A Survey of Unix Init Schemes Yvan Royon, Stéphane Frénot
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Introduction Use Runit with Traditional Init (Sysvinit)
2021/07/26 19:10 (UTC) 1/12 Runit Runit Introduction runit is a UNIX init scheme with service supervision. It is a cross-platform Unix init scheme with service supervision, a replacement for sysvinit, and other init schemes and supervision that are used with the traditional init. runit is compatible with djb's daemontools. In Unix-based computer operating systems, init (short for initialization) is the first process started during booting of the computer system. Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. Slackware comes with its own legacy init (/sbin/init) from the sysvinit package, that used to be included in almost all other major Linux distributions. The init daemon (or its replacement) is characterised by Process ID 1 (PID 1). To read on the benefits of runit, see here: http://smarden.org/runit/benefits.html * Unless otherwise stated, all commands in this article are to be run by root. Use runit with traditional init (sysvinit) runit is not provided by Slackware, but a SlackBuild is maintained on https://slackbuilds.org/. It does not have any dependencies. As we do not want yet to replace init with runit, run the slackbuild with CONFIG=no: CONFIG=no ./runit.SlackBuild Then install the resulting package and proceed as follows: mkdir /etc/runit/ /service/ cp -a /usr/doc/runit-*/etc/2 /etc/runit/ /sbin/runsvdir-start & Starting via rc.local For a typical Slackware-stlyle service, you can edit /etc/rc.d/rc.local file if [ -x /sbin/runsvdir-start ]; then /sbin/runsvdir-start & fi and then edit write /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown #!/bin/sh SlackDocs - https://docs.slackware.com/ Last update: 2020/05/06 08:08 (UTC) howtos:slackware_admin:runit https://docs.slackware.com/howtos:slackware_admin:runit RUNIT=x$( /sbin/pidof runsvdir ) if [ "$RUNIT" != x ]; then kill $RUNIT fi Then give rc.local_shutdown executive permission: chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown and reboot Starting via inittab (supervised) Remove the entries in /etc/rc.d/rc.local and /etc/rc.d/rc.local_shutdown described above. -
Systemd – Easy As 1, 2, 3
Systemd – Easy as 1, 2, 3 Ben Breard, RHCA Solutions Architect, Red Hat [email protected] Agenda ● Systemd functionality ● Coming to terms ● Learning the basics ● More advanced topics ● Learning the journal ● Available resources 2 Systemd is more than a SysVinit replacement 3 Systemd is a system and service manager 4 Systemd Overview ● Controls “units” rather than just daemons ● Handles dependency between units. ● Tracks processes with service information ● Services are owned by a cgroup. ● Simple to configure “SLAs” based on CPU, Memory, and IO. ● Properly kill daemons ● Minimal boot times ● Debuggability – no early boot messages are lost ● Easy to learn and backwards compatible. 5 Closer look at Units 6 Systemd - Units ● Naming convention is: name.type ● httpd.service, sshd.socket, or dev-hugepages.mount ● Service – Describe a daemon's type, execution, environment, and how it's monitored. ● Socket – Endpoint for interprocess communication. File, network, or Unix sockets. ● Target – Logical grouping of units. Replacement for runlevels. ● Device – Automatically created by the kernel. Can be provided to services as dependents. ● Mounts, automounts, swap – Monitor the mounting/unmounting of file systems. 7 Systemd – Units Continued ● Snapshots – save the state of units – useful for testing ● Timers – Timer-based activation ● Paths – Uses inotify to monitor a path ● Slices – For resource management. ● system.slice – services started by systemd ● user.slice – user processes ● machine.slice – VMs or containers registered with systemd 8 Systemd – Dependency Resolution ● Example: ● Wait for block device ● Check file system for device ● Mount file system ● nfs-lock.service: ● Requires=rpcbind.service network.target ● After=network.target named.service rpcbind.service ● Before=remote-fs-pre.target 9 That's all great .......but 10 Replace Init scripts!? Are you crazy?! 11 We're not crazy, I promise ● SysVinit had a good run, but leaves a lot to be desired. -
Mac OS X: an Introduction for Support Providers
