DOCSLIB.ORG

Trustees' Report and Financial Statements 2019-2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trustees' Report and Financial Statements 2019-2020 SCIENCE SHAPING THE WORLD WE LIVE IN 1 STRATEGIC REPORT STRATEGIC GOVERNANCE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FINANCIAL OTHER INFORMATION OTHER Science Shaping the world we live in Trustees’ report and financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2020 2 THE ROYAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCIENCE SHAPING THE WORLD WE LIVE IN 3 Contents About us STRATEGIC REPORT REPORT STRATEGIC About us 3 The Royal Society’s fundamental President’s foreword 6 Executive Director’s report 8 purpose, reflected in its founding Public benefit statement 10 Charters of the 1660s, is to recognise, Charity Our strategy at a glance 12 promote and support excellence As a registered charity, the Royal Society undertakes a range of activities that provide Where our income comes from and how we spend it 14 in science and to encourage the public benefit either directly or indirectly. These include providing financial support for scientists development and use of science for at various stages of their careers, funding STRATEGY IN ACTION programmes that advance understanding of our GOVERNANCE Promoting excellence in science 16 the benefit of humanity. world, organising scientific conferences to foster How the Society has supported discussion and collaboration, and publishing the response to the pandemic 20 scientific journals. Supporting international The Society is a self-governing scientific collaboration 22 Future Leaders – Fellowship of distinguished scientists African Independent Research (FLAIR) Fellowships 26 drawn from all areas of science, Demonstrating the importance technology, engineering, mathematics The Society has of science to everyone 28 Fellowship and medicine. three roles that are Climate and biodiversity 32 As a fellowship of outstanding scientists key to performing STATEMENTS FINANCIAL embracing the entire scientific landscape, the GOVERNANCE its purpose: Society recognises excellence and elects Fellows and Foreign Members from all over the world. People 34 The Society has played a part in some Financial review 40 of the most fundamental, significant Principal risks and uncertainties 46 and life-changing discoveries in Governance 50 Statement of Trustees’ history and Royal Society scientists responsibilities 53 – our Fellows and those people we National Independent auditor’s report 54 fund – continue to make outstanding academy INFORMATION OTHER FINANCIAL STATEMENTS contributions to science and help to As a national academy, the Society represents the UK and collaborates with international Consolidated statement of partners to advocate for science and its financial activities 56 shape the world we live in. benefits. It provides authoritative and Consolidated and charity independent advice on matters of science balance sheet 57 that support the public good, including policies Consolidated statement that promote excellent science and scientific of cash flows 58 issues that inform public policy. Accounting policies 59 Notes to the financial statements 63 Reference and administrative details 87 Discover more online at: royalsociety.org 4 THE ROYAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCIENCE SHAPING THE WORLD WE LIVE IN 5 Our heritage At a glance STRATEGIC REPORT STRATEGIC 1778 Fellows begin ‘conversaziones’ as an opportunity to demonstrate 1723 their cutting-edge research to the 11,513 1660 The first Foreign Secretary of the rest of the Fellowship. These have £133.7m members of the public attended the Society is appointed, 59 years before since developed into the annual The Royal Society is total expenditure, 17% increase from 2018/19 Society’s Summer Science Exhibition founded, following a lecture the UK government appoints its first public Summer Science Exhibition. by Christopher Wren. Foreign Seretary. 1662 1736 GOVERNANCE The Royal Society publishes its first book, The Copley Medal is established from an John Evelyn’s Sylva. This recognised the endowment of £100 received from the impact of humans on the natural world and estate of Sir Godfrey Copley in 1709. It is the 1797 the need for sustainability. world’s oldest scientific honour, a prestigious Edward Jenner 1,913 1,065 forerunner of the Nobel Prize. FRS unveils a new participants at the Society’s internationally researchers currently supported by the weapon in the fight renowned scientific meetings Royal Society through its research fellowships 1851 against smallpox – The UK government awards vaccination. It will the Society its first annual eventually lead to government grant of £1,000 the eradication of the 1947 1928 to be distributed for ‘private disease in