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Sind Vögel Dinosaurier? Eine Kritische Analyse Fossiler Befunde

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Sind Vögel Dinosaurier? Eine Kritische Analyse Fossiler Befunde W+W Special Paper B-19-4 SIND VÖGEL DINOSAURIER? EINE KRITISCHE ANALYSE FOSSILER BEFUNDE Reinhard Junker August 2019 https://www.wort-und-wissen.de/artikel/sp/b-19-4_dinos-voegel.pdf Bild: Ein rekonstruiertes und künstlerisch dargestelltes Paar von Microraptor gui (Dromaeosauridae , Micro raptorinae). (durbed.deviantart.com, CC BY-SA 3.0) Sind Vögel Dinosaurier? Inhalt 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................... 3. kompakt ..................................................................................................... 4 Methodische Vorbemerkungen ............................................................................... 5 Zitate zu schrittweisem Erwerb von Vogelmerkmalen ...................................................... 6 2. Vogelmerkmale bei Theropoden: Vorläufer oder Konvergenzen ............................................................................... 9 2.1 Federtypen und Flugfähigkeit ..................................................................... 9 2.2 Zähne und Schnabel ................................................................................ 14 Zitate zu Konvergenzen bei Zahnverlust und Ausbildung eines Schnabels ................15 2.3 Gehirn und EQ ........................................................................................ 17 2.4 Furkula ..................................................................................................... 18 2.5 Gastralia, Rippenkorb, Brustbein ............................................................... 20 2.6 Hohle Knochen, Luftsacksystem und Atmung ........................................... 25 2.7 Becken und rückwärts orientiertes Schambein .......................................... 31 2.8 Pygostyl ................................................................................................... 33 2.9 Reduziertes Wadenbein ............................................................................ 37 2.10 Handgelenk mit einem halbmondförmigen Carpale ............................... 38 2.11 Eier, Gelege, Brutpflege .......................................................................... 41 2.12.Allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen aus den Einzelstudien ............................. 44 Zitate zum verbreiteten Auftreten von Konvergenzen .........................................44 Zitate zu unübersichtlichen Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen ....................................45 2.13 Theropodenmerkmale / Fehlen von Vogelmerkmalen bei basalen Vögeln . 45 3.. Vogelvorläufer oder sekundär flugunfähig? .............................. 47 4. Markante Sprünge ...................................................................... 49 5. Frühe Vielfalt und Mosaike......................................................... 51 Jianianhualong und Sinusonasus ..................................................................53 6. Passende Vorläufer? Unpassende Mosaikformen ..................... 55 7. Zusammenfassung und Indizien für Schöpfung ....................... 64 Schöpfung .............................................................................................66 Glossar ............................................................................................. 68 Literatur ........................................................................................... 69 Originalzitate und weitere Informationen .................................... 81 2 | STUDIUM INTEGRALE SPECIAL PAPER 2019-4 Sind Vögel Dinosaurier? Eine kritische Analyse fossiler Befunde von Reinhard Junker sind zahlreiche „Nicht-Vogel-Dinosaurier“- 1. Einleitung Gattungen bekannt, die vogeltypische Merkmale Hinweis besitzen. Zu diesen Merkmalen gehören allen In den Anmerkungen „Vögel sind heute lebende Dinosaurier“ (ERICK- voran Federn oder federartige Körperanhänge5, am Ende des Doku- SON et al. 2017). „In Wahrheit sind Vögel Dino- das Gabelbein (Furkula), ein großes Brustbein, ments sind vor allem saurier“ (BRUSATTE 2017, 531). Man mag diese verknöcherte Brustbeinplatten, ein vergrößerter Originalzitate und ergänzende Informa- Gleichsetzung von Vögeln und Dinosauriern Encephalisations-Quotient, lange Arme, der Bau sonderbar oder gar abwegig finden, aber in den tionen zur Vertiefung des Handgelenks (mit einem halbmondförmigen enthalten. letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich die mutmaßliche Carpale in der Handwurzel6), eine dreifingrige Abstammung der Vögel von Dinosauriern als Hand mit langem zweitem Finger7, hohle Kno- einer der populärsten evolutionären Übergänge chen, das Luftsacksystem, hakenförmige, nach etabliert – jedenfalls nach Überzeugung der hinten gerichtete Fortsätze an den vorderen Mehrheit der Paläontologen (z. B. BRUSATTE et Rippen8, ein nach hinten gerichtetes Schambein, al. 2015, R8882). Dieser behauptete Übergang zweibeinige Fortbewegung, lange Hinterbeine wird gegen Kritik fast so entschieden verteidigt mit dreizehigem Fuß, ein reduziertes Wadenbein, wie das zugrundeliegende Evolutionsparadigma verschmolzene Schwanzwirbel, Brutpflege, eine selbst. Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Ab- deutlich verringerte Körpergröße und andere stammungsverwandtschaft sind dabei Merkmals- (PADIAN & CHIAPPE 1998, 44; ORGAN et al. 2007; vergleiche verschiedener Taxa*. Dass Vögel sogar XU 2006; XU et al. 2014; vgl. Abb. 1). als „Dinosaurier“ identifiziert werden hat mit der Umgekehrt besitzen viele Vögel aus dem Methodik des Cladismus* zu tun, die ebenfalls Oberjura (allen voran Archaeopteryx) und aus der fast unangefochten in der Evolutionsforschung Unterkreide Merkmale, die für heutige Vögel verwendet wird. Demnach werden das System untypisch sind, jedoch bei vielen Theropoden- der Lebewesen und damit die mutmaßlichen Gattungen ausgebildet sind. Dazu gehört der Abstammungsbeziehungen auf der Basis soge- Abb. 1 Schrittweiser Erwerb Besitz von Zähnen (weit verbreitet, wobei es von Vogelmerkmalen nach nannter abgeleiteter* („fortschrittlicher“) Merk- unterschiedlich starke Reduktionen von Zähnen XU (2006). male in ein gabelig verzweigtes (cladistisches) System gebracht, in dem die Vögel einen Zweig im „Dinosaurier-Baum“ darstellen – daher die paradox klingende Aussage, dass Vögel nicht nur von Dinosauriern abstammen, sondern sogar Dinosaurier seien. Entsprechend werden viele Dinosaurier-Gattungen, die in die Nähe der Vögel gestellt werden, als „Nicht-Vogel-Di- nosaurier“ („non-avian dinosaurs“) bezeichnet (vgl. zu diesem Begriff Tab. 1). Abb. 2 zeigt die wichtigsten Gruppen des angenommenen evolutiven Übergangsbereichs von Dinosauriern und Vögeln in einem Cladogramm.3 In den letzten Jahren wurde eine Reihe von Studien veröffentlicht, die einen schrittweisen Übergang von Dinosauriern zu Vögeln doku- mentieren sollen. Die Hauptaussage lautet: Die Merkmale, die charakteristisch für Vögel sind, seien im Wesentlichen in unterschiedlicher Häu- figkeit bereits bei verschiedenen Dinosaurier- Gattungen aus mehreren Familien der Thero- poden ausgebildet gewesen. Man könne daher heute keine Grenze mehr zwischen Dinosauriern und Vögeln ziehen (BRUSATTE 2017, 554). So 2019-4 STUDIUM INTEGRALE SPECIAL PAPER | 3 kompakt ....... Vögel gelten heute in der Fachwelt als „lebende Dinosaurier“. In • Es ist nicht klar, welche Gruppe an der Basis der Vögel steht. den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich die mutmaßliche Abstammung • Das große Ausmaß an Homoplasien hat zur Folge, dass die der Vögel von Dinosauriern als einer der populärsten evolutionä- Cladogramme nicht stabil sind und neue Funde zu größeren ren Übergänge etabliert. In den letzten Jahren wurden zuneh- Änderungen führen können. mend vogeltypische Merkmale bei Theropoden-Dinosauriern • Die ältesten Vogelgruppen sind schon an der Basis stark dif- nachgewiesen. Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass ein Großteil ferenziert und es gibt teilweise auch „moderne“ Merkmale bei von Vogelmerkmalen bei verschiedenen Dinosauriergruppen den ältesten Vertretern einer Gruppe. vertreten ist. Daher gilt ein schrittweiser Übergang von Dino- • Speziell bei Gefiedermerkmalen zeigt sich das größte Ausmaß sauriern zu Vögeln als fossil gut belegt. Nur wenige Merkmale an Vielfalt nahe der Basis der Vogelgruppen. eignen sich demnach, um zwischen Vögeln und Dinosauriern • Die meisten Theropoden-Dinosaurier-Gattungen, die vo- zu unterscheiden. Man könne daher heute keine Grenze mehr gelartige Merkmale besitzen, sind geologisch jünger als die zwischen Dinosauriern und Vögeln ziehen. geologisch ältesten Vögel. In dieser Arbeit wird das Auftreten einer Reihe vogeltypischer Einige Befunde sind evolutionstheoretisch gut interpretierbar. Merkmale bei Dinosauriern und mesozoischen Vögeln genauer Manche (aber bei weitem nicht alle) Mosaikformen könnten analysiert: In welchen Theropodengruppen kommen die betref- evolutionären Übergangsformen nahestehen. In einigen Grup- fenden Merkmale vor und welche phylogenetische und welche pen können im Verlaufe der Kreide Tendenzen der Veränderung stratigraphische Position nehmen die betreffenden Gattungen von Merkmalsausprägungen nachvollzogen werden. Auch ein? Bewahrheitet es sich, dass die Vogelmerkmale Schritt für die Tatsache, dass viele Vogelmerkmale bei verschiedenen Schritt hinzugekommen sind? Dinosaurier-Gruppen der Theropoden vorkommen, kann mit Untersucht werden folgende Merkmale bzw. Merkmalskomple- gewissen Einschränkungen (z. B. Konvergenzproblematik) evo- xe: Federtypen und Flugfähigkeit, Zähne und Schnabel, Gehirn lutionär gedeutet werden. und Encephalisations-Quotient, Furkula, Gastralia (Bauchrip- pen), Rippenkorb, Brustbein, hohle Knochen, Luftsacksystem „Evolutionäre Experimente“.
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