Mac OS X: An Introduction for Support Providers Course Information Purpose of Course Mac OS X is the next-generation Macintosh operating system, utilizing a highly robust UNIX core with a brand new simplified user experience. It is the first successful attempt to provide a fully-functional graphical user experience in such an implementation without requiring the user to know or understand UNIX. This course is designed to provide a theoretical foundation for support providers seeking to provide user support for Mac OS X. It assumes the student has performed this role for Mac OS 9, and seeks to ground the student in Mac OS X using Mac OS 9 terms and concepts. Author: Robert Dorsett, manager, AppleCare Product Training & Readiness. Module Length: 2 hours Audience: Phone support, Apple Solutions Experts, Service Providers. Prerequisites: Experience supporting Mac OS 9 Course map: Operating Systems 101 Mac OS 9 and Cooperative Multitasking Mac OS X: Pre-emptive Multitasking and Protected Memory. Mac OS X: Symmetric Multiprocessing Components of Mac OS X The Layered Approach Darwin Core Services Graphics Services Application Environments Aqua Useful Mac OS X Jargon Bundles Frameworks Umbrella Frameworks Mac OS X Installation Initialization Options Installation Options Version 1.0 Copyright © 2001 by Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Startup Keys Mac OS X Setup Assistant Mac OS 9 and Classic Standard Directory Names Quick Answers: Where do my __________ go? More Directory Names A Word on Paths Security UNIX and security Multiple user implementation Root Old Stuff in New Terms INITs in Mac OS X Fonts FKEYs Printing from Mac OS X Disk First Aid and Drive Setup Startup Items Mac OS 9 Control Panels and Functionality mapped to Mac OS X New Stuff to Check Out Review Questions Review Answers Further Reading Change history: 3/19/01: Removed comment about UFS volumes not being selectable by Startup Disk. -
Cisco Virtualized Infrastructure Manager Installation Guide, 2.4.9
Cisco Virtualized Infrastructure Manager Installation Guide, 2.4.9 First Published: 2019-01-09 Last Modified: 2019-05-20 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
Unit V Algorithm for Booting the UNIX System
Unit V Algorithm for booting the UNIX system : As we’ve noted, the boot process begins when the instructions stored in the computer’s permanent, nonvolatile memory (referred to colloquially as the BIOS, ROM,NVRAM, and so on) are executed. This storage location for the initial boot instructions is generically referred to as firmware (in contrast to “software,” but reflecting the fact that the instructions constitute a program[2]). These instructions are executed automatically when the power is turned on or the system is reset, although the exact sequence of events may vary according to the values of stored parameters.[3] The firmware instructions may also begin executing in response to a command entered on the system console (as we’ll see in a bit). However they are initiated, these instructions are used to locate and start up the system’s boot program , which in turn starts the Unix operating system. The boot program is stored in a standard location on a bootable device. For a normal boot from disk, for example, the boot program might be located in block 0 of the root disk or, less commonly, in a special partition on the root disk. In the same way, the boot program may be the second file on a bootable tape or in a designated location on a remote file server in the case of a network boot of a diskless workstation. There is usually more than one bootable device on a system. The firmware program may include logic for selecting the device to boot from, often in the form of a list of potential devices to examine. -
Troubleshooting Guide
Java Platform, Standard Edition Troubleshooting Guide Release 9 E61074-05 October 2017 Java Platform, Standard Edition Troubleshooting Guide, Release 9 E61074-05 Copyright © 1995, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, delivered to U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency- specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the programs, including any operating system, integrated software, any programs installed on the hardware, and/or documentation, shall be subject to license terms and license restrictions applicable to the programs. No other rights are granted to the U.S. -
Happy Birthday Linux
25 Jahre Linux! Am Anfang war der Quellcode Entstehungsgeschichte und Werdegang von Linux Entwicklung und Diversifizierung der Distributionen Der Wert von Linux oder: „Wat nix kost, dat is och nix.“ Andreas Klein ORR 2016 1 Am Anfang war der Quellcode (70er) ● 1969, Ken Thompson u. Dennis Ritchie erstellen die erste Version von Unix in Assembler. ● Von 1969-1971 entwickeln sie gemeinsam die Programmiersprache B. ● Ab 1971 erweiterte in erster Linie Dennis Ritchie B, um weitere Elemente und nannte sie Anfangs NB (new B). ● 1973 waren die Erweiterungen soweit gediehen, das er die stark verbesserte Sprache C nannte (Brian W. Kernighan hat ebenfalls maßgeblich dazu beigetragen). //Unix=25 PCs ● Bis 1974 war das gesamte Betriebssystem UNIX vollständig in C implementiert und wurde mit einem C-Compiler kostenfrei an verschiedene Universitäten verteilt. ● 1978 wurden bereits über 600 Computer mit dem UNIX-Betriebssystemen betrieben. ● Das aufblühende Zeitalter der Computerisierung der 70er Jahre war geprägt vom regen und freien Austausch von Programmen und dessen zugrunde liegenden Ideen. Sinnvoller Weise tauschte man diese als Quellcode untereinander aus. ● 1979 wurde von AT&T die letzte UNIX-Version 7, mit freiem Quellcode veröffentlicht. Andreas Klein ORR 2016 2 Am Anfang war der Quellcode (80er) ● 1980 – 1983 AT&T sowie zahlreiche andere Unternehmen beginnen mit der Kommerzialisierung von UNIX, durch Koppelung an stark beschränkenden Lizenzen und Geheimhaltung des zugrunde liegenden Quelltextes. ● Richard Stallman kündigt am 27. September 1983 in den Newsgroups net.unix-wizards und net.usoft das GNU-Projekt an. ● Am 5. Januar 1984 begann Stallman offiziell mit der Arbeit am GNU-Projekt, nachdem er seine Stelle am MIT gekündigt hatte. -
Beyond Init: Systemd Linux Plumbers Conference 2010
Beyond Init: systemd Linux Plumbers Conference 2010 Kay Sievers Lennart Poettering November 2010 Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd Triggers: Boot, Socket, Bus, Device, Path, Timers, More Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd Substantial coverage of basic OS boot-up tasks, including fsck, mount, quota, hwclock, readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. Status: almost made Fedora 14. Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd including fsck, mount, quota, hwclock, readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. Status: almost made Fedora 14. Substantial coverage of basic OS boot-up tasks, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd mount, quota, hwclock, readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. Status: almost made Fedora 14. Substantial coverage of basic OS boot-up tasks, including fsck, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd quota, hwclock, readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. Status: almost made Fedora 14. Substantial coverage of basic OS boot-up tasks, including fsck, mount, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd hwclock, readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. Status: almost made Fedora 14. Substantial coverage of basic OS boot-up tasks, including fsck, mount, quota, Kay Sievers, Lennart Poettering Beyond Init: systemd readahead, tmpfiles, random-seed, console, static module loading, early syslog, plymouth, shutdown, kexec, SELinux, initrd+initrd-less boots. -
Container Technologies
Zagreb, NKOSL, FER Container technologies Marko Golec · Juraj Vijtiuk · Jakov Petrina April 11, 2020 About us ◦ Embedded Linux development and integration ◦ Delivering solutions based on Linux, OpenWrt and Yocto • Focused on software in network edge and CPEs ◦ Continuous participation in Open Source projects ◦ www.sartura.hr Introduction to GNU/Linux ◦ Linux = operating system kernel ◦ GNU/Linux distribution = kernel + userspace (Ubuntu, Arch Linux, Gentoo, Debian, OpenWrt, Mint, …) ◦ Userspace = set of libraries + system software Linux kernel ◦ Operating systems have two spaces of operation: • Kernel space – protected memory space and full access to the device’s hardware • Userspace – space in which all other application run • Has limited access to hardware resources • Accesses hardware resources via kernel • Userspace applications invoke kernel services with system calls User applications E.g. bash, LibreOffice, GIMP, Blender, Mozilla Firefox, etc. System daemons: Windowing system: User mode Low-level system systemd, runit, logind, X11, Wayland, Other libraries: GTK+, Qt, EFL, SDL, SFML, Graphics: Mesa, AMD components networkd, PulseAudio, SurfaceFlinger FLTK, GNUstep, etc. Catalyst, … … (Android) C standard library Up to 2000 subroutines depending on C library (glibc, musl, uClibc, bionic) ( open() , exec() , sbrk() , socket() , fopen() , calloc() , …) About 380 system calls ( stat , splice , dup , read , open , ioctl , write , mmap , close , exit , etc.) Process scheduling Memory management IPC subsystem Virtual files subsystem Network subsystem Kernel mode Linux Kernel subsystem subsystem Other components: ALSA, DRI, evdev, LVM, device mapper, Linux Network Scheduler, Netfilter Linux Security Modules: SELinux, TOMOYO, AppArmor, Smack Hardware (CPU, main memory, data storage devices, etc.) TABLE 1 Layers within Linux Virtualization Virtualization Concepts Two virtualization concepts: ◦ Hardware virtualization (full/para virtualization) • Emulation of complete hardware (virtual machines - VMs) • VirtualBox, QEMU, etc. -
Slides for the S6 Lightning Talk