humans. Two years after the Alexander Fleming FRS individual scientific research’. Papers from our journals election of the first recognises the antibacterial effect were downloaded over FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FINANCIAL women to the Royal of penicillin, and its significance, following his observations of 61 Society, Mary Lucy Cartwright becomes infection among the wounded new Fellows and Foreign Members the first female of the First World War. 30m times elected, including 13 women mathematician elected to the 1872 Fellowship. She is The launch of the HMS Challenger expedition, recognised for her heralds the creation of a new scientific discipline pioneering work – oceanography. Organised by the Royal Society in what would later and the Admiralty the voyage vastly increased be known as chaos knowledge of ocean ecosystems and identified theory. 1964 over 4,000 new marine species. 41,784 1,472 Royal Society Wolfson Research pages from our archives digitised downloads of the iHuman report Professor, Dorothy Hodgkin, OTHER INFORMATION OTHER 1971 becomes the UK’s only female Nobel Prize-winning scientist. John Vane FRS elucidates how the 1983 effective substance The Society’s People of Science The Royal Society University Research Fellowships 2020 in aspirin acts as an videos received more than are established to create opportunities for early The Data Evaluation and Learning anti-inflammatory career scientists within UK universities. Many for Viral Epidemics (DELVE) group and inhibits pain in 212 University Research Fellows have gone on to is convened by the Royal Society in the human body. staff organised into programmes, become leaders in their field. response to the COVID-19 pandemic. His research paves 725,000 services and trading sections the way for the views on YouTube development of 2011 LOOKING FORWARD: 2021 other useful drugs and treatments. The Society publishes The Royal Society will continue to Open Biology, its first fully convene scientific experts urgently ‘open access’ journal. to support the response to the global pandemic and provide new scientific advice as it evolves. 6 THE ROYAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES’ REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SCIENCE SHAPING THE WORLD WE LIVE IN 7 President’s REPORT STRATEGIC foreword before it. Avoiding potential damage account the long-term aspirations of the technology and ethical issues to science from a bad Brexit and scientists and their families. raised by the development of neural the general election and what a interfaces – electronic devices Science has been central to the Investment in science is essential for new government would mean for linked to our nervous systems that the health, wealth and happiness of handling of the pandemic and the science were also high on the Royal have great potential in medicine the nation. That was one of the key Society’s agenda. but could also exacerbate already Royal Society has been to the fore.” messages that the Royal Society put strong inequalities in society. We We continued to make the case to politicians in the general election. GOVERNANCE also convened an international for the best possible outcome for It is a message that has hit home, commission with the aim of Over the past science as we leave the European with the main parties making a developing principles, criteria and year we have Union. The outward-facing, significant commitment to increasing standards for the clinical use of international nature of UK science investment in science. In March, increased our genome editing of the human has never been more important the Chancellor of the Exchequer germline. investment in in tackling global challenges. committed to more than doubling outstanding Challenges that are global but government investment in research Science and innovation promise so scientists from that have very real impacts on the and innovation by the end of this many improvements to the way we everyday lives of all of us – on our parliament. live but they also bring significant £84.7 million health, on the way we live our lives ethical challenges. Science can tell The Royal Society is an important and on jobs and the economy. us what we can do but it is up to to £102.5 million. part of delivering that investment society to decide what we should do. STATEMENTS FINANCIAL The UK has always been outward in science, and over the past year Over the past year, our Fellows and looking on science – we have we have increased our investment the people we fund have continued thrived by welcoming the best in outstanding scientists from to find new ways to benefit society. people from around the world £84.7 million to £102.5 million. The The Royal Society has continued to to come and work with our own people we invest