DOCSLIB.ORG

Composting Toilets 2.2 Dehydration Toilets 2.3 Urine Diversion 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage 2.5 Vaccum Installations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Composting Toilets 2.2 Dehydration Toilets 2.3 Urine Diversion 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage 2.5 Vaccum Installations Ecosan Training Course Summer 2007 Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation in India Overview of Ecosan Technology Components Dipl. Ing. Martin Wafler, seecon international, Switzerland Contents 1. Overview of Ecosan Technology Components 2. Source Separated Collection/Treatment Systems 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets 2.2 Dehydration Toilets 2.3 Urine Diversion 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage 2.5 Vaccum Installations 3. Treatment of Blackwater Fraction 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment 3.2 Sludge Treatment 3.3 Vermi-Filter 3.4 Other High-Tech Treatment Methods 4. Treatment of Greywater 3.1 Anaerobic Treatment (Biogas Production) 3.2 Treatment: Drying and Humification 3.3 Other High-Tech Treatment Methods 5. Rainwater Harvesting 6. Vermicomposting of Organic Waste J. Heeb 1. Overview of Ecosan Technology Components solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets (Prolonged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Composting, vermi-composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic treatment Sludge processing dehydration, treatment soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.) Greywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excreta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vacuum Sewerage Gravity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Separate Harvesting greywater collection collection Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Composting Toilets (Prolonged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Composting, vermi-composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic treatment Sludge processing dehydration, treatment soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.) Greywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excreta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in utilisation utilisation in agriculture, aquaculture, cooking, etc. agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.1 Composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Non-Flush) Prototype Design of a “Multrum”-type Composting Latrine for One Family source: Feachem, R., Cairncross, S. (1978). Small Excreta Disposal Systems. London: The Ross Institute of Tropical Hygiene 2.1 Compostingecosan Toilets technologies (On-Site Management, Non-Flush) Composting toilet system that can also be operated as a vermicomposting system composting toilet, „Clivus Multrum“, Germany Sweden (Berger Biotechnik) 2.1 Compostingecosan Toilets technologies (On-Site Management, Non-Flush) mixing chamber with electrical or manually driven optimised composting sawdust mixing mechanisms toilet, Bio-Lux (Seiwa Denko Ltd), Japan 2.1 Composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Non-Flush) Composting toilet at roadside facility (Sweden), elected the best roadside facility in Sweden in 2002 P. Jenssen P. Jenssen 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush) source: Aquatron (vermi)composting system applying solid-liquid separation by a specially designed separator 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush) Pre-composting tank (Rottebehaelter) for decentral pre-treatment of domestic wastewater source: Gajurel, D. R. et al. Pre-treatment of domestic wastewater with source: Deepak R.G. et al. Investigation of the effectiveness of pre-compostingtanks: evaluation of existing systems source control sanitation concepts including pre-treatment with Rottebehaelter 2.1 (Vermi)composting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush) Rottebehaelter with filter bag and separation toilet source: Deepak R.G. et al. Investigation of the effectiveness of source control sanitation concepts including pre-treatment with Rottebehaelter 2.1 Vermicomposting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush) blackwater treatment in vermicomposting unit (South Africa) 2.1 Vermicomposting Toilets (On-Site Management, Flush) Vermi-pit of on-site treatment of toiletwater (source: Arceivala, 2007) 2.2 Dehydration Toilets solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Com posting Toilets Dehydration Toilets (Prolonged) stor age Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urin e ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment process ing Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.) Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.2 Dehydration Toilets Source: GTZ Source: GTZ Source: GTZ Dehydrating School Toilet two chamber system Rear view of a dehydrating toilet, Facility, China Mali 2.2 Dehydration Toilets “SolaSan”-prefabricated system, “Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa South Africa 2.2 Dehydrationecosan Toilets technologies 2.2 Dehydrationecosan Toilets technologies 2.3 Urine Diversion solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urin e diver sion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets (Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urin e ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge dehydration, process ing soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.) Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as for lightning, Reuse of (treated) wastewater service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.3 Urine Diversion - Toilets H,-P. Mang J. Heeb Source: GTZ Urine diverting Urine diverting Single Flush Double Flush Urine diverting slab toilet, e.g. slab toilet, e.g. Urine Urine insert to a used in China used in India Diversion Diversion bucket toilet Toilet, Sweden Toilet, Sweden Separating human urine at the source before it mixes with faeces makes subsequent treatment much easier. 2.3 Urine Diversion - Waterless Urinals Mon Museum, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany vacuum urinal KfW-building, Germany Ernst Keramag Urimat 2.3 Urine Diversion - Storage Tanks P. Jenssen Various containers for urine storage on the large scale: Gebers, Sweden Lambertsmühle, Germany 2.4 Vaccum Sewerage Systems solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Sewerage Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets (Prol onged) s torage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting Urine ponds, etc. Treatment Anaerobic tre atment Sludge processing dehydration, soilification Wastewater treatment (centralised or d ecentr.) Gre ywater Soil conditionning with treated Fertilizing gardens, Excr eta and Solid Biowaste with Urine mulch trench systems Biogas use (Re)-Use as Reuse of (treated) wastewater for lightning, service water or in cooking, etc. in agriculture, a quaculture, agriculture, aquaculture, etc. ground water recharge etc. 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage Systems - Main Components (Roediger) Vacuum sewerage consists of 3 main components • central vacuum station which creates low pressure • vacuum sewer line for transport of sewerage • collection chambers with interface units 2.4 Vacuum Sewerage Systems - Collection Chambers Wastewater flows by The waste water is then The air quantity streaming in gravity into a collection sucked by the valve into afterwards, pushes away all sump. When a certain the vacuum connection liquids out from the sump. quantity of liquid has sewer. Air sucked in Approximately four seconds accumulated, air in the afterwards creates the after, the interface valve will sensor pipe is necessary pressure close again. compressed and the gradient. controller unit gives a signal to the interface valve. 2.4 Vacuum Sewer Systems - Vacuum Sewer Lines low density population settlement insufficient natural soil conditions (i.e. unstable soil or rock, high groundwater table, complicate excavation) seasonal operation (holiday resorts) water sensitive areas (lakes, rivers and coasts, or where flooding can occur) less costly to construct than conventional (narrow and shallow trenches, slope can be made in a saw-tooth profile, easy to over-/underpass obstacles, integration into existing sewer systems possible, etc.) 2.4 Vacuum Sewer Systems - Central Vacuum Station Vacuum station - PE vessel Vacuum station - steel vessel source: Roediger 2.5 Vaccum Installations solid biowaste faeces urine greywater rainwater Vac uum Installations Gra vity Sewerage (centr. or decentr.) Rainwater Solid-Liquid Separation Sepa rate Harvesting greywater Urine diversion collection Dehydration Toilets Com posting Toilets (Prol onged) storage Constructed wetlands, Rainwater Com posting, vermi -composting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ROEVAC® Vacuum Sewer Systems
    16 May 2007 ROEVAC® Vacuum Sewer Systems PP_Sewer_2007_e_International Division_Ver_2.1 16 May 2007 ROEVAC ® Vacuum Sewer Systems Location ISO 9001 Production Facility in Tostedt, near Hamburg Main Office in Hanau, near Frankfurt/Main Regional Offices 16 May 2007 ROEVAC ® Vacuum Sewer Systems Bilfinger Berger Umwelttechnik GmbH, Aarbergen (D) Water and Wastewater Technology Remediation of Contaminated Sites and Vacuum Technology Landfill Engineering Engineering & Construction Products & Services Passavant-Roediger Anlagenbau Passavant-Geiger Bilfinger Berger Umweltsanierung Vacuum Sewerage Solutions GmbH, Hanau (D) GmbH, Aarbergen (D) GmbH, Essen (D) GmbH, Hanau (D) Passavant-Roediger Free Zone Umat Deponietechnik Bilfinger Berger Entsorgung Roediger Vakuum- und Establishment, Fujairah (VAE) GmbH, Hanau (D) 2) GmbH, Mannheim (D) Haustechnik GmbH, Hanau (D) Passavant-Roediger Enviro-tech Passavant-Intech Bilfinger Berger Entsorgung Ost Airvac Inc, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou (CN) GmbH, Rimpar (D) GmbH, Deutzen (D) Rochester (USA) Roediger (Thailand) Noggerath France Bilfinger Berger Entsorgung Nord Co., Ltd., Bangkok (THA) Eurl, Saint Jean le Blanc (F) GmbH, Hamburg (D) Passavant-Roediger Bulgaria Passavant-Geiger Hong Kong Bilfinger Berger Entsorgung Süd PLC, Sofia (BG) Co. Ltd., North Point (HK) GmbH, Dornach (D) Passavant-Roediger Romania Roediger AG, Bilfinger Berger Environmental S.R.L., Bukarest (RO) Münchenstein (CH) Ltd., Surrey (GB) Passavant-Roediger Hungaria Passavant-Roediger Aquatreat Bilfinger Berger Ambiente Kft., Budapest (H) LLC,
