Paralelizam U Pokretanju Operacijskih Sustava
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Happy Birthday Linux
25 Jahre Linux! Am Anfang war der Quellcode Entstehungsgeschichte und Werdegang von Linux Entwicklung und Diversifizierung der Distributionen Der Wert von Linux oder: „Wat nix kost, dat is och nix.“ Andreas Klein ORR 2016 1 Am Anfang war der Quellcode (70er) ● 1969, Ken Thompson u. Dennis Ritchie erstellen die erste Version von Unix in Assembler. ● Von 1969-1971 entwickeln sie gemeinsam die Programmiersprache B. ● Ab 1971 erweiterte in erster Linie Dennis Ritchie B, um weitere Elemente und nannte sie Anfangs NB (new B). ● 1973 waren die Erweiterungen soweit gediehen, das er die stark verbesserte Sprache C nannte (Brian W. Kernighan hat ebenfalls maßgeblich dazu beigetragen). //Unix=25 PCs ● Bis 1974 war das gesamte Betriebssystem UNIX vollständig in C implementiert und wurde mit einem C-Compiler kostenfrei an verschiedene Universitäten verteilt. ● 1978 wurden bereits über 600 Computer mit dem UNIX-Betriebssystemen betrieben. ● Das aufblühende Zeitalter der Computerisierung der 70er Jahre war geprägt vom regen und freien Austausch von Programmen und dessen zugrunde liegenden Ideen. Sinnvoller Weise tauschte man diese als Quellcode untereinander aus. ● 1979 wurde von AT&T die letzte UNIX-Version 7, mit freiem Quellcode veröffentlicht. Andreas Klein ORR 2016 2 Am Anfang war der Quellcode (80er) ● 1980 – 1983 AT&T sowie zahlreiche andere Unternehmen beginnen mit der Kommerzialisierung von UNIX, durch Koppelung an stark beschränkenden Lizenzen und Geheimhaltung des zugrunde liegenden Quelltextes. ● Richard Stallman kündigt am 27. September 1983 in den Newsgroups net.unix-wizards und net.usoft das GNU-Projekt an. ● Am 5. Januar 1984 begann Stallman offiziell mit der Arbeit am GNU-Projekt, nachdem er seine Stelle am MIT gekündigt hatte. -
Embedded Linux Optimizations
Embedded Linux optimizations Embedded Linux optimizations Size, RAM, speed, power, cost Michael Opdenacker Thomas Petazzoni Free Electrons © Copyright 2004-2009, Free Electrons. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license Latest update: Dec 20, 2010, Document sources, updates and translations: http://free-electrons.com/docs/optimizations Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! 1 Free Electrons. Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux development, consulting, training and support. http//free-electrons.com Penguin weight watchers Make your penguin slimmer, faster, and reduce its consumption of fish! Before 2 weeks after 2 Free Electrons. Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux development, consulting, training and support. http//free-electrons.com CE Linux Forum http://celinuxforum.org/ Non profit organization, whose members are embedded Linux companies and Consumer Electronics (CE) devices makers. Mission: develop the use of Linux in CE devices Hosts many projects to improve the suitability of Linux for CE devices and embedded systems. All patches are meant to be included in the mainline Linux kernel. Most of the ideas introduced in this presentation have been gathered or even implemented by CE Linux Forum projects! 3 Free Electrons. Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux development, consulting, training and support. http//free-electrons.com Contents Ideas for optimizing the Linux kernel and executables Increasing speed Reducing size: disk footprint and RAM Reducing power consumption Global perspective: cost and combined optimization effects The ultimate optimization tool! 4 Free Electrons. Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux development, consulting, training and support. http//free-electrons.com Embedded Linux Optimizations Increasing speed Reducing kernel boot time 5 Free Electrons. Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux development, consulting, training and support. -
