Composting Toilets 2.2 Dehydration Toilets 2.3 Urine Diversion 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage 2.5 Vaccum Installations

Home , Bucket toilet, Urine diversion, Vacuum sewer

Ecosan Training Course Summer 2007 Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation in India

Overview of Ecosan Technology Components

Dipl. Ing. Martin Wafler, seecon international, Switzerland Contents

1. Overview of Ecosan Technology Components

2. Source Separated Collection/Treatment Systems 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets 2.2 Dehydration Toilets 2.3 Urine Diversion 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage 2.5 Vaccum Installations

3. Treatment of Blackwater Fraction 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment 3.2 Sludge Treatment 3.3 Vermi-Filter 3.4 Other High-Tech Treatment Methods

4. Treatment of Greywater 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment (Biogas Production) 3.2 Treatment: Drying and Humification 3.3 Other High-Tech Treatment Methods

5. Rainwater Harvesting

6. Vermicomposting of Organic Waste

J. Heeb 1. Overview of Ecosan Technology Components

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

(Prolonged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Composting, vermi-composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic treatment Sludge processing dehydration, treatment soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.) Greywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excreta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in

utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

utilisation utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.1 Composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Non-Flush)

Prototype Design of a “Multrum”-type Composting Latrine for One Family

source: Feachem, R., Cairncross, S. (1978). Small Excreta Disposal Systems. London: The Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene 2.1 Compostingecosan Toilets technologies (On-Site Management, Non-Flush)

Composting toilet system that can also be operated as a vermicomposting system

composting toilet, „Clivus Multrum“, Germany Sweden (Berger Biotechnik) 2.1 Compostingecosan Toilets technologies (On-Site Management, Non-Flush)

mixing chamber with electrical or manually driven optimised composting sawdust mixing mechanisms toilet, Bio-Lux (Seiwa Denko Ltd), Japan 2.1 Composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Non-Flush)

Composting toilet at roadside facility (Sweden), elected the best roadside facility in Sweden in 2002

P. Jenssen P. Jenssen 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush)

source: Aquatron

(vermi)composting system applying solid-liquid separation by a specially designed separator 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush)

Pre-composting tank (Rottebehaelter) for decentral pre-treatment of domestic wastewater

source: Gajurel, D. R. et al. Pre-treatment of domestic wastewater with source: Deepak R.G. et al. Investigation of the effectiveness of pre-compostingtanks: evaluation of existing systems source control sanitation concepts including pre-treatment with Rottebehaelter 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush)

Rottebehaelter with filter bag and separation toilet

source: Deepak R.G. et al. Investigation of the effectiveness of source control sanitation concepts including pre-treatment with Rottebehaelter 2.1 Vermicomposting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush)

blackwater treatment in vermicomposting unit (South Africa) 2.1 Vermicomposting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush)

Vermi-pit of on-site treatment of toiletwater (source: Arceivala, 2007) 2.2 Dehydration Toilets

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection

Com posting Toilets Dehydration Toilets

(Prolonged) stor age Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urin e ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment process ing Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.)

Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.2 Dehydration Toilets

Source: GTZ Source: GTZ Source: GTZ Dehydrating School Toilet two chamber system Rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Facility, China Mali 2.2 Dehydration Toilets

“SolaSan”-prefabricated system, “Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa South Africa 2.2 Dehydrationecosan Toilets technologies 2.2 Dehydrationecosan Toilets technologies 2.3 Urine Diversion

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urin e diver sion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urin e ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge dehydration, process ing soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.) Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as for lightning, Reuse of (treated) wastewater service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.3 Urine Diversion - Toilets

H,-P. Mang J. Heeb Source: GTZ Urine diverting Urine diverting Single Flush Double Flush Urine diverting slab toilet, e.g. slab toilet, e.g. Urine Urine insert to a used in China used in India Diversion Diversion bucket toilet Toilet, Sweden Toilet, Sweden

Separating human urine at the source before it mixes with faeces makes subsequent treatment much easier. 2.3 Urine Diversion - Waterless Urinals

Mon Museum, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany

Ernst Keramag Urimat 2.3 Urine Diversion - Storage Tanks

P. Jenssen

Various containers for urine storage on the large scale: Gebers, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany 2.4 Vaccum Sewerage Systems

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge processing dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.)

(Roediger)

Vacuum sewerage consists of 3 main components • central vacuum station which creates low pressure • vacuum sewer line for transport of sewerage • collection chambers with interface units 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage Systems - Collection Chambers

Wastewater flows by The waste water is then The air quantity streaming in gravity into a collection sucked by the valve into afterwards, pushes away all sump. When a certain the vacuum connection liquids out from the sump. quantity of liquid has sewer. Air sucked in Approximately four seconds accumulated, air in the afterwards creates the after, the interface valve will sensor pipe is necessary pressure close again. compressed and the gradient. controller unit gives a signal to the interface valve. 2.4 Vacuum Sewer Systems - Vacuum Sewer Lines

low density population settlement insufficient natural soil conditions (i.e. unstable soil or rock, high groundwater table, complicate excavation) seasonal operation (holiday resorts) water sensitive areas (lakes, rivers and coasts, or where flooding can occur) less costly to construct than conventional (narrow and shallow trenches, slope can be made in a saw-tooth profile, easy to over-/underpass obstacles, integration into existing sewer systems possible, etc.) 2.4 Vacuum Sewer Systems - Central Vacuum Station

Vacuum station - PE vessel Vacuum station - steel vessel

source: Roediger 2.5 Vaccum Installations

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Installations

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge processing dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.)

www.evacgroup.com www.airvac.com www.jets.no

Evac Marine Systems: Vacuum Toilet 0.5 - 1.5 Vacuum Toilet 0.5 - 1.5 Vacuum Toilet squatting liters/flush - floor liters/flush - wall platform mounted mounted (Jets) Vacuum technology: long since applied as a sewage collection tool in ships, trains and aircrafts collect blackwater (urine and faeces together) as concentrated as possible for further processing and reuse in agriculture. Vacuum toilets use 0.5 – 1.5 litres per flush Smaller pipes than conventional gravity sewerage Dry matter content: <1% addition of organic matter (i.e. grinded organic household wastes Completely closed system Source: (29) 2.5 Vaccum Installations – Permanent Vacuum (Greywater)

Atmospheric Under pressure pressure

Ventilation valve

Control Pneumatic unit sensor

Greywater holding tank valve

Greywater collection by means of interfaces 2.5 Vaccum Installations – Vacuum on Demand (Blackwater)

Vacuum on Demand (VOD) Vacuum is generated only when flushing available in a solar powered version consumes little energy (<10 kWh/person/year) VOD is very flexible and more robust than earlier vacuum systems

For use in buildings with no water and/or high voltage electricity supply: For connection to Jets Jets • solar powered public gravity • Facilitates local sewage treatment sewer

Jets

VOD system - with one toilet connected For connection to • 9 more toilets can be connected to the Jets holding tank. smallest commercial unit available. 2.5 Vaccum Installations – Vacuum on Demand (Blackwater)

Vacuum generating and forwarding pumps (vacuumarator) • generates vacuum on the inlet side which is connected to the vacuum piping and the toilet • discharges the wastewater under pressure in the other end. • able to transport the blackwater to an atmospheric holding tank that is at a higher elevation than the arator.

P. Jenssen Jets Standard 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anae robic trea tmSludgeent processing dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.)

Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems (Re)-Use as Biogas use Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. etc. ground water recharge etc. 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment - Biogas Plants

small-scale biogas plants:

decentralized treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment - Co-digestion of Blackwater with Manure 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed Reactor

UASB-Reactor and biogas power generator, Thailand 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment - UASB-Pond

example from Jamaica

(Jets TM) 3.2 Sludge Treatment - Drying and Humification

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

(Prolonged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Composting, vermi-composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic treatment Sludge processing

treatment dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.)

utilisation utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 3.2 Sludge Treatment - Drying and Humification

Faecal sludge from pit latrines and septic tanks as well as residues from ambient temperature or mesophilic anaerobic digestion generally require further treatment for hygienization Sludge drying and humification: – drainage layer of gravel covered by a filter layer of sands. – The humification bed is planted with wetland plants, normally common reed (Phragmites).”

