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Gli Uccelli Del Mesozoico

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Gli Uccelli Del Mesozoico 13/12/2013 Gli Uccelli del Mesozoico I primi protouccelli o Archaeorniti si sono evoluti da piccoli Dinosauri Teropodi nel Giurassico Superiore Erano piumati e probabilmente in grado di volare Molto rapidamente e più volte nella loro storia evolutiva si differenziano in forme predatrici/onnivore terrestri e molte altre forme che sviluppano uno stupefacente adattamento al volo 1 13/12/2013 Durante il Cretacico si ha una imponente radiazione adattativa con non meno di una dozzina di ordini diversi L’estinzione di massa alla fine del Cretacico coinvolge vari ordini di uccelli e sopravvivono solo i Neorniti, che nel Cenozoico diedero a oro volta luogo ad una grande radiazione adattativa Il piano strutturale dei Neorniti rimane però più costante Cranio Perdita denti –ranfoteca Quadrato mobile, mascella mobile rispetto scatola cranica Articolazione nasofrontale Cervello molto grande rispetto ai Dinosauri 2 13/12/2013 Colonna vertebrale Vertebre cervicali con coste piccole non sovrapposte Vertebre dorsali anteriori spesso fuse in un notario Vertebre sacrali numerose e fuse in un sinsacro Vertebre caudali ridotte e fuse a formare un pigostile mobile, che regge le penne timoniere sinsacro Cinto pelvico Molto robusto, fuso al sinsacro Deve reggere lo shock dell’atterraggio e fornire inserzione ai robusti muscoli degli arti posteriori sinsacro dorsale ventrale 3 13/12/2013 Coste con processi uncinati Sterno carenato Cinto pettorale robusto scapola omero Grande pettorale coracoide sopracoracoideo furcula sterno Nel canale triosseo scorre il tendine del muscolo sopracoracoideo che si inserisce sullo sterno e sulla parte dorsale dell’omero e serve ad alzare l’ala. 4 13/12/2013 Formata dalle due clavicole saldate Arto anteriore (ala) Omero Ulna Radio 3 1 2 Carpometacarpo 5 13/12/2013 Arto posteriore Robusto Femore più corto di tibia e fibula Tibia e fibula fuse distalmente Tibiotarso Tarsometatar so Theropoda Archaeornithes Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 6 13/12/2013 Archaeopteryx lithographica • Giur Sup • Europa T.L. 1m Archaeornithes Archaeopteryx (Giurassico Superiore) Grande come una gazza, Cranio allungato ed appuntito Denti non denticolati Piastre interdentali Fossa antorbitale con 2 finestre Orbite grandi Quadrato mobile Manca il notario 4 vertebre sacrali Coda più lunga del tronco Sterno assente o molto ridotto Coracoide corto Scapola nastriforme Furcula ben sviluppata Mano tridattila con artigli ben sviluppati Radio ed ulna separati Fibula ridotta tarsali distali fusi Tarsometatarso incipiente Piede anisodattilo 7 13/12/2013 •Carpale semilunare •Tre dita nelle zampe anteriori •Ossa non pneumatiche •Pube verticale o diretto posteriormente •Processo ascendente dell’astragalo •Alluce riflesso •Artigli lunghi e ricurvi sulle dita delle zampe anteriori 8 13/12/2013 Coelophysis bauri Zampa destra in vista dorsale I Archaeopteryx Corvo II IV III Theropoda Archaeornithidae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 9 13/12/2013 Confuciusornithidae •Uccelli volatori •Mascelle senza denti •Forse è presente un pigostile •Ali corte con omero diritto e grande cresta deltopettorale •Mano ampia con unghie, 3 dita mobili •Mancano alula e canale triosseo (no muscolo sopracoracoideo) •Ampio allungamento alare (rapporto tra lunghezza e corda dell’ ala) ma coda ridottissima Profilo asimmetrico Angolo d’attacco Un uccello od un aereo in volo sono sostenuti da forze create dal flusso d’aria lungo le ali, queste ultime hanno un profilo atto a generare PORTANZA, Quest’ultima si ottiene spingendo l’aria verso il basso. Maggiore è l’angolo d’attacco, maggiore sarà la portanza generata, entro certi limiti…. 10 13/12/2013 Alula Se l’angolo d’attacco diviene eccessivo, il flusso d’aria si stacca dalla superficie dorsale dell’ala la portanza Permette di aumentare si riduce bruscamente, si l’angolo di attacco, verifica lo STALLO e riducendo la turbolenza l’aereo, o l’uccello, che porterebbe allo cominciano a cadere stallo Era presente un dimorfismo sessuale nel piumaggio Maschio L’adattamento al volo dei confuciusornitidi era diverso da quello degli uccelli attuali sia come organizzazione della muscolatura alare che come metodo di volo Gli uccelli moderni sfruttano 2 superfici portanti (ali + coda), 11 13/12/2013 I confuciusornitidi avevano solo le ali. L’alto allungamento alare rendeva forse la coda ridondante. Il loro volo doveva essere molto agile ma poco stabile, ossia eccellenti capacità di manovra ma scarsa stabilità dell’ assetto Forse erano adattati ad inseguire e catturare insetti in volo. Theropoda Archaeornithidae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 12 13/12/2013 Ornithotoraces Mancano i processi uncinati (c. primitivo) Mancano i gastralia (c. evoluto) Ossa pelviche fuse ma non sinsacro nelle forme primitive. Coracoide allungato ed angolato rispetto alla scapola Scapola termina dorsalmente con estremità appuntita Furcula ad U ben sviluppata Omero + corto dell’ulna Ulna 2 volte più spessa del radio Carpali distali e tarsometatarso non ancora fusi distalmente Alluce riflesso Theropoda Archaeornithidae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 13 13/12/2013 Enantiornithes Gli Uccelli “rovesci” Tarsometatarso fuso a partire dall’estremità prossimale verso la distale (il contrario negli altri uccelli) Canale triosseo formato dalla scapola anziché dal coracoide (come è negli altri uccelli) Sono presenti denti nelle fauci, processi uncinati sulle costole e coracoidi sottili Lo sterno è carenato, il carpometacarpo è fuso e sono presenti 8 vertebre nel sinsacro Tibiotarso presente Alluce riflesso con grosso artiglio, In generale artigli ricurvi ed acuminati, da animale arboricolo Fusione incompleta del tarsometatarso Sinornis 14 13/12/2013 Eoalulavis Spagna Un’alula era presente anche negli Enantiornithiformes Theropoda Archaeornithidae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 15 13/12/2013 Ornithurae Gli uccelli più moderni Vertebre eteroceli Meno di 11 vertebre dorsali Coste con processo uncinato Pigostile breve, Scapola ricurva Liaoningornis Canale triosseo formato soprattutto Cina dal coracoide Furcula con rami comprimibili e ritorno elastico Sterno ampio e carenato Bacino completamente opistopubico e ischio e pube diretti indietro Tarsometatarso completo Cranio cinetico, con articolazione frontonasale 16 13/12/2013 Patagopterygiformes Corridori, dimensioni di un pollo. Theropoda Archaeornithidae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 17 13/12/2013 Hesperornithiformes (Cretacico Sup.) Simili a giganteschi svassi o strolaghe, ma incapaci di volare Lunghi (o alti?) fino a 2 m Premascellare senza denti, ma denti sul mascellare e sul dentale Becco (ranfoteca) solo sulla mascella? Possibile ghiandola del sale Coste non connesse allo sterno Ossa non pneumatiche Adattati profondamente alla vita marina Gli arti posteriori sono profondamente modificati Femore corto in posizione molto arretrata Articolazione del femore doppia con il bacino costringe l’osso a sporgere lateralmente in posizione flessa impedendo la rotazione dorsoventrale, di conseguenza anche il piede è diretto lateralmente Tracce di robusta muscolatura nell’arto posteriore, come negli Somiglia alla situazione che si uccelli che nuotano remigando riscontra nei pinguini, ma portata sott’acqua (svassi e strolaghe) all’estremo Ali rudimentali 18 13/12/2013 Il movimento dell’arto nel nuoto era laterale con una fase di recupero in cui il piede veniva ruotato in modo da minimizzare la superficie che potesse offrire resistenza nell’acqua e una fase di spinta in cui il piede era dispiegato (le dita pare fossero lobate e non palmate). Probabilmente la spinta era simmetrica. La posizione molto arretrata degli arti posteriori e la mancanza di strumenti per controllare l’assetto fanno pensare ad un nuoto veloce ma non manovrabile Le difficoltà di locomozione a terra dovevano essere grandi (strisciavano sul petto?) Theropoda Archaeornithidae Alvarezsauridae Confuciusornithidae Aves Enantiornithes Metornithes Patagopterygiformes Ornithothoraces Hesperornithiformes Ornithurae Ichthyornithiformes Carinatae Neornithes 19 13/12/2013 Carinatae Comprende gli Ichthyornithiformes e i Neornithes Sterno profondamente carenato Completa fusione prossimale e distale dei metacarpali II e III Processo estensore sul primo metacarpale Ichthyornitiformes (Cretacico Sup.) Ichthyornis, insieme ad Hesperornis, popolava le rive del mare Cretacico del Niobrara (USA), ma aveva le ali pienamente sviluppate e le dimensioni di un piccolo gabbiano, con testa grande e mascelle robuste, che portavano denti. Anche Ichthyornis doveva nutrirsi di pesci, magari tuffandosi direttamente in acqua mentre era in volo. 20 13/12/2013 Al limite Cretacico/Terziario, insieme ai Dinosauri, ai Rettili marini, agli Pterosauri volanti, a numerosi gruppi di Mammiferi primitivi ed a molti gruppi di Invertebrati (Ammoniti ecc.) scompaiono anche i diversi
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