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Mesozoic Birds of China

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Mesozoic Birds of China Mesozoic Birds of China by Lianhai Hou Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Published by the Phoenix Valley Provincial Aviary of Taiwan Translated By Will Downs Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University January, 2001 III Table of Contents Abvreviations for figures ..................................................................V Foreword by Delongjiang..................................................................X Foreword by Guangmei Zheng ..........................................................XI Foreword by Alan Feduccia............................................................XIII Foreword by Larry D. Martin..........................................................XIV Preface .....................................................................................XV Chapter 1. Synopsis of research Historical and geographic synopsis........................................................1 History of research ..........................................................................7 Chapter 2. Taxonomic descriptions...............................................................10 Sauriurae.............................................................................................11 Confuciusornithiformes Confuciusornithidae Confuciusornis Confuciusornis sanctus ........................................11 Confuciusornis chuonzhous sp. nov.........................33 Confuciusornis suniae sp. nov................................37 Jibeinia luanhera .........................................................50 Sinornithiformes Ord. nov. Sinornithidae Fam. nov. Sinornis santensis........................................................ 60 Boluochia zhengi.........................................................64 Cathayornithiformes Cathayornithidae Cathayornis yandica .....................................................68 Cathayornis caudatus sp. nov..........................................72 Longchengornis sanyanensis gen. et sp. nov ........................79 Otogornis genghisi.......................................................84 Cuspirostrisornithidae Fam. nov................................................89 Cuspirostrisornis houi gen. et sp. nov................................89 Largirostrornis sexdentoris gen. et sp. nov...........................94 Ornithurae Liaoningornithiformes Liaoningornithidae Liaoningornis longidigitus.............................................100 IV Gansuiformes Gansuidae Gansus yumenensis ....................................................103 Chaoyangiformes Ord. nov. Chaoyangidae Fam. nov. Chaoyangia beishanensis ..............................................109 Songlingornithidae Fam. nov. Songlingornis linghensis gen. et sp. nov. ..........................116 Chapter 3. The phylogenetic development of Chinese Mesozoic birds......................124 Mesozoic avian biogeography...........................................................124 Avian biostratigraphy.....................................................................125 The influence of two events upon avian evolution and radiation....................126 The significance of Chinese Mesozoic birds...........................................130 Bibliography........................................................................................132 V Abbreviations for figures Cranial abbreviations La.-Lacrymal Pt.-Pterygoid Ant.f.-Antorbital fenestra L.i.c.-Linea internus Ptd.-M. Pterygoideus cranialis Ang.-Angular Q.-Quadrate M.p.p.-Maxilla-palatine Art.-Articular process Qj.-Quadratojugal Boc.-Basioccipital Mx.-Maxilla Sa.-Surangular Bo.tbr.-Basioccipital Mx.p.- Maxillary process Soc.-Supraoccipital tuberosity of the premaxilla S.f.-Supratemporal fenestra Bpt.-Basipterygoid Md.-Mandible Spl.-Splenial Bpt.pr.-Basipterygoid N.-Nasal process Sq.-Squamosal N.f.-Nutrient foramen Bs.-Basisphenoid T.f.-Temporal fossa N.p.-Nasal process of Bt.p.-Basitemporal plate premaxilla V.-Vomer C.-Coronoid O.-Orbital Axial abbreviations D.-dentary O.c.-Occipital condyle A.-Atlas Ec.-Ectopterygoid Orb.rug.-Orbital rugosity A.d.v.-Anterior dorsal vertebrae Ep.-Epipterygoid Op.-Opisthotic A.s.c.-Articular surface of Epo.-Epiotic Pa.-Parietal centrum Eu.-Eustachian tubes Par.-Prearticular Ax.-Axis Exoc.-Exoccipital Pf.-Postfrontal C.-Capitulum Ex.op.c.-External Pl.-Palatine Cd.-Caudal opthalmic canal Poc.-Paroccipital C.p.-Costal process Ext.nar.-Exteranl nares P.o.p.-Postorbital process Ct.-Centrum F.-Frontal Prf.-Prefrontal Cv.-Cervical F.m.-Foramen magnum Prm.-Premaxilla Di.-Diapophysis Gl.-Glenoid Pro.-Prootic D.f.-Diapophyseal foramen In.n.- Internal nares Ps.-Parasphenoid Do.-Dorsal Ju.-Jugal Ps.r.-Parasphenoid rostrum Ca.-Capitulum VI Di.