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Abstracts Presented at the Thirty-First Annual International Neuropsychological Society Conference VU Research Portal Development of behavioral regulation and social functioning in early childhood Smidts, D.P.; Anderson, V. published in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2003 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Smidts, D. P., & Anderson, V. (2003). Development of behavioral regulation and social functioning in early childhood. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9 (2). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (2003), 9, 135–330. Copyright © 2003 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. Abstracts Presented at the Thirty-First Annual International Neuropsychological Society Conference February 5–8, 2003 Honolulu, Hawaii WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, FEBRUARY 5, 2003 Poster Session 1/4:15–6:00 p.m. differences across three domains: (1) decision time, (2) amount of infor- mation used, and (3) quality of solutions. In addition, we developed a reliable method of coding task familiarity within each study. Results re- AGING: ATTENTION AND vealed moderate to large effects indicating longer “decision times” with EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS age, however these effects were significantly attenuated when participants had a high degree of task familiarity. In addition, moderate effects were observed for “amount of information” with older adults using less infor- E. WILDE, S. LANGENECKER, L.A. BIELIAUSKAS, R. WELSH, mation to make a decision regardless of degree of familiarity. Older adults P. ELDEVIK, B.A. STEINBERG, & S. BERENT. Age Differences in displayed poorer quality of solutions under conditions of little or average Functional Activation Using Complex Embedded Visual Figures. previous experience with the task, however there was a trend toward The current study extends our previous findings of cognitive and func- attenuation of this effect when participants had high task familiarity. Thus, tional activation differences in visual spatial functioning between 5 youn- while moderate to large age effects emerge across three domains assessing ger (age 20–30) and 4 older (age 70–84) cognitively intact adults utilizing “everyday” problem solving and decision making in aging, task famil- items adapted from the Southern California Figure0Ground Visual Percep- iarity moderates these effects by both decreasing response latencies tion Test. Our adapted measure contains three types of items: (1) overlap- and increasing the quality of solutions. In contrast, familiarity does not ping items, where the subject must determine whether a single line drawing appear to moderate the amount of information required for decision- (lower part of the screen) exists in exactly the same orientation within making with age. a constellation of three overlapping figures (upper part of the screen), Correspondence: Wendy Loken Thornton, Simon Fraser University, De- (2) embedded items, where the subject must determine whether the target partment of Psychology, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, item (below) is embedded within a complex drawing (above), and Canada. E-mail: [email protected] (3) control items where the subject must determine whether the stimulus target item (below) is the same or different than an item portrayed above. P. GUINTHER, H. DAVIS, & F. KELLER. A Life-Span Assessment of Given the relative difficulty of embedded items, we hypothesized that Subjective Organization and Frontal Lobe Functioning. differences both in location and extent of activation would be different in A life-span assessment of subjective organization, recall, and frontal lobe older versus younger adults. Consistent with other reported findings re- functioning was conducted on 1414 participants ranging in age from 5 to flecting greater neural recruitment of frontal areas in older subjects, we 90 years. Subjective organization is an encoding process that involves found increased activation in bilateral prefrontal cortex, and medial fron- chunking individual items into larger units of organization, which en- tal cortex (including supplementary motor cortex and anterior cingulate), hances recall. The frontal lobes have been implicated in this process, of our older subjects when compared to younger subjects. This finding suggesting that age-related deficits in subjective organization and recall extends previous research with memory, attention, and inhibition, adding may be related to a deficient in frontal lobe functioning. Findings from the another domain of function where older adults demonstrate more frontal Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Tests, the Paired Frequencies method for and extraneous areas of activation when compared to younger adults. measuring subjective organization, Wisconsin Card Sort Test, Temporal Correspondence: Linas A. Bieliauskas, Ph.D., University of Michigan Med- Order Test, and Tower of London test generally showed a quadratic pattern ical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Dr., C-480 Med Inn Building, Box across age, with deficits in performance among children and elderly par- 0840, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0840. E-mail: [email protected] ticipants. As hypothesized, summed recall scores correlated with the mea- sure of subjective organization, r(1407) 5 .52. However, subjective organization exhibited fairly weak correlations with measures of frontal H. DUMKE, W.J.L. THORNTON, & M. ROY. Everyday Problem- lobe functioning; the highest correlation was with the Temporal Order test, Solving and Decision-Making in Aging: A Meta-Analytic Review. r(480) 5 .27. Subjective organization appears to be too subtle to detect We report a meta-analytic review investigating speed, process, and quality with global measures of frontal functioning, but may be partially respon- of everyday problem solving and decision making in aging. Thirty-two sible for age differences in recall. studies with an aggregate of 3091 participants were drawn from a variety Correspondence: Hasker Davis, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, of experimental contexts (i.e., medical, consumer, financial, managerial, Dept. of Psychology, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, PO Box 7150, Colorado etc.). Effect sizes were calculated to reflect between group (old vs. young) Springs, CO 80933. E-mail: [email protected] 135 136 JINS, Vol. 9, No. 2 P. REKKAS & S. MURTHA. Equating Task Complexity Across Age from 5 to 19 years old and 10 year intervals for each decade thereafter. Groups Does Not Reduce the Impairment Observed in Central Exec- More errors were made in the 5–9 and 10–14 year old groups than in the utive Functioning. groups ranging from 15 to 60 years of age ( p , .0005). The 70- and Introduction: It has been proposed that in order to perform two tasks at 80-year-old groups performed more like the 10–14 year olds. Year by year once, the central executive (CE) must allocate varying degrees of process- analyses conducted on individuals ranging from 5 to 19 years of age ing capacity to one or both of the working memory slave systems and then revealed a monotonic decrease in errors, leveling off at about age 14. co-ordinate all subsequent demands. Elderly participants do not generally Correlations between TOL, temporal order, Wisconsin Card Sort, and Stroop perform as well as young participants on dual task measures. It could be color word are modest but significant, ranging from .26 to .37 in absolute argued that the age discrepancy seen is not due to an impairment in the CE, magnitude. Combined results indicate that TOL may be used normatively but to overall differences in cognitive complexity0difficulty between ex- to compare potentially impaired individuals, and further, that the measure perimental conditions. In order to mitigate the effects of task complexity may be substantively different from other standardized measures of fron- between the age groups in the present study, memory load was titrated to tal lobe function. reflect individual span capacity. Method: 30 elderly, 30 young, had to hold Correspondence: Hasker Davis, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, in memory a titrated list of consonants 0 to 10s. They did this either Dept. of Psychology, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, PO Box 7150, Colo- without any distracting secondary task (unfilled condition) or while simul- rado Springs, CO 80933-7150. E-mail: [email protected] taneously performing secondary tasks (filled condition) that varied in com- plexity (articulation, digit reversal). Results: The elderly recalled fewer consonants than the young. This was most evident when comparing recall N. ZOOK, M. WELSH, P. RETZLAFF, E. ALM, V. EWING, & H. performance on the unfilled condition with the filled conditions. Although
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