in are pushing the help people understand what the outstanding homegrown talent. boundaries of human understanding, choices are and to give them the The world in April 2019 was very In addition to individual Fellows government advisory groups such That has been threatened by Brexit as our Charter from 1660 describes, means by which they can decide different from the world in March contributing directly to advice within as the Scientific Advisory Group for and we have continued to highlight for the benefit of humanity. what directions we go in. In a year 2020. The global COVID-19 and to government, the Society Emergencies (SAGE). this problem to the government. Science impacts our lives in so many that ended with great challenges for pandemic has impacted everyone, convened three groups to support In January, Downing Street As a scientific publisher, the Society ways.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • You and AI Conversations About AI Technologies and Their Implications for Society
    You and AI Conversations about AI technologies and their implications for society SUPPORTED BY CONVERSATIONS ABOUT AI TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY DeepMind1 2 CONVERSATIONS ABOUT AI TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY You and AI Conversations about AI technologies and their implications for society Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of making computer systems smart, and an umbrella term for a range of technologies that carry out functions that typically require intelligence in humans. AI technologies already support many everyday products and services, and the power and reach of these technologies are advancing at pace. The Royal Society is working to support an environment of careful stewardship of AI technologies, so that their benefits can be brought into being safely and rapidly, and shared across society. In support of this aim, the Society’s You and AI series brought together leading AI researchers to contribute to a public conversation about advances in AI and their implications for society. CONVERSATIONS ABOUT AI TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIETY 3 What AI can, and cannot, do The last decade has seen exciting developments in AI – and AI researchers are tackling some fundamental challenges to develop it further AI research seeks to understand what happens or inputs do not follow a standard intelligence is, and then recreate this through pattern, these systems cannot adapt their computer systems that can automatically rules or adjust their approach. perform tasks that require some level of reasoning or intelligence in humans. In the last decade, new methods that use learning algorithms have helped create In the past, AI research has concentrated computer systems that are more flexible on creating detailed rules for how to carry and adaptive, and Demis Hassabis FRS out a task and then developing computer (co-founder, DeepMind) has been at the systems that could carry out these rules; forefront of many of these developments.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pharmacologist 2 0 0 6 December
    Vol. 48 Number 4 The Pharmacologist 2 0 0 6 December 2006 YEAR IN REVIEW The Presidential Torch is passed from James E. Experimental Biology 2006 in San Francisco Barrett to Elaine Sanders-Bush ASPET Members attend the 15th World Congress in China Young Scientists at EB 2006 ASPET Awards Winners at EB 2006 Inside this Issue: ASPET Election Online EB ’07 Program Grid Neuropharmacology Division Mixer at SFN 2006 New England Chapter Meeting Summary SEPS Meeting Summary and Abstracts MAPS Meeting Summary and Abstracts Call for Late-Breaking Abstracts for EB‘07 A Publication of the American Society for 121 Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics - ASPET Volume 48 Number 4, 2006 The Pharmacologist is published and distributed by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. The Editor PHARMACOLOGIST Suzie Thompson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bryan F. Cox, Ph.D. News Ronald N. Hines, Ph.D. Terrence J. Monks, Ph.D. 2006 Year in Review page 123 COUNCIL . President Contributors for 2006 . page 124 Elaine Sanders-Bush, Ph.D. Election 2007 . President-Elect page 126 Kenneth P. Minneman, Ph.D. EB 2007 Program Grid . page 130 Past President James E. Barrett, Ph.D. Features Secretary/Treasurer Lynn Wecker, Ph.D. Secretary/Treasurer-Elect Journals . Annette E. Fleckenstein, Ph.D. page 132 Past Secretary/Treasurer Public Affairs & Government Relations . page 134 Patricia K. Sonsalla, Ph.D. Division News Councilors Bryan F. Cox, Ph.D. Division for Neuropharmacology . page 136 Ronald N. Hines, Ph.D. Centennial Update . Terrence J. Monks, Ph.D. page 137 Chair, Board of Publications Trustees Members in the News .
