. H. RInnp Department of GeologicalSciences, Virginia PolytechnicInstitute and Stote Uniuersity,Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 Abstract The crystal structure of danburite (CaB,Si.O"; a - 8.038 A; b - 8.752 A; c - 7.730 A; spacegroup Pnam) has been refined to an unweightedresidual of R - 0.021 using 1076 non- zero structure amplitudes. It consists of a tetrahedral framework of ordered B"O" and Si"Or groups which accommodatesCa in irregular coordination ((Ca'*-O) - 2.585 A; (CavII-O) = 2.461 A). A 7-fold coordination model appearsto be more consistentwith structurally similar anorthite, reedmergrrerite, and albite as evinced by the linear relationship between the mean Na/Ca-O bond lengths and the mean isotropic temperature factors of Na and Ca in these structures.The mean T-O bond length is 1.474 A for the B-containing tetrahedron and 1.617 A for the Si-containing tetrahedron, both of which are somewhat longer than those in re- edmergnerite(NaBSLOo). The trends observed between tetrahedral bond lengths, coordination number and Mulliken bond overlap populations for Si-O-+Al and Al-O-+Si bonds in anorthite are similar to those observed for Si-O+B and B-O"+Si bonds in danburite; shorter bonds with larger overlap populations and smaller coordination numbers are involved in wider tetrahedral angles, Introduction tion of bondingin thesestructures directed toward a The crystalstructure of danburite,CaBzSizOs, was rationalizationof their topologiesand the stericde- (cl determinedby Dunbar andMachatschki ( 1931) who tails and distribution of the tetrahedralatoms describedit as a frameworkof corner-sharingSi2O7 Ribbe, Phillips, and Gibbs, 1973; Gibbs, Louisna- and B2O7groups with the Ca atomscoordinated by than,Ribbe, and Phillips,1973). -
On Crystalhzed Danburite from Russell, St. Law Rence County, New York,- by GEO
111 ART. XV. - On Crystalhzed Danburite from Russell, St. Law rence County, New York,- by GEO. J. BRUSH and EDWARD S. DANA. H£siorical Note.--In December last (1879) we received a box of minerals from Mr. C. D. Nims, the well-known mineral col lector of Northern New York, containing several specimens labelled "unknown." Among these were a few prismatic white weathered crystals that had been considered to be feld spar, to which our attention was specially called by Mr. Nims. On a pyrognostic examination this substance proved to be an anhydrous boro-silicate, corresponding in physical characters with the rare species danburite. Mr. Nims at that time gener ously placed at our disposal all of the small amount of this material he had in his possession, for scientific examination_ These specimens we investigated as thoroughly as they allowed both chemically and crystallographically, and the conclusions reached were identical with those described in this paper. Upon learning further from Mr. Nims that there w·as a proba bility of his being able to obtain, in the following spring, more abundant material and of better quality, we deferred publica tion. Our expectations and those of Mr. Nims have been fully 112 Brush and Dana-Danburitefrom Russell, N. Y realized, and the material which he has forwarded to us, as the result of his recent active explorations, is all that could be de sired both as to quantity and quality. We take pleasure in acknowledging here our indebtedness to him for his prompt ness and liberality. Method of occurrence.-The mineral occurs both crystallized and massive, imbedded in what Mr. -
New Mineral Names*
American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 765–768, 2002 New Mineral Names* JOHN L. JAMBOR1 AND ANDREW C. ROBERTS2 1Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada 2Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa K1A 0E8, Canada Bradaczekite* metallic luster, grayish black streak, brittle, uneven fracture, S.K. Filatov, L.P. Vergasova, M.G. Gorskaya, S.V. Krivovichev, perfect {001} cleavage, VHN25 = 197–216. White in reflected light, perceptible bireflectance, slight grayish white to creamy P.C. Burns, V.V. Ananiev (2001) Bradaczekite, NaCu4 (AsO4)3, a new mineral species from the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka white pleochroism, distinct anisotropy, brown to grayish brown Peninsula, Russia. Can. Mineral., 39, 1115–1119. rotation tints. Reflectance percentages in air and in oil are given in 20 nm steps from 400 to 700 nm. A Gandolfi powder pat- The mineral forms aggregates of dark blue grains, each about tern (114 mm, Cu radiation) has observed strong lines of 3.78, 0.2 mm long and up to 0.2 mm across. Electron microprobe 3.51, 3.38, 2.320, 2.096, 2.062, and 2.031 Å. The mineral, which is a homologue of junoite, is invariably in contact with analysis gave Na2O 5.17, K2O 0.35, CuO 43.13, Zn 0.79, Fe2O3 lillianite and a junoite-like mineral; other associates are cosalite, 0.38, As2O5 49.62, V2O5 0.13, sum 99.55 wt%, corresponding 3+ galenobismutite, bismuthinite-aikinite members, galena, bis- to (Na K )Σ (Cu Zn Fe )Σ (As V )Σ O , ide- 1.16 0.05 1.21 3.74 0.07 0.03 3.84 –3.00 0.01 3.01 12 ally NaCu (AsO ) . -
(Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a New Mineral of the Hedyphane Group in the Apatite Supergroup from the Shimoharai Mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan
Journal of MineralogicalMiyahisaite, and Petrological a new mineral Sciences, of the hedyphane Volume 107, group page 121─ 126, 2012 121 Miyahisaite, (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a new mineral of the hedyphane group in the apatite supergroup from the Shimoharai mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan * ** ** Daisuke NISHIO-HAMANE , Yukikazu OGOSHI and Tetsuo MINAKAWA * The Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan **Departments of Earth Science, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan Miyahisaite, (Sr,Ca)2Ba3(PO4)3F, a new mineral of the hedyphane group in the apatite supergroup, is found in the Shimoharai mine, Oita Prefecture, Japan. Miyahisaite is colorless and occurs as a pseudomorphic aggregate (up to about 100 μm in size) along with fluorapatite in the quartz matrix in a namansilite-rich layer of the chert. Its hardness is 5 on the Mohs scale, and its calculated density is 4.511 g/cm3. The empirical formula of miyahi- saite is (Sr1.366Ca0.717)Σ2.083Ba2.911P3.002O12(F0.898OH0.088Cl0.014)Σ1.00, which is representatively shown as (Sr,Ca)2 Ba3(PO4)3F. Its simplified ideal formula is written as Sr2Ba3(PO4)3F, which requires 23.25 wt% SrO, 51.62 wt% BaO, 23.89 wt% P2O5, 2.13 wt% F, and −0.90 wt% F = O, for a total of 100.00 wt%. The mineral is hexagonal 3 with a space group P63/m, unit cell parameters a = 9.921 (2) Å, c = 7.469 (3) Å, and V = 636.7 (3) Å , and Z = 2. The eight strongest lines in the powder XRD pattern [d (Å), (I/I0), hkl] are 3.427 (16) 102, 3.248 (22) 120, 2.981 (100) 121, 2.865 (21) 300, 1.976 (23) 123, 1.874 (16) 140, 1.870 (15) 004, and 1.864 (17) 402. -
A Staining Technique for Barium Silicates in Thin Section
MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, SEPTEMBER 1985, VOL. 49, PP. 614-615 A staining technique for barium silicates in thin section BARIUM alumino-silicates (celsian, hyalophane, tained celsian from the Aberfeldy deposit, one as a and rare cymrite) have recently been discovered in vein and four disseminated in metasediments. A association with the Aberfeldy Ba,Zn,Pb deposit barium-free plagioclase from Skye provided a check (Coats et al., 1981), which occurs in Middle that the stain only reacts with barian minerals. To Dalradian garnet-amphibolite facies rocks (Moles, determine whether mica merely takes up stain along 1983) in Perthshire, Scotland. The deposit is hosted the cleavage, a single thin section (to eliminate by a muscovite schist containing cryptic Ba enrich- variations in technique) was made from two ment in the form of barian muscovite. Celsian micaceous rocks; one from Glen Lyon, Perthshire, and hyalophane also occur in stratigraphically containing barian muscovite and hyalophane, the equivalent uneconomic mineralized horizons else- other a barium-free sample of Moine Schist. where in Scotland, e.g. in Glen Lyon, Perthshire Several crystals of the barium zeolite, harmotome (M. J. Gallagher, pers. comm., 1981). Such barium (BaA12Si6016-H20), from Strontian, Argyll- minerals may thus indicate more generally the shire, and various barium-free calcium zeolites of nearby presence of base metal sulphides and baryte. unknown provenance: chabazite, CaA12Si4012" A quick and inexpensive method of detecting Ba in 6H20; heulandite, (Ca,Na2)A12SivO18"6H20; feldspars, micas, and other silicates would therefore and stilbite, (Ca,Naz,K2)A12SiTO18-7H20, were be a useful tool in mineral exploration. mounted in epoxy resin and ground down to Staining techniques can be easily employed to provide an etchable surface. -
Alforsite, a New Member of the Apatite Group: the Barium Analogue of Chlorapatite1
American Mineralogist, Volume 66, pages 1050-1053, 1981 Alforsite, a new member of the apatite group: the barium analogue of chlorapatite1 NANCY G. NEWBERRY, ERIC J. ESSENE, AND DONALD R. PEACOR Department of Geological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Abstract Alforsite, ideally Ba,(P04)3Cl, is a new member of the apatite group occurring in contact m.etamorphosed evaporitic rocks from Fresno and Mariposa counties, California, associated wlth fluor~patit: and m~ny. other rare barium minerals previously described by Alfors et al. (1965). It IS optically umaxlal, negative, with W,E= 1.70(1). The density is calculated to be 4.83(2) gm/cm3 for the end member composition. It is hexagonal, space group P63/m, with a = 10.25(1) and c = 7.64(2)A. The strongest lines in the powder pattern are 3.06(100), 2.95(30), 2.1~(30), 2.03(30), and 1.928(30). The associated assemblage of witherite, quartz, and s~~ornlte buffers the C02 fugacity at metamorphic pressures and temperatures. The name 1.s.mhono~ of Dr: Jo~ T. Alfors of the California Division of Mines and Geology in recogmtlOn of hlS contnbutlOns to the study of barium minerals. Introduction study. The phase was found to have the structural The sanbornite deposits of eastern Fresno and and physical characteristics of apatite, and deter- Mariposa counties, California, contain many rare mined to be the barium analogue of chlorapatite. As barium minerals, principally silicates (Rogers, 1932). the natural phase is rare and very fine-grained even The metamorphic sanbornite-quartz rock and fo- at the type locality, studies were supplemented by liated quartzite, both of which contain the new min- work on a synthetic end-member barium chlorapatite eral, are described by Matthews and Alfors (1962), supplied by Dr. -
Alphabetical List
LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst