Ophiocordyceps Stylophora

Acta Mycologica

DOI: 10.5586/am.1125 ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Publication history Received: 2018-12-02 Accepted: 2019-05-06 Ophiocordyceps stylophora Published: 2019-11-18 (Ophiocordycipitaceae) in Poland: new Handling editor Andrzej Szczepkowski, Faculty of Forestry, Warsaw University of localities and host species Life Sciences – SGGW, Poland Authors’ contributions Piotr Chachuła1*, Grzegorz Vončina1, Piotr Stanczak2 PC, PS: research designing, feld 1 works, writing the manuscript; Pieniński Park Narodowy, Jagiellońska 107B, 34-450 Krościenko nad Dunajcem, Poland 2 GV: feld works, writing the Independent researcher, Poland manuscript * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Funding Research partially fnanced by KRAMEKO Sp. z o.o., Kraków and Abstract partially from private funds. Ophiocordyceps stylophora, a rare fungus species in Europe, was frst recorded in one Competing interests locality in Poland in 2011. Tis paper concerns 33 specimens found between 2011 No competing interests have and 2015 in 23 new localities in fve areas. Amongst the described specimens, one was been declared. found on the Tenebrionidae beetle, and others grew on Elateridae larvae. For the frst time, Tenebrionidae larvae have been observed as hosts of O. stylophora. Five new Copyright notice positions have been located in the southern part of Poland in the area of Oszast and © The Author(s) 2019. This is an Open Access article distributed Reberce nature reserves, Babia Góra and Roztocze national parks, and one has been under the terms of the found in the northern part of Poland, in the Elbląg Upland Landscape Park. Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits Keywords redistribution, commercial and noncommercial, provided that Hypocreales; Cordyceps; entomopathogenic fungi; fungal ecology; rare species; the article is properly cited. protected areas

Citation Chachuła P, Vončina G, Stanczak P. Ophiocordyceps stylophora (Ophiocordycipitaceae) in Poland: new localities and host species. Acta Mycol. 2019;54(2):1125. https://doi. org/10.5586/am.1125

Introduction

Ophiocordyceps stylophora (Berk. & Broome) G. H. Sung et al. is a member of Hypo- creales (Ascomycota). It was described in 1857, and classifed within genus Cordyceps s. l. In 2007, it was transferred to the genus Ophiocordyceps [1,2]. Tis group of fungi exhibits parasitic tendencies [1]. In most cases, they parasitize Coleoptera larvae, but some species have been recorded on insects in the Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, and Araneae orders, as well as on fruit bodies of the hypogeous fungi from the genus Elaphomyces [1]. In Poland, 16 species of Cordyceps s. l. have already been recorded [3–5]. Ophiocordyceps stylophora is an entomopathogen that parasitizes beetle larvae from Cerambycidae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae, and Chrysomelidae families [1]. Te hosts are slightly recessed in wood (up to a few centimeters) when fungal structures are developed and visible on the wood surface. It is a rare species found in few countries in the world [3,6]. Recently, it has been observed in several places in Europe including Latvia [7], Norway [8], and Slovakia [9–11] (Fig. 1). Until now, recorded observations of this species in Poland have been limited to the Pieniny National Park [3]. Further feldwork conducted between 2011 and 2015 revealed several other locations throughout Poland (Fig. 1). Te aim of the research is to present new localities of O. stylophora in Poland with reports on their hosts and description of its habitats. Te ecology of the species is also briefy discussed.

Published by Polish Botanical Society 1 of 7 Chachuła et al. / Ophiocordyceps stylophora: new localities and a new host

Fig. 1 Localization of Ophiocordyceps stylophora sites in Europe. a – new regions: 1 – Elbląg; 2 – Roztocze National Park; 3 – Przemyskie Foothills Landscape Park; 4 and 5 – Babia Góra National Park; 6 – Oszast Nature Reserve; b – other localities in Europe.

Material and methods

Between 2011 and 2015, researchers searched for O. stylophora in 15 protected areas: Babia Góra National Park, Magura National Park, Ojców National Park, Roztocze National Park, Little Beskids Landscape Park, Brzanka Range Landscape Park, Przemyskie Foothills Landscape Park, Elbląg Upland Landscape Park, Ciężkowice-Rożnów Landscape Park, Dłubnia Landscape Park, Poprad Landscape Park, Rudno Landscape Park, Tenczynek Landscape Park, Wiśnicz-Lipnica Landscape Park, and Żywiec Landscape Park. Te collected samples were identifed according to the keys developed by Kobayashi [12] and Mains [13]. Preparations of dry specimens mounted in water, Melzer’s reagent, and Congo red were microscopically observed using the PZO 14 light microscope with Nomarski interference contrast [14]. Macro- and microfeatures of the specimens did not difer signifcantly from the specimens previously collected in the Pieniny National Park [3]. Te Latin names of liverworts are derived from Szweykowski [15], those of mosses from Ochyra et al. [16], those of vascular plants from Mirek et al. [17], and those of plant communities from Matuszkiewicz [18,19]. Names and numbers of geographical regions were adopted from Kondracki [20]. Site localizations were marked using GPS Garmin III+. Te localities were assigned to 10 × 10-km ATPOL squares calculated according to Snowarski’s calculator [21]. Herbarium materials were deposited in P. Chachuła’s private collection.

Results

Ophiocordyceps stylophora (Berk. & Broome) G. H. Sung, J. M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora, Studies in Mycology 57: 47 (2007). Bas. & syn.: Cordyceps stylophora Berk. & Broome, in Berkeley 1857.

Localities, habitats, and ecology

1. ATPOL: DB-06, Southern Baltic Coasts (313), Gdańsk Seashore (313.5), Elbląg Upland (313.55), Elbląg, Kumiela (Dzikuska) Stream region which is a tributary of the Elbląg Canal, Elbląg Upland Landscape Park, in the State Forests management area. GPS: 54°11'51" N; 19°28'4" E, 100–150 m above sea level (a.s.l.). Te forest includes Alnus incana, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, and Populus tremula near streams (Fig. 2). An manage forest in which rotting wood is lef in the ravine. Soil is usually naked with single herbaceous plants: Aegopodium podagraria, Impatiens sp., and Equisetum telmateia. Within this ATPOL square, 25 specimens including 22 teleomorphs and three sterile stromata were observed on 18 logs scattered in a 1-km2 area. Stromata grew from Elateridae and Tenebrionidae larvae (Fig. 3A,D) recessed in the wood of the fallen log of a deciduous tree. Both mossy and uncovered logs were observed on the following dates: October 19 (Fig. 3C), October 20 and 22 (Fig. 3B), October 23 (Fig. 3E), October 29, November 23, 2013, February 15, 16, 20, 28, March 3, 4, 6, 18, June 22, July 18 (Fig. 3A), and September 25, 2014 (Fig. 3D); obs. and leg. P. Stanczak, det. P. Chachuła. Collection numbers: PC/1/23102013, PC/1/29102013, PC/1/06032014, PC/1/18032014, and PC/1/11042014 (Fig. 3F,G).

2. ATPOL: GE-91, Lublin-Lviv Upland (343), Roztocze (343.2), Central Roztocze (343.22), Roztocze National Park, and valley of the Świerszcz Stream, GPS: 50°35'27.0" N; 22°59'04.0" E, 230 m a.s.l., in lowland alder and ash-alder forest on periodically swamped ground-water soils Fraxino-Alnetum association. Recessed in surface layers

Fig. 2 Te habitat of Ophiocordyceps stylophora in Kumiela (Dzikuska) Stream in Elbląg. February 28, 2014. Photo – P. Stanczak.

Fig. 3 Ophiocordyceps stylophora – macro- and microfeatures. (A) Sterile stroma (anamorph) growing from Elateridae larva. (B) Stroma with perithecia (teleomorph) in the initial phase of growth. (C) Branched stroma in teleomorphic stage. (D) Stroma growing from Tenebrionidae larva. (E) Stroma in teleomorphic stage. (F) A group of asci. (G) Upper parts of asci with ascospores. Scales: (A–E) 1 cm; (F) 100 µm; (G) 10 µm. Photos: P. Stanczak (A–E); P. Chachuła (F,G). (A) July 18, 2014; (B) October 22, 2013; (C) October 19, 2013; (D) September 25, 2014; (E) October 23, 2013; (F,G) PC/1/11042014.

of fr logs in the neighborhood of bryophytes: Cephalozia bicuspidata, Lepidozia rep- tans, Plagiothecium nemorale, Riccardia latifrons, and Tetraphis pellucida and vascular plants: Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Dryopteris carthusiana, and Oxalis acetosella. A single stroma was observed with teleomorphic stage of O. stylophora growing from a larva from the Elateridae family. September 16, 2011, leg. G. Vončina, det. P. Chachuła. Collection number: PC/1/16082011.

3. ATPOL: FG-08, Outer Western Carpathians (513), Middle Beskids Foothills (513.6), Przemyskie Foothills (513.65), Reberce Nature Reserve, and Przemyskie Foothills Landscape Park, GPS: 49°39'01.8" N; 22°30'45.3" E, 400 m a.s.l., stream valley in sub- montane forb-rich Carpathian fr-beech forest; East Carpathian vicariant Dentario

glandulosae-Fagetum abietetosum subassociation. One stroma was observed with teleomorphic stage O. stylophora growing from a larva from the Elateridae family, slightly recessed in a rotten fr log. September 12, 2015, leg. G. Vončina, det. P. Chachuła. Collection number: PC/1/12082015.

4. ATPOL: DG-17, Outer Western Carpathians (513), Western Beskids (513.5), Żywiec Beskids (513.51), Babia Góra Range (513.512), and Babia Góra National Park, in the area of the Górny Płaj trail, GPS: 49°35'28.2" N; 19°33'34.5" E, 1,020 m a.s.l. in montane forb-rich Carpathian fr-beech forest West Carpathian vicariant Dentario glandulosae- Fagetum abietetosum subassociation. One stroma was observed with teleomorphic stage O. stylophora growing from a larva from the Elateridae family, slightly recessed in the rotten wood of a fr log. May 19, 2012, leg. G. Vončina, det. P. Chachuła. Collection number: PC/1/19052012.