The s6 supervision suite Laurent Bercot, 2017 What is an init system ? - “init” is vague terminology. “init wars” happened because nobody had a clear vision on what an init system even is or should be. - The 4 elements of an init system: /sbin/init, pid 1, process supervision, service management. - Not necessarily in the same process. Definition: process supervision A long-lived process (daemon) is supervised when it’s spawned by the supervision tree, a set of stable, long-lived processes started at boot time by pid 1. (Often just pid 1.) Supervision is a good pattern: the service is stable and launched in a reproducible env. Supervision only applies to daemons. Service management: definition - Boot time: bring all services up - Shutdown time: bring all services down - More generally: change services’ states Services can be oneshots (short-lived programs with side effects) or longruns (daemons). They have dependencies, which the service manager should enforce. What features do “init”s offer ? - Integrated init systems (systemd, launchd, upstart): “the big guys”. All four elements in one package, plus out-of-scope stuff. - sysvinit, BSD init: /sbin/init, pid 1, supervision (/etc/inittab, /etc/gettys). Service manager not included: sysv-rc, /etc/rc - OpenRC: service manager. - Epoch: similar to sysvinit + sysv-rc The “daemontools family” - /etc/inittab supervision is impractical; nobody uses it for anything else than gettys. - daemontools (DJB, 1998): the first project offering flexible process supervision. Realistic to supervise all daemons with it. - daemontools-encore, runit, perp, s6: supervision suites. - nosh: suite of tools similar to s6, in C++ Supervision suites are not enough - Only ¼ of an init system. -
Continuous Integration with Jenkins
Automated Deployment … of Debian & Ubuntu Michael Prokop About Me Debian Developer Project lead of Grml.org ounder of Grml-Forensic.org #nvolved in A#$ initramf"-tools$ etc. Member in Debian orensic Team Author of &ook $$Open Source Projektmanagement) #T *on"ultant Disclaimer" Deployment focuses on Linux (everal tools mentioned$ but there exist even more :. We'll cover some sections in more detail than others %here's no one-size-fits-all solution – identify what works for you Sy"tems Management Provisioning 4 Documentation &oot"trapping #nfrastructure 'rche"tration 4 Development Dev'ps Automation 6isualization/Trends *onfiguration 4Metric" + Logs Management Monitoring + *loud Service Updates Deployment Systems Management Remote Acce"" ipmi, HP i+'$ IBM RSA,... irm3are Management 9Vendor Tools Provisioning / Bootstrapping :ully) A(utomatic) I(n"tallation) Debian, Ubuntu$ Cent'( + Scientific +inu, http://fai-project.org/ ;uju Ubuntu <Charms= https-44juju.ubuntu.com/ grml-debootstrap netscript=http://example.org/net"cript.sh http-44grml.org4 d-i preseeding auto url>http-44debian.org/releases4\ "queeze/example-preseed.txt http-443iki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/Preseed Kickstart Cobbler Foreman AutoYa(%$ openQRM, (pace3alk,... Orche"tration / Automation Fabric (Python) % cat fabfile.py from fabric.api import run def host_type(): run('uname -s') % fab -H host1, host2,host3 host_type Capistrano (Ruby) % cat Capfile role :hosts, "host1", "host2", "host3" task :host_type, :roles => :hosts do run "uname -s" end % cap host_type 7undeck apt-dater % cat .config/apt-dater/hosts.conf [example.org] [email protected];mika@ mail.example.org;... *ontrolTier, Func$ MCollective$... *luster((8$ dsh, TakTuk,... *obbler$ Foreman$ openQRM, Spacewalk,... *onfiguration Management Puppet Environment" :production4"taging/development. -
Power State Management in Automotive Linux
Power State Management in Automotive Linux Table of Contents Terminology As automotive, consumer electronics, and embedded Executive Summary ............................................................1 software and hardware engineering intersect, technical Vehicle Power States and Device Energy traditions and vocabulary for in-car systems design begin Management ......................................................................1 to overlap. The following terms are defined for use in this Key Linux/Open Source Software Technologies document. for Automotive ...................................................................2 Power state management: Automakers and their supply CAN and MOST Drivers and Protocols ..........................2 chains use power management to describe the state of D-Bus ..............................................................................3 vehicles and in-vehicle systems relative to their policies for and use of electric power flowing from a vehicle’s Energy Management ......................................................3 alternator and battery. To minimize confusion between Initng: Next-Generation Init System ..............................3 familiar automotive terms and current embedded and System Health Monitoring – Monit ................................4 mobile terms, in this document power state management Conclusion ..........................................................................4 is used to describe the software infrastructure to support vehicle power states and transitions. Energy