    [Show full text]
  • Recode Draft Plumbing Code for Composting and Urine Diversion Toilets
    June 9, 2014 Recode Draft Plumbing Code for Composting and Urine Diversion Toilets Editor Mathew Lippincott recodeoregon.org Collaborators Laura Allen greywateraction.org Mark Buehrer 2020engineering.org Molly Danielsson recodeoregon.org Melora Golden recodeoregon.org Colleen Mitchell 2020engineering.com Kim Nace richearthinstitute.org Glenn Nelson compostingtoilet.com Abe Noe-Hayes richearthinstitute.org David Omick watershedmg.org/soil-stewards John Scarpulla sfwater.org Justification Introduction Water scarcity and pollution concerns are driving Environmental Protection: the adoption of composting and urine diversion Urine diversion can reduce nitrogen in domestic toilet systems in the US and abroad. In the US, wastewater by 80%, and Composting Toilet these systems have been treated unevenly by Systems can reduce household nitrogen by close a patchwork of regulations in Health, Onsite to 90%, both at installed costs of $3-6,000. This is Sanitation, and Building Code departments a higher performance than Alternative Treatment because they do not fit neatly into categories Technologies (ATTs) and sand filters currently designed to guarantee safe sanitary drainage required in many jurisdictions with surface and systems. It is the opinion of this code group that groundwater concerns, and at a fraction of the composting and urine diversion toilets are at a cost. This code brings new, lower cost options for turning point, mature enough to build sound environmental protection to homeowners. regulation around while also being a site of active research and development. Our intent is Innovation: therefore to create code language that provides This code enables the installation of innovative for strict protections on public health while also technologies by creating a code with clear encouraging the growth of domestic industry and inspection points to safeguard public health even innovation in composting and urine diversion in the event of the failure of new or experimental systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Source Separation and Treatment of Anthropogenic Urine
    Source Separation and of Treatment Anthropogenic Urine Infrastructure Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite G-110 n Alexandria, VA 22314-1177 Phone: 571-384-2100 n Fax: 703-299-0742 n Email: [email protected] www.werf.org WERF Stock No. INFR4SG09b Co-published by IWA Publishing Source Separation and Treatment Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS United Kingdom of Anthropogenic Urine Phone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.co IWAP ISBN: 978-1-78040-005-1/1-78040-005-5 Co-published by Aug 2011 INFR4SG09b SOURCE SEPARATION AND TREATMENT OF ANTHROPOGENIC URINE by: Kimberly LeMonde Fewless Sybil Sharvelle (PI) Larry A. Roesner (Co-PI) Colorado State University 2011 The Water Environment Research Foundation, a not-for-profit organization, funds and manages water quality research for its subscribers through a diverse public-private partnership between municipal utilities, corporations, academia, industry, and the federal government. WERF subscribers include municipal and regional water and wastewater utilities, industrial corporations, environmental engineering firms, and others that share a commitment to cost-effective water quality solutions. WERF is dedicated to advancing science and technology addressing water quality issues as they impact water resources, the atmosphere, the lands, and quality of life. For more information, contact: Water Environment Research Foundation 635 Slaters Lane, Suite G-110 Alexandria, VA 22314-1177 Tel: (571) 384-2100 Fax: (703) 299-0742 www.werf.org [email protected] This report was co-published by the following organization. IWA Publishing Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555 www.iwapublishing.com [email protected] © Copyright 2011 by the Water Environment Research Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Sewer Catastrophe Companion