5. ATPOL: DG-16, Outer Western Carpathians (513), Western Beskids (513.5), Żywiec Beskids (513.51), Babia Góra Range (513.512), Babia Góra National Park, Czatoża forest, GPS: 49°35'49.6" N; 19°28'59.4" E, 876 m a.s.l. in montane forb-rich Carpathian fr-beech forest West Carpathian vicariant Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum association. A single stroma was observed with teleomorphic stage O. stylophora growing from a larva from Elateridae family, recessed in the surface layers of a strong fr log in the vicinity of Herzogiella seligeri and Dicranum scoparium. April 9, 2013, leg. G. Vončina, det. P. Chachuła. Collection number: PC/1/09062013.

6. ATPOL: DG-34, Outer Western Carpathians (513), Western Beskids (513.5), Żywiec Beskids (513.51), Żywiec-Orawa Beskid (513.511), Oszast Nature Reserve, Żywiec Landscape Park, GPS: 49°24'37.7" N; 19°11'18.6" E, 1,120 m a.s.l., in beech-fr forest with sycamore. Tree stromata were observed with teleomorphic stage O. stylophora recessed in the surface layers of rotten wood of a fr log. March 9, 2014, obs. R. Rutkowski, det. V. Kautman (by photos).

Discussion

Te localities presented in this paper are upland, foothill, and mountain regions with elevations ranging from 100 to 1,120 m a.s.l. It should be emphasized that out of the 15 studied regions, O. stylophora was found in fve. Of these, localities (Fig. 1) are located in areas under strict protection, excluded from forest management activities. Tey are in the Reberce and Oszast nature reserves (Fig. 1) and the Babia Góra National Park (Fig. 1). One site in the Roztocze National Park is located in an area of active protection. Te site located in Elbląg Upland Landscape Park (Fig. 1) is managed by the State Forests National Forest Holding. In this area, suitable conditions for the development of O. stylophora were created by leaving dead wood in inaccessible places, such as the deep valleys of the streams. Among six areas in 23 localities, 33 specimens of O. stylophora were observed, including 30 in the teleomorphic stage and three in the anamorphic stage. Tis fungus is most commonly found on click beetle larvae from the Ceramby- cidae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae, and Chrysomelidae families [1–3,7,8,10–13]. A similar pattern was observed in this study of the 33 specimens, the hosts for the fungus in 29 cases were larvae from the Elateridae family (in the case of three specimens from Oszast the hosts were not identifed). Te exception was the fungi specimen observed in the Kumiel (Dzikuska) Stream in Elbląg (Fig. 1), where the stroma of O. stylophora emerged from a larva of the Tenebrionidae family. Te insects from this family were never mentioned in literature as hosts for O. stylophora and our fnding extends the list of potential hosts for this species [1]. In reports on O. stylophora, the authors rarely described the habitat of this species precisely [3,7]. Generally, it can be said that vegetation in which this species is found is diverse. In Elbląg Upland and Roztocze National Park, specimens were found in the riparian forest in valleys of streams, similar to regions in Latvia and Norway [7,8]. In higher-elevation areas of the Reberce nature reserve and Babia Góra National Park, this fungus grew in old beech and fr, such as those in the Pieniny National Park [3]. In

Slovakia, they were found in beech forests [10,11] while in Mexico, they were found in oak and pine forests [6].Although most observations from Europe [7–11,22] have been done in October and one in April [3], the observations described in this paper indicate that the anamorphic and teleomorphic stages of Ophiocordyceps stylophora can be found year-round. Moreover, unlike Mains’ conclusions [13,23], the results demonstrate that the mature stage of O. stylophora can also be observed at nearly anytime in the year (February–June, September–November) (Tab. 1).

Tab. 1 Dates and development stages of the observed specimens of Ophiocordyceps stylophora.

Month

Form II III IV V VI VII IX X XI

Anamorph + - - - + + + + -

Teleomorph + + + + + - + + +

Te substrates in which beetle larvae were observed were coniferous and deciduous wood. Te following tree species are mentioned in previous studies: Alnus glutinosa [7,8], Fagus sylvatica [10,11], and Abies alba [3]. In this respect, the following correlation was observed in Poland: in the natural ranges of Abies alba, O. stylophora was found in fr logs, while beyond the area of the fr range, larvae infected by this fungus were found in deciduous wood. Te observation of O. stylophora, a notably rare taxon, and the recent discovery of new Cordyceps s. l. species from Poland [4] prove that the fungal species in Poland have not been comprehensively investigated.

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our gratitude for Professor Bernard Staniec from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin for identifying larvae from Tenebrionidae family, and Ryszard Rutkowski for information related to species localization in the Oszast Nature Reserve.

References

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