Loris/Tissino /La/Mia/Cassetta/Degli/Attrezzi/Linux
/loris/tissino /la/mia/cassetta/degli/attrezzi/linux www.tissino.it/docs/linux Indice 1 Introduzione 17 1.1 Questa cassetta . 17 1.1.1 A chi `erivolta . 17 1.1.2 Formati e diffusione . 17 1.1.3 Errori . 17 1.1.4 Licenza . 17 1.2 Bibliografia e documentazione . 17 1.2.1 PDF . 17 1.2.2 Libri . 18 1.2.3 Siti web . 18 1.2.4 Man . 18 1.2.5 Whatis . 18 1.2.6 Apropos . 19 1.2.7 Info . 19 1.2.8 —help . 19 1.2.9 /usr/share/doc . 19 1.2.10 HOWTO e WWW . 19 1.3 Il concetto di software libero . 20 1.3.1 Il software . 20 1.3.2 Programma . 20 1.3.3 Applicazione . 20 1.3.4 Sistema operativo . 20 1.3.5 Programma sorgente ed eseguibile . 20 1.3.6 Free Software Foundation . 21 1.3.7 Copyright e Copyleft . 21 1.3.8 Licenze . 21 1.3.9 Open Source . 21 1.3.10 Altri tipi di licenza . 22 1.4 Differenze tra Windows e GNU/Linux . 22 1.4.1 Differenze tra Microsoft Windows e GNU/Linux . 22 1.4.2 Sicurezza . 22 1.4.3 Disponibilit`adi software . 22 1.4.4 i18n e l10n . 22 1.4.5 Gestione del software . 23 1.4.6 File system . 23 1.4.7 Nomi di file e directory . 23 1.4.8 Estensioni . 23 1.4.9 Permessi su file e directory . 23 1.4.10 File nascosti e attributi . -
Gestion De Services Sous Unix
Gestion de services sous Unix Baptiste Daroussin [email protected] [email protected] sysadmin #6 Paris 19 Février 2016 Disclaimer sysadmin#6 Gestion de services sous Unix 2 of 16 L’arlésienne supervisor daemontools procd OpenRC DEMONS Runit Epoch ninit finitrcNG sinit minitsystemdinitng rc svc perp eINIT SMF SysVinit nosh SystemXVI upstart launchd monit Shepherd relaunchd sparkrc watchmancircus sysadmin#6 Gestion de services sous Unix 3 of 16 I I’m your father(c)(tm) I laisse la main a d’autres pour la gestion des services... presque I /etc/inittab I /etc/ttys I Généralement des scripts shell I SysVinit I rcNG I rc Il était une fois init(8) I petit mais costaud sysadmin#6 Gestion de services sous Unix 4 of 16 I laisse la main a d’autres pour la gestion des services... presque I /etc/inittab I /etc/ttys I Généralement des scripts shell I SysVinit I rcNG I rc Il était une fois init(8) I petit mais costaud I I’m your father(c)(tm) sysadmin#6 Gestion de services sous Unix 4 of 16 presque I /etc/inittab I /etc/ttys I Généralement des scripts shell I SysVinit I rcNG I rc Il était une fois init(8) I petit mais costaud I I’m your father(c)(tm) I laisse la main a d’autres pour la gestion des services... sysadmin#6 Gestion de services sous Unix 4 of 16 I /etc/inittab I /etc/ttys I Généralement des scripts shell I SysVinit I rcNG I rc Il était une fois init(8) I petit mais costaud I I’m your father(c)(tm) I laisse la main a d’autres pour la gestion des services.. -
A Survey of Unix Init Schemes Yvan Royon, Stéphane Frénot
A Survey of Unix Init Schemes Yvan Royon, Stéphane Frénot To cite this version: Yvan Royon, Stéphane Frénot. A Survey of Unix Init Schemes. [Technical Report] 2007. inria- 00155663v1 HAL Id: inria-00155663 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00155663v1 Submitted on 18 Jun 2007 (v1), last revised 20 Jun 2007 (v2) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE A Survey of Unix Init Schemes Yvan Royon — Stéphane Frénot N° ???? June 2007 Thème COM apport inria-00155663, version 1 - 18 Jun 2007 technique ISSN 0249-0803 ISRN INRIA/RT--????--FR+ENG A Survey of Unix Init Schemes Yvan Royon, St´ephane Fr´enot Th`eme COM — Syst`emes communicants Projet Ares Rapport technique n° ???? — June 2007 — 36 pages Abstract: In most modern operating systems, init (as in “initialization”) is the program launched by the kernel at boot time. It runs as a daemon and typically has PID 1. Init is responsible for spawning all other processes and scavenging zombies. It is also responsible for reboot and shutdown operations. This document describes existing solutions that implement the init process and/or init scripts in Unix-like systems. -