    A SEWER CATASTROPHE COMPANION Dry Toilets for Wet Disasters EMERGENCY The year is 20__. The Juan de Fuca tectonic plate has shifted, causing an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0, devastating the Pacific Northwest. Underground infrastructure has shaken. Sewers are broken and leaking into waterways. You have food and water, your house is still habitable, and your friends and fam- ily are all accounted for. Finally, you can slow down and take stock. You need to poop. Where will you go? RESPONSE This guide presents a toilet system that you can do yourself without relying on a co- ordinated and timely response by someone else. This system served after earthquakes destroyed sanitation systems in Haiti and New Zealand. This guide is for planning ahead and preparing kits, whether for yourself, your household, your apartment building, or your block. This flexible system is built around ubiquitous and freely available 5-gallon buckets. A solution for today that’s Urine itself is sterile, it can be applied to not a problem for tomor- land, dramatically reducing the amount of row. 1. Pee in Bucket material handling. After the earthquake in New Zealand, 2. Poop in Bucket people used separate toilets for poop and pee to reduces material handling, disease risks, and work. Washing hands is fundamental. We de- 3. Wash Hands signed a simple, efficient, and ergonomic portable sink using buckets. A solution for managing Store materials until they can be properly excreta that’s not excreting 1. Cap and processed and treated. This allows time for problems later. an official response and pickup, or to build Store your own compost processing area.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Ecosan Experience in Eastern and Southern Africa
    The Water and Sanitation Program January 2005 is an international partnership for improving water and sanitation sector policies, practices, and capacities to serve poor people Field Note Sanitation and Hygiene Series A Review of EcoSan Experience in Eastern and Southern Africa Many governments and agencies in Africa are exploring the role of ecological sanitation, or EcoSan, within their environmental sanitation and hygiene improvement programs. Despite convincing environmental and economic reasons to support this approach, acceptance of the technology has been very limited so far. This field note reviews experience in Eastern Africa and, with less detail, Southern Africa. Introduction The scale of the sanitation crisis in Africa is enormous: 43 percent of the population of Sub Saharan Africa – over 303 million people – had no access to basic sanitation in the year 2000.1 Between 1990 and 2000, the number of people gaining access to improved sanitation failed to keep pace with population growth. The combination of poor progress, population growth, extremely weak economies and sometimes civil strife mean that the MDG targets facing Africa, seem almost insurmountable. This clearly means that ‘business as usual’ is not an option. Many governments and agencies in Africa are exploring the role of ecological sanitation, or EcoSan, within their environmental sanitation and hygiene improvement programs. Despite convincing environmental and economic reasons to support this approach, acceptance of the technology has been very limited so far. This field note reviews experience in Eastern Africa and, with less detail, Southern Africa. The aim is: • to identify as many successful EcoSan projects and programs as possible and to learn from these experiences; and, • to understand why take-up of EcoSan has been so limited, and to use this information to improve future sanitation programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Sewer Systems
    Innovative Vacuum Technology for the Collection and Conveyance of Wastewater Vacuum Sewer Systems 1 Save yourself Ø 800 mm! 2 Roediger® Vacuum Sewer Systems – simply more efficient Sewerage has always played a significant role in municipal and local council meetings, due to the high level of investment involved. Aqseptence Group provides sustainable, cost-effective and technically mature vacuum sewer system solutions with a wide range of advan- tages over conventional gravity sewer systems. Significant advantages of Roediger® vacuum sewer systems: Short construction phase Save yourself Small pipe diameters Shallow installation depths Minimal ground excavation and less excavation waste Flexible pipe laying Ø 800 mm! Completely closed, odour-free system Simple operation and maintenance Aqseptence Group is the world Conventional methods for convey- market leader with its Roediger® ing wastewater can be traced Vacuum Sewer Systems. Our back to ancient Babylon and are systems represent modern solutions essentially based on utilizing which have proven to be both, gravity force and a gradient in the economic and efficient in pipes. In addition to the effort and challenging sewerage projects expense involved in construction throughout the world. works, the dimensions of such in- stallations present vast problems Ideal application fields are today, as a result of the demo- projects with a low population graphic changes which are occur- density, areas with unfavourable ring in many parts of the world. soil conditions and high ground- water levels or regions with a flat Modern vacuum sewer systems terrain – i.e. prevailing site condi- have proven to be very attractive tions which make conventional for decision-makers due to numer- gravity sewer systems difficult ous advantages when compared from a technical and, increasingly, with conventional gravity sewer from an economic point of view.