-Diapophysis B.a.-Bicipital attachment D.p.-Deltoid process G.r.-Gastric rib B.c.-Bicipital crest D.l.-Dorsal lip of coracoid groove K.-Keel B.d.-Brachial depression D.m.b.-Depression for m. Lu.-Lumbar vertebrae B.g.- Bicipital groove brachialis N.a.-Neural arch Br.a.-Attachment for Ect.-Ectepicondyle brachialis anticus N.c.-Neural canal Ect.p.-Ectepicondylar B.s.- Bicipital surface process N.s.-Neural spine B.t.- Bicipital tuberosity E.p.-Process for extensor Pl.-Pleurocoel Ca.-Carina Ent.-Entepicondyle Poz.-Postzygapophysis Cap.-Capitulum Ent.p.-Entepicondyle Prz.-Prezygapophysis process C.b.a.-Attachment for Pp.-Parapophysis coraco-brachialis F.ar.-Fercular articulation Py.-Pygostyle C.g.-Capital groove F.p.-Flexor process Ri.-Rib Cl.-Clavicle Fu.-Fercula Sc.-Sacral vertebrae Cmc.-Carpometacarpus Gl.-Glenoid S.c.v.-Synsacral caudal Co.-Coracoid H.c.-Humeral cotyle vertebrae Co.f.-Coracoid fenestra H.h.-Humeral head Sp.-Spine Co.fa.-Coracoidal facet Hu.-Humerus S.t.v.-Synsacral thoracic vertebrae Co.fo.-Coracoid fossa H.u.d.-Humero-ulnar depression Apendicular Co.h.-Coracoid head abbreviations I.b.a.-Impression for Co.s.-Coracoid sulcus brachialis anticus Shoulder girdle and forelimb Co.t.-Coracoid tuberosity Ic.v.-Intercostal vacuity A.a.l.-Attachment for C.p.-Costal process Im.v.-Intermetacarpal anterior articular ligament vacuity. C.t.-Capitular tuberosity A.c.f.-Anterior carpal fossa I.t.-Intermetacarpal C.t.a.-Ligament attachment tuberosity A.c.m.-Anterior carinal of carpal tuberosity margin I.p.-Intercondylar process DI-III.-Digit I-III A.l.d.-Attachment for L.a.-Ligament attachment anterior latissimus dorsi D1-3.-Facet for digit 1-3 L.c.-Lateral condyle A.p.-Alula process D.c.-Deltopectoral crest VII L.ct.-Lateral cotyle P.c.r.-Papillae of caudal Sl.n.-Semilunar notch remiges L.f.-Ligament furrow S.m.h.-Sulcus for m. P.l.d.-Attachment for humerotricipitis L.p.-Ligamental posterior latissimus dorsi prominence S.m.s.-Sulcus for m. Pl.p.-Posterolateral process scopulotricipitis L.pr.-Lateral process Pn.f.-Pneumatic foramen S.p.-Sternal plate L.l.f.-Lateral ligament fossa Pn.fo.-Pneumatic fossa S.pr.-Sterno-coracoidal process L.t.-Lateral tuberosity P.p.-Ligament attachment for pisiform process] St.-Sternum L.t.g.-Lateral tricipital groove P.r.d.-Proximal radial S.t.-Sulcus for tricipital depression M.a.s.-Medial articular S.t.l.-Sulcus for the surface Proc.-Procoracoid transverse ligament McI-V.-Metacarpal I-V Prs.-Presternum T.c.-Carpal trochlea M.d.-Medial dorsal ridge P.s.f.-Papillae of T.d.-Tendinal depression secondary feathers M.d.a.-Medial distal angle T.d2.-Trochlea for digit 2 Ps.r.-Parasphenoid rostrum M.l.f.-Medial ligamental T.g.-Tendinal groove fossa R.-Radius T.l.c.-Trochlea of lateral Ml.p.-Mediolateral process R.c.-Radial condyle condyle Mn.-Manubrium R.g.-Rotular groove T.m2.-Tuberosity for metacarpal 2 M.p.f.-Medial proximal R.s.-Radial sulcus foramen T.m.c.-Trochlea of medial S.c.f.-Supracoracoidal condyle M.t.-Medial tuberosity foramen T.r.-Thoracic ribs M.t.g.-Medial tricipital Sc.-Scapula groove Tr.-Trochlea Sc.b.-Scapular blade O.-Olecranon Tri.-Tricipital attachment Sc.f.-Scapular facet Ol.f.-Olecranon fossa T.t.-Tibial tuberosity Sc.s.-Scapular shaft P.1-4.-Phalanx 1-4 Tub.-Tuberculum Sc.t.-Scapular tuberosity P.a.a.l.-Process for U.-Ulna anterior articular ligament S.f.-Sternal facet U.c.-Ulnar condyle Pec.-Attachment for S.i.-Sterno-coracoidal pectoralis impression U.d.-Ulnar depression S.l.f.-Scapho-lunar facet U.f.-Ulnar face VIII Ul.-Ulnare F.c.l.-Fovea for collateral L.tr.-Lesser trochanter ligament Ung.-Ungual M.a.f.-Medial articular Fe.-Femur facet V.l.-Ventral lip of coracoidal groove F.g.-Fibular groove M.co.-Medial condyle V.m.s.-Ventral manubrial F.h.-Femoral head M.c.c.-Medial cnemial crest spine I.a.-Ischiac angle M.ct.-Medial cotyle X.a.-Xiphial area Ia.r.-Interarticular region M.d.r.-Medial dorsal ridge Pelvic girdle and hind limb Icta.-Intercotylar region Md.a.f.-Foramen for medullary artery A.i.c.-Anterior iliac crest I.f.-Intercondylar fossa MtI-V.-Metatarsal I-V Ac.-Acetabulum I.i.-Iliotrochanteric impression N.-Neck A.i.g.-Anterior intercondylar groove I.i.f.-Ilio-ischiatic foramen N.f.-Nutrient foramen A.i.l.-Anterior Il.-Ilium Ob.-Obturator foramen intermuscular line Il.f.-Iliac facet Ob.r.-Obturator ridge A.m.g.-Anterior metatarsal groove I.n.-Intertrochlear notch P.1-4.-Phalanx1-4 A.p.-Ala preacetabularis ilii Ip.f.-Ischiopubic fenestra Pa.-Patella At.-Antetrochanter Is.-Ischium Pb.-Pubis At.l.-Attachment of anterior Is.p..-Ischiac peduncle Pb.b.-Pubic boot articular ligament L.a.-Ligament attachment Pb.p.-Pubic peduncle C.cr.-Cnemial crest L.a.s.-Lateral articular Pe.p.-Pectineal process Cd.-Caudal vertebrae surface P.f.-Popliteal fossa C.l.f.-Colateral ligament L.c.c.-Lateral cnemial crest fovea P.fo.-Proximal foramen
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