Linux Süsteemi Administreerimine
Algkäivitusprotseduur Algkäivitusprotseduur ❚ BIOS/UEFI initsialiseerib riistvara ❚ BIOS/UEFI laeb ja käivitab laaduri BIOS-i korral asub laadur alglaadesektoris UEFI korral eraldi partitsioonil ❚ laadur (GRUB) laeb ja käivitab tuuma ❚ tuum kontrollib ja initsialiseerib riistvara ning käivitab protsessi systemd (vanasti init) ❚ init käivitab /etc/rc.d/* skriptid ketaste kontroll, ühendamine jm serverprotsesside käivitamine, muu häälestus ❚ init (või systemd) käivitab getty-d ja graafilise sisselogimisliidese GRUB - Grand Unified Boot Loader ❚ alglaadeprogramm asub ketta või jaotise alglaadesektoris võimaldab valida alglaadimisel erinevate opsüsteemide ja Linuxi tuumade vahel „graafiline“ ❚ konfiguratsioonifail /etc/grub.conf /boot/grub/grub.conf /boot/grub2/grub.cfg ❚ Suudab ise lugeda konfiguratsioonifaili vastavalt kettajaoselt Töötase [runlevel] ❚ Töötase määrab töötavate teenuste hulga, kasutatakse eri töörežiimide määratlemiseks ❚ Töötaseme vahetamine – telinit ❘ 0,6 süsteemsed halt ja reboot ❘ s ainukasutaja reziim (single user mode) ❘ 1 hooldusreziim (sama mis ainukasutaja režiim) ❘ 2-5 erinevad mitmekasutaja reziimid ❘ 5 graafiline sisselogimine (graafiline kasutajaliides) # telinit 1 ainukasutajareziimi # telinit 5 graafilisse mitmekasutajareziimi ❚ Pakutavate teenuste hulk määratakse töötasemega # chkconfig --list | more Hooldusrežiim (ainukasutaja reziim) ❚ Kasutatakse ketastesse puutuvate hooldustööde tegemiseks, kui ei taha, et teised protsessid samaaegselt midagi ketastele kirjutaks. ❚ Kõik mittevajalikud protsessid -
Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Lt-1.9
Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut lt-1.9 Publication date Fri 17 Apr 2015 01:01:06 AM CEST Abstract This book is meant to be used in an instructor-led training. For self-study, the intent is to read this book next to a working Linux computer so you can immediately do every subject, practicing each command. This book is aimed at novice Linux system administrators (and might be interesting and useful for home users that want to know a bit more about their Linux system). However, this book is not meant as an introduction to Linux desktop applications like text editors, browsers, mail clients, multimedia or office applications. More information and free .pdf available at http://linux-training.be . Feel free to contact the author: • Paul Cobbaut: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut Contributors to the Linux Training project are: • Serge van Ginderachter: [email protected], build scripts and infrastructure setup • Ywein Van den Brande: [email protected], license and legal sections • Hendrik De Vloed: [email protected], buildheader.pl script We'd also like to thank our reviewers: • Wouter Verhelst: [email protected], http://grep.be • Geert Goossens: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/ geertgoossens • Elie De Brauwer: [email protected], http://www.de-brauwer.be • Christophe Vandeplas: [email protected], http://christophe.vandeplas.com • Bert Desmet: [email protected], http://blog.bdesmet.be • Rich Yonts: [email protected], Copyright 2007-2015 Paul Cobbaut Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. -
Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Lt-1.9
Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut Linux System Administration Paul Cobbaut lt-1.9 Publication date Mon 26 May 2014 01:00:55 AM CEST Abstract This book is meant to be used in an instructor-led training. For self-study, the intent is to read this book next to a working Linux computer so you can immediately do every subject, practicing each command. This book is aimed at novice Linux system administrators (and might be interesting and useful for home users that want to know a bit more about their Linux system). However, this book is not meant as an introduction to