    [Show full text]
  • MIAMI VALLEY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION SANITARY SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT 2015 the Village of Ludlow Falls
    MIAMI VALLEY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION SANITARY SEWER FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT 2015 Prepared for: The Village of Ludlow Falls 99 Walnut Street Ludlow Falls, OH 45339 Prepared By: IBI Group, Inc. 635 Brooksedge Blvd. Westerville, Ohio 43081 614-818-4900 Fax 614-818-4901 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1 Executive Summary 7 Purpose of Study 7 Alternatives Considered 7 Conclusion 7 Recommendation 8 Chapter 2 Introduction 11 Background 11 Objective 11 Planning Area 11 Scope of Study 11 Methodology 12 Chapter 3 Existing Conditions 14 Existing Water Systems 14 Existing Wastewater Systems 15 Environmental Conditions 15 Soils 15 Topography 16 Surface Water 16 Wetlands 16 Flood Hazard Area 16 Land Use 16 Chapter 4 Future Conditions 26 Development 26 Population Trends 26 Chapter 5 Wastewater system alternatives 28 Collection System Alternatives 28 Gravity Sewer 28 STEP Sewer System 30 Grinder Pump Sewer System 32 Vacuum Sewer System 34 Treatment System Alternatives 35 New Mechanical Treatment Plant Extended Aeration 36 Facultative Lagoon System 38 Packed Bed Media 40 Regionalize with Adjacent Community Transport Wastewater to West Milton 42 Village of Ludlow Falls Sewer Feasibility Study IBI Group Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Chapter 6 Other Cost 54 Contingency 54 Non-construction Costs 54 Operation, Maintenance, and Repair 55 Chapter 7 Selected Plan 58 Summary 58 Conclusion 60 Recommendation 60 Chapter 8 Funding 61 Federal Funding 61 State Funding 61 Chapter 9 Arrangement for Implementation 65 Institutional Responsibilities 65 Implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Technology Review of Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (Uddts) Overview of Design, Operation, Management and Costs
    Technology Review of Urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) Overview of design, operation, management and costs As a federally owned enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 (Bonn) T +49 61 96 79-0 (Eschborn) Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 40 53113 Bonn, Germany T +49 228 44 60-0 F +49 228 44 60-17 66 Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 61 96 79-0 F +49 61 96 79-11 15 E [email protected] I www.giz.de Name of sector project: SV Nachhaltige Sanitärversorgung / Sustainable Sanitation Program Authors: Christian Rieck (GIZ), Dr. Elisabeth von Münch (Ostella), Dr. Heike Hoffmann (AKUT Peru) Editor: Christian Rieck (GIZ) Acknowledgements: We thank all reviewers who have provided substantial inputs namely Chris Buckley, Paul Calvert, Chris Canaday, Linus Dagerskog, Madeleine Fogde, Robert Gensch, Florian Klingel, Elke Müllegger, Charles Niwagaba, Lukas Ulrich, Claudia Wendland and Martina Winker, Trevor Surridge and Anthony Guadagni. We also received useful feedback from David Crosweller, Antoine Delepière, Abdoulaye Fall, Teddy Gounden, Richard Holden, Kamara Innocent, Peter Morgan, Andrea Pain, James Raude, Elmer Sayre, Dorothee Spuhler, Kim Andersson and Moses Wakala. The SuSanA discussion forum was also a source of inspiration: http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/34-urine-diversion-systems-
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sanitation – a Case Study in Yasmine and Awda Informal Settlements (Lebanon)
    Master's Thesis 2019 30 ECTS Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Sustainable sanitation – A case study in Yasmine and Awda informal settlements (Lebanon) Elisa Winger Eggen Master of Science in Water and Environmental Technology (M-VM) PREFACE This MSc thesis is my final work of the Master of Science in Water- and Environmental Technology at Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). The research is based on fieldwork undertaken from the 27th of January until the 3rd of March 2019 in Bekaa Valley, Bar Elias, Lebanon, aimed to find sustainable sanitation solutions in two refugee camps. The study has been carried out in close collaboration with Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC) and Multiconsult. My motivation for this thesis was based on a desire to choose a research topic that could be meaningful for others, and my interest in water and sanitation in developing countries. I sincerely hope this will contribute to improvements and implementation of a holistic sanitation system which will benefit the people in the studied camps. Ås, May 14th, 2019 Elisa Winger Eggen I II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Working on this thesis has been exciting, challenging and educational. There is a lot of effort invested in the final version of the thesis, and the learning process to this point has been invaluable. Many have contributed to this work, whom I will like to thank; First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my main supervisor, Professor Petter D. Jenssen, for his enormous inspiration, engagement, valuable feedback and support along the way. I would also like to thank Tor Valla (Multiconsult), Ioannis Georgiadis (NCA) and Manfred Arlt (NCA) for introducing me to this project in Lebanese refugee camps, where my education would be relevant and applied in practice.