Source: (29) http://academics.vmi.edu/enviro/gallery-wastewater5.htm 3.2 Sludge Treatment - Drying and Humification

P. Jenssen

Traditional sludge drying bed: used for dewatering & drying of fecal sludge and anaerobic digester residue. drying beds: simple sand and gravel filters batch loads of sludge are dewatered by percolation solid fraction remains on the filter surface and is dried by natural evaporation. reduces water content to 20-30%, partial pathogen removal. further treatment necessary percolate contains pathogens! 3.2 Treatment: Drying and Humification

P. Jenssen Humification: process of sludge treatment in planted dewatering/drying beds sludge is loaded on the bed and dewatered by percolation in the filter and by evapotranspiration through the plants. root system maintains permeability of the sludge layer. sludge is be added intermittently. removal of sludge every 5 -10 years depending on design (stop loading 2 years before emptying) very well mineralized product, soil-like structure. direct use in agriculture possible percolate needs treatment 3.3 Vermi-Filter

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge processing dehydration, soilification Vermi -filter

Vermi-filter for off-site treatment of wastewater (source: Arceivala, 2007) 3.4 Other High-Tech Treatment Methods

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 3.4 Other High-Tech Treatment - Liquid Composting

Aerobic treatment of liquid organic waste, also termed liquid composting.

bubble air through the organic slurry. microbial degradation process by aerobic organisms, mainly bacteria. exothermic process: thermophilic temperatures are reached adding of organic household waste / farm waste to increase dry matter content

P. Jenssen

5 0 2 0 ,

n s e s e n J .

P : j e c u r o S 3.4 Other High-Tech Treatment - Treatment High-Tech Other 3.4 Contactors Biological Rotating 3.4 Other High Tech Treatment - Membrane Technology

• Highly effective removal of soluable and biodegradable materials in wastewater stream • selective permeable membrane (pore sizes < bacteria) • treated water recycle potential for non-potable application • compact, flexible system 4.1 Greywater Treatment

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

(Prolonged) storage Constructed Rainwater Composting, vermi-composting Urine wetlands, ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic treatment Sludge processing dehydration, treatment soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.) Greywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excreta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in

utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 4.1 Greywater Treatment - Constructed Wetlands Pauw Pauw De De vertical flow De source: source: Cemagref Niels Niels Niels Niels • treatment of wastewater or greywater • effective in the removal of BOD, TSS and pathogens • effluent can be reused • aesthetically appealing

horizontal flow International Ltd. source: Comax source: Abir Mohammed, 2005 source: Mohammed, Abir 4.2 Wastewater Treatment - Biomass Production source: EU Fair, 2003 source: EU Fair,

• Combined wastewater treatment and bio-fuel production from willow plantations (example in Sweden) • Cost and energy effective 5.1 Rainwater Harvesting

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage

Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) RooftopRainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Rainwater Urine diversion collection Harvest ing Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets

(Prol onged) s torage Constructed Infiltrat ion wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge processing dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.) Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 5.1 Rainwater Harvesting and Ground Water Recharge

traditional water harvesting rainwater harvesting through through eris (lakes) watershed management

recharge of ground water recharge of ground water through through ridges and furrows contour bunding and trenching source: http://cpreec.org/ 5.1 Rainwater Harvesting - Urban Areas

service wells pebble bed

source: http://cpreec.org/ percolation trench recharge well soak pit 5.1 Rainwater Harvesting - Filters

filter system (which can be attached to a standard household downpipe) diverts 90 percent of rainwater to a storage tank through a 0.17 mm stainless steel mesh filter

source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/ source: http://kscst.org.in/

Filter Catridge of PopUp Filter 5.1 Rainwater Harvesting - Filters (contd.)

screen screen

source: M. Wafler collection tank

first-flush separator first-flush separator

source: M. Wafler

Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting at School in Misore

source: M. Wafler 6.1 Vermicomposting

Vermicomposting Unit for Biodegradeable Solid Waste

source: M. Wafler Outlook

solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage

Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater

collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets

utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. Ecosan Training Course Summer 2007 Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation in India

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Overview of Ecosan Technology Components

Dipl. Ing. Martin Wafler, seecon international, Switzerland ++ References

(1) WELL, Technical Briefs, Using Human Excreta, Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL) (UK). – In: (29) WHO (2005)

(2) WHO (2005): Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Greywater and Excreta. Chapter: Health Protection Measures (draft version December 2005)