Linux desktop applications like text editors, browsers, mail clients, multimedia or office applications. More information and free .pdf available at http://linux-training.be . Feel free to contact the author: • Paul Cobbaut: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut Contributors to the Linux Training project are: • Serge van Ginderachter: [email protected], build scripts and infrastructure setup • Ywein Van den Brande: [email protected], license and legal sections • Hendrik De Vloed: [email protected], buildheader.pl script We'd also like to thank our reviewers: • Wouter Verhelst: [email protected], http://grep.be • Geert Goossens: [email protected], http://www.linkedin.com/in/ geertgoossens • Elie De Brauwer: [email protected], http://www.de-brauwer.be • Christophe Vandeplas: [email protected], http://christophe.vandeplas.com • Bert Desmet: [email protected], http://blog.bdesmet.be • Rich Yonts: [email protected], Copyright 2007-2014 Paul Cobbaut Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. -
Systemd Pisike Harjutus
Tänased teemad init runlevelid systemd pisike harjutus Init – Kõige Tähtsam Deemon • Init on süsteemis Esimene Deemon • Initi ülesandeks on tegeleda kõigi teiste süsteemi tööks vajalike protsessidega Init – Kõige Deemonite Ema ● Init on esimene protsess mis alglaadimisel käivitatakse ● init on „daemon“ ehk taustaprotsess mis töötab kogu süsteemi töötamise ajal ● Kõik teised protsessid on initi „järglased“ -- init käivitab kõik teised protsessid (daemonid) otseselt või kaudselt ● init „lapsendab“ kõik „orvuks jäänud“ (hüljatud) protsessid ● Alglaadimisel käivitab kernel initi (selle programmi nimi on kerneli koodi jõuga sisse kirjutatud) ja satub paanikasse (kernel panic) kui vastav rakendus puudub. ● tüüpiliselt on init PID (process ID 1) Init – ajalooga tegelane ● Initi juured on sügaval klassikalises UNIXis ● Ilmus juba UNIX System III (75) ja System V (83) ● Klassikalist initit on kahes „maitsevariandis“ „BSD- stiilis“ (linuxitest kasutas Slackware) ja „SystemV-stiilis“ -- seda kasutas kuni viimase ajani enamik linuxeid ● Kuigi moodsad distributiivid on kõik enamasti migreerinud juba systemd peale ei lähe „SysV-init“ „stiilis“ asjad esialgu veel mitte kusagile ● Tagasiühilduvuse huvides sälitatakse vajalikke init osi Kuidas init oma tööd teeb ● runlevel – runlevel on eeldefineeritud süsteemi „olek“ – tüüpilises linuxi süsteemis on 7 runlevelit (0-6) – linuxi standardsed runlevelid: ● 0 Halt – süsteemi töö peatamine ● 1 Single-user – ühekasutajarežiim süsteemi haldamiseks ja konfigureerimiseks ● 2 – multiuser, ilma võrguteenusteta ● -
Linux Startup Process
Linux Startup Process GTFO Security init Old school method called a sysvinit type system Other systems Upstart - Ubuntu, ChromeOS SystemStarter - old Mac OSX lanuchd - new Mac OSX systemd - Fedora OpenRC - Gentoo SMF - Solaris runlevels 0-halt 1-Single user mode 2-5-Multiuser 6-Reboot configuration files /etc/inittab /etc/event.d/rc-default /etc/init.d/rc Ubuntu 11.10 -> /etc/init.d/rc: ... for s in /etc/rc$runlevel.d/[SK]*; do if is_splash_stop_scripts "${s##/etc/rc$runlevel.d/S??}" ; then break fi num_steps=$(($num_steps + 1)) done ... ls -l /etc/rc1.d/* S90single -> ../init.d/single S70pppd-dns -> ../init.d/pppd-dns S70dns-clean -> ../init.d/dns-clean S30killprocs -> ../init.d/killprocs K80openvpn -> ../init.d/openvpn K74bluetooth -> ../init.d/bluetooth K20virtualbox -> ../init.d/virtualbox K20speech-dispatcher -> ../init.d/speech-dispatcher K20kerneloops -> ../init.d/kerneloops K20acpi-support -> ../init.d/acpi-support ls -l /etc/init.d/* cups -> /lib/init/upstart-job anacron -> /lib/init/upstart-job pppd-dns avahi-daemon -> /lib/init/upstart-job pulseaudio networking network-interface -> /lib/init/upstart-job ssh Starting/Stopping Services # Traditional: /etc/init.d/myservice start # Upstart service myservice start ssh example case "$1" in start) check_privsep_dir check_for_no_start log_daemon_msg "Starting SSH server" "sshd" ... ;; stop) stuff ;; ... Platform specific service editor Platform specific service editor Ubuntu service viewer $ service --status-all [ ? ] acpi-support [ ? ] acpid [ ? ] alsa-restore [ ? ] alsa-store [ ? ] anacron [ - ] apparmor [ ? ] apport [ ? ] atd [ ? ] avahi-daemon [ + ] bluetooth ... Ubuntu: enable/disable a service $ update-rc.d usage: update-rc.d [-n] [-f] <basename> remove update-rc.d [-n] <basename> defaults [NN | SS KK] update-rc.d [-n] <basename> start|stop NN runlvl [runlvl] [...] . -