    [Show full text]
  • On-Site Wastewater Treatment and Reuses in Japan
    Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Water Management 159 June 2006 Issue WM2 Pages 103–109 Linda S. Gaulke Paper 14257 PhD Candidate, Received 05/05/2005 University of Washington, Accepted 01/11/2005 Seattle, USA Keywords: sewage treatment & disposal/ water supply On-site wastewater treatment and reuses in Japan L. S. Gaulke MSE, MS On-site wastewater treatment poses a challenging toilets. Since then, sewers and johkasou have developed side problem for engineers. It requires a balance of appropriate by side. levels of technology and the operational complexity necessary to obtain high-quality effluent together with As of the year 2000, 71% of household wastewater in Japan adequate reliability and simplicity to accommodate was receiving some type of treatment and 91% of Japanese infrequent maintenance and monitoring. This review residents had flush toilets.1 A breakdown by population of covers how these issues have been addressed in on-site wastewater treatment methods utilised in Japan is presented in wastewater treatment in Japan (termed johkasou). On-site Fig. 1. The Johkasou Law mandates johkasou for new systems in Japan range from outmoded designs that construction in areas without sewers. Johkasou are different discharge grey water directly into the environment to from European septic tanks—even the smallest units advanced treatment units in high-density areas that (5–10 population equivalents (p.e.)) undergo an aerobic produce reclaimed water on-site. Japan is a world leader process. in membrane technologies that have led to the development of on-site wastewater treatment units capable of water-reclamation quality effluent. Alternative 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Urine Diversion
    1. Urine diversion – hygienic risks and microbial guidelines for reuse © Caroline Schönning Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (SMI) SE-171 82 Solna Sweden [email protected] This chapter is based on the doctoral thesis published by the author in February 2001: Höglund, C. (2001). Evaluation of microbial health risks associated with the reuse of source separated human urine. PhD thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. ISBN 91-7283-039-5. The full thesis (87 pages, without published papers) can be downloaded from: http://www.lib.kth.se/Sammanfattningar/hoglund010223.pdf Dr Håkan Jönsson, Swedish University for Agricultural Sciences is acknowledged for compiling Section 3, and Dr Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University is acknowledged for compiling Section 9. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 History 2 1.2 Nutrient content and volume of domestic wastewater 3 2. URINE DIVERSION 3 2.1 Urine diversion in Sweden 4 2.2 Source-separation of urine in other parts of the world 6 2.3 Ecological Sanitation 6 3. URINE AS A FERTILISER IN AGRICULTURE 7 3.1 Characteristics of diverted human urine 7 3.2 Collection and storage of the urine – developing countries 7 3.3 Urine as a fertiliser 8 3.4 Crops to fertilise 9 3.5 Dosage 9 3.6 Fertilising experiments 10 3.7 Acceptance 11 4. PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN URINE 11 5. FAECAL CONTAMINATION 13 5.1 Analysis of indicator bacteria to determine faecal contamination 14 5.2 Analysis of faecal sterols to determine faecal contamination 15 5.3 Discussion 16 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District Biosolids Digester Project Description
    Key Largo Wastewater Treatment District Biosolids Digester Project Description The project consists of the work as depicted in the Contract Documents, including the plans and specifications. This narrative description of the work is intended only to assist in the general understanding of the scope of work and is not intended to modify the scope of work as defined in the plans and specifications. Overview The work generally consists of demolition of several existing concrete structures, followed by construction of a pre-stressed concrete digester tank and associated equipment, piping and electrical elements. Following completion of construction and testing of the digester system, the WWTP staff will transfer biosolids from the existing tank currently being used as a digester, and the new digester will be placed into service. The work also includes cleaning of the existing digester tank and installation of equipment to convert the tank into its original intended use as Sequencing Batch Reactor #3. After the tank is cleaned, the Engineer will inspect the tank and determine if any repairs are needed. The Contractor will then install the SBR equipment provided by the District and install the influent piping as shown on the plans. The nutrient analyzers will also be installed. Following conversion of the tank to an SBR, the District staff will place the SBR into service and divert the flow from SBR #2 into SBR #3 for treatment. The Contractor will then clean SBR #2 for inspection by the Engineer and then proceed with the influent piping modifications and installation of the nutrient analyzers. When SBR #2 is completed, the District staff will transfer the flow from SBR #1 to SBR #2, allowing the Contractor to commence with the same scope of work on SBR #1.
    [Show full text]