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Sewer Systems Sewer Systems Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh Sewer Systems 1 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. Copyright & Disclaimer Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: You are free to: • Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document • Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: • Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Sewer Systems Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. Contents 1. Concept 2. How it can optimise SSWM 3. Conventional Sewers 4. Separate Sewers 5. Simplified Sewers 6. Solids-free Sewers 7. Pressurised Sewers 8. Vacuum Sewers 9. Channels 10. Sewer Pumping Stations A large sewer system. Source: RiverSides (n.y.) 11. Transfer and Sewer Discharge Station 12.References Sewer Systems 3 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 1. Concept What is a Sewer System? • A piped system to transport wastewater (and sometimes storm water) from the source (households, industry, runoff) to a treatment facility. • There are several designs, depending on topography, amount and kind of wastewater, size of community, etc. “Flush and forget”: in many cases, sewers lead into surface water sources without any treatment. Source: STAUFFER (2010) Sewer Systems 4 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 1. Concept What Kinds of Sewer Systems Exist? There exist several different sewer systems: •Conventional Sewers •Separate Sewers •Simplified Sewers •Solids-free Sewers •Pressurised Sewers •Vacuum Sewers •Channels Some of them require supporting elements such as: •Sewer Pumping Stations •Transfer Stations Sewer Systems 5 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Think Before You Flush! Sewers: a subsidy for the rich to excrete in convenience. Source: NARAIN (2002) What happens with my blackwater? How could I optimise my behaviour? Sewer Systems 6 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Source: PHADKE, S. (2009): Poo. Pune: Aman Setu Publication. http://www.susana.org/lang- en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=706 [Accessed: 22.04.2012]. Sewer Systems 7 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Source: PHADKE, S. (2009): Poo. Pune: Aman Setu Publication. http://www.susana.org/lang- en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=706 [Accessed: 22.04.2012]. Sewer Systems 8 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Source: PHADKE, S. (2009): Poo. Pune: Aman Setu Publication. http://www.susana.org/lang- en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=706 [Accessed: 22.04.2012]. Sewer Systems 9 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Source: PHADKE, S. (2009): Poo. Pune: Aman Setu Publication. http://www.susana.org/lang- en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=706 [Accessed: 22.04.2012]. Sewer Systems 10 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 2. How it can Optimise SSWM Use a Sewer System In many countries around the world, flush toilets and sewer systems are the common sanitary systems. However, there are several possibilities to keep your wastewater low and provide a sustainable treatment: Simplified sewer system Vertical constructed wetland Urine diversion flush toilet Rooftop rainwater harvesting as a water source. Urine fertilisation Compost filter (pre-treatment) Sewer Systems 11 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Design Principle • Large networks of underground pipes, mostly in urban areas. • Collection of blackwater, brownwater, greywater and stormwater. • The system contains three types of sewer lines: o Main line (primary): the centre of the system, all other lines empty into it. o Branch lines (secondary): extend from the main. o House laterals (tertiary): bring wastwater from the houses to the branch lines. Master sewer system map. Source: USAID (1982) Sewer Systems 12 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Design • Wastewater is transported to a centralised treatment facility by gravity. • Depending on topography, sewer pumping stations are necessary. • The lines are in a depth of 1.5 to 3 m and manholes proved access for maintenance. • It must be designed to maintain “self-cleansing” velocity that no particles accumulate Cross-section of a conventional sewer in a common urban set-up. Source: EAWAG/SANDEC (2008) Sewer Systems 13 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Costs Initial costs are high because: • Excavation and refilling of trenches to lay the pipes; • Requires specialised engineers and operators; • Maintenance costs are high compared to decentralised systems; • Extension of the system can be difficult and costly (redesign of the whole system) Maintenance and operation of the City's water system is quite a costly task. Source: THE CITY OF MADERA (n.y.) Sewer Systems 14 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Operation & Maintenance • Maintenance should be done by professionals. • Manholes are installed wherever there is a change of gradient or alignment and are used for regular inspection and cleaning. • It must be systematically planned and carefully implemented. • Overflows are required to avoid hydraulic surcharge of treatment plants during heavy rain events. Sewer access manhole. Source: USAID (1982) Sewer Systems 15 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Applicability • Suitable for urban areas that have the resources such a system. • They only make sense if a centralised treatment system exists which is able to handle big loads of waste- and stormwater. • Sufficient water as a transport medium needs to be available. • A professional management system must be in place. • They provide a high level of hygiene and comfort for the user. Sewer Systems 16 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 3. Conventional Sewers Pros and Cons Advantages: Disadvantages: • Convenience (minimal • High capital costs intervention by users) • Need a reliable supply of piped water • Low health risk • Difficult to construct in high-density • No nuisance from smells, areas, difficult and costly to maintain mosquitoes or flies • Recycling of nutrients and energy • Stormwater and greywater becomes difficult can be managed at the same • Unsuitability for self-help, requires time skilled engineers and operators • No problems related to • Problems associated with blockages discharging industrial and breakdown of pumping equipment wastewater • Adequate treatment and/or disposal • Moderate operation and required maintenance costs Sewer Systems 17 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 4. Separate Sewers Design Principle In contrast to conventional sewer systems, wastewater (e.g. from households or industries) and stormwater are transported separately. Source: LADEN (2010) LADEN Source: Ø During heavy rains, overflow contains no harmful blackwater. Ø Stormwater in general is less contaminated. Source: UNEP and MURDOCH 2004 Sewer Systems 18 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 4. Separate Sewers Costs • Construction costs might be higher than for the combined sewer system because two separated networks are necessary. • They must also be maintained and operated separately. • A replacement of a combined system by a separated system is very costly. Operation & Maintenance • Same as conventional systems Health Aspect • More secure than a conventional system, because blackwater is transported in a closed network. Sewer Systems 19 Find this presentation and more on: www.sswm.info. 4. Separate Sewers Applicability
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