Index.Indd 391 I N D E X
Index Index 32-bit kernels, 37 starting backups, 333–334 paravirtualized guests on 64-bit classes of, 315–316 hardware, 249 database volumes, 323 64-bit kernels, 37 DRBD and, 315 filesystems over network, 324–327 hosts, 328–329 A load, minimizing, 317 logical volumes, snapshots and, access control, 260–261 322–324 ACM (access control module), 261 rsync, 317–322 policies rsyncd, 329–332 associating with domainU guests, SMB, 332–333 269–270 target, selecting, 316 creating, 262–267 bcc compiler, 82 deploying files, 267–269 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) removing, 272 initialization, 88 ACM (access control module), 261 system startup and, 88 administration, increased complexity, 24 blktap driver, 143 Adobe Acrobat reader, 64 block devices AFS, storage virtualization and, 7 configuration, 341–342 AMD-V/SVM (Virtualization/Secure Virtual listing, 342–343 Machine, aka Pacifica), 36 mounting/unmounting, 235–238 AoE (ATA over Ethernet), 146 block-level storage, networked, 146 APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt boot configuration, policy, 344 Controller), 92 boot information, capturing, application virtualization, 2–3 102–104 applications, 37 boot options adding to filesystems, 167 GRUB, 104–108 auth daemon, 223 Linux, Xen-specific, 108 shared, Xen and Linux, 108 COPYRIGHTEDboot MATERIAL process, 91–93 branching, Mercurial and, 71 B Bridge Utilities, 62 BackupPC, 327–328 bridged networking, 202, 203–206 restoring from backups, 335–337 buffers, XenTrace, 194–195 starting backups, 333–334 bugs, reporting, 195–196 backups, 315 build environment -
Università Degli Studi Di Modena E Reggio Emilia
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MODENA E REGGIO EMILIA Dipartimento di Ingegneria “Enzo Ferrari” Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica IL PROCESSO DI INIT E LA SUA EVOLUZIONE NEI SISTEMI OPERATIVI GNU/LINUX Tutor: Elaborato di Laurea di: Chiar.mo Prof. Letizia Leonardi Paolo Bruno Anno accademico 2018-2019 Sommario Introduzione ..................................................................................................................... 1 1 Processo di bootstrap ................................................................................................ 3 2 Processo di startup basato su System V init ............................................................. 8 2.1 Funzionamento...............................................................................................................8 2.2 Ulteriori script eseguiti per ogni runlevel ...................................................................... 10 3 Perché rimpiazzare Unix System V init ................................................................. 17 3.1 Nuove risorse da utilizzare: le socket ............................................................................ 17 3.2 Shell script obsoleti ....................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Tenere traccia dei processi con i control groups ............................................................ 20 4 Processo di startup basato su systemd ................................................................... 22 4.1 Funzionamento generale .............................................................................................