    [Show full text]
  • Caucher Birkar — from Asylum Seeker to Fields Medal Winner at Cambridge
    MATHS, 1 Caucher Birkar, 41, at VERSION Cambridge University, photographed by Jude Edginton REPR O OP HEARD THE ONE ABOUT THE ASYLUM SEEKER SUBS WHO WANDERED INTO A BRITISH UNIVERSITY... A RT AND CAME OUT A MATHS SUPERSTAR? PR ODUCTION CLIENT Caucher Birkar grew up in a Kurdish peasant family in a war zone and arrived in Nottingham as a refugee – now he has received the mathematics equivalent of the Nobel prize. By Tom Whipple BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN 91TTM1940232.pgs 01.04.2019 17:39 MATHS, 2 VERSION ineteen years ago, the mathematics Caucher Birkar in Isfahan, Receiving the Fields Medal If that makes sense, congratulations: you department at the University of Iran, in 1999 in Rio de Janeiro, 2018 now have a very hazy understanding of Nottingham received an email algebraic geometry. This is the field that from an asylum seeker who Birkar works in. wanted to talk to someone about The problem with explaining maths is REPR algebraic geometry. not, or at least not always, the stupidity of his They replied and invited him in. listeners. It is more fundamental than that: O OP N So it was that, shortly afterwards, it is language. Mathematics is not designed Caucher Birkar, the 21-year-old to be described in words. It is designed to be son of a Kurdish peasant family, described in mathematics. This is the great stood in front of Ivan Fesenko, a professor at triumph of the subject. It was why a Kurdish Nottingham, and began speaking in broken asylum seeker with bad English could convince SUBS English.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Program Guide
    2011 C. elegans Meeting Organizing Committee Co-chairs: Oliver Hobert Columbia University Meera Sundaram University of Pennsylvania Organizing Committee: Raffi Aroian University of California, San Diego Ikue Mori Nagoya University Jean-Louis Bessereau INSERM Benjamin Podbilewicz Technion Israel Institute of Keith Blackwell Harvard Medical School Technology Andrew Chisholm University of California, San Diego Valerie Reinke Yale University Barbara Conradt Dartmouth Medical School Janet Richmond University of Illinois, Chicago Marie Anne Felix CNRS-Institut Jacques Monod Ann Rougvie University of Minnesota David Greenstein University of Minnesota Shai Shaham Rockefeller University Alla Grishok Columbia University Ahna Skop University of Wisconsin, Madison Craig Hunter Harvard University Ralf Sommer Max-Planck Institute for Bill Kelly Emory University Developmental Biology, Tuebingen Ed Kipreos University of Georgia Asako Sugimoto RIKEN, Kobe Todd Lamitina University of Pennsylvania Heidi Tissenbaum University of Massachusetts Chris Li City College of New York Medical School Sponsored by The Genetics Society of America 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998 telephone: (301) 634-7300 fax: (301) 634-7079 e-mail: [email protected] Web site: http:/www.genetics-gsa.org Front cover design courtesy of Ahna Skop 1 Table of Contents Schedule of All Events.....................................................................................................................4 Maps University of California, Los Angeles, Campus .....................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Nsr100/SRRM4 As a Therapeutic Target for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
    Exploring nSR100/SRRM4 as a therapeutic target for autism spectrum disorder in mice by Juli Wang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto © Copyright by Juli Wang, 2019 I Exploring nSR100/SRRM4 as a Therapeutic Target for ASD in Mice Juli Wang Master of Science Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto 2019 Abstract Misregulation of nSR100 and its target microexons are common in a large proportion of ASD patients and cause ASD-associated features in mice. This thesis explores nSR100 and its target splicing program as a potential therapeutic target using a conditional knockout allele, nSR100GT. I show that nSR100 protein is effectively depleted in the cortical regions of nSR100GT mutant mice at E17.5, E18.5, and P2 stages, which correlates with phenotypes overlapping with all core behavioral domains of ASD. I show that tamoxifen-mediated rescue in prenatal nSR100GT animals restores nSR100 protein and microexon inclusion levels comparable to those observed in wildtype mice. Collectively my thesis research shows that the nSR100GT mouse strain holds the promise for examining phenotypic effects of nSR100 reactivation in ASD-like mice at different developmental stages, and complimentary models are also to be considered for investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting nSR100 in the context of ASD. II Acknowledgments I wholeheartedly thank for the tremendous support and educational experiences I have received from my mentors,
    [Show full text]
  • After Ramanujan Left Us– a Stock-Taking Exercise S
    Ref: after-ramanujanls.tex Ver. Ref.: : 20200426a After Ramanujan left us– a stock-taking exercise S. Parthasarathy [email protected] 1 Remembering a giant This article is a sequel to my article on Ramanujan [14]. April 2020 will mark the death centenary of the legendary Indian mathe- matician – Srinivasa Ramanujan (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920). There will be celebrations of course, but one way to honour Ramanujan would be to do some introspection and stock-taking. This is a short survey of notable achievements and contributions to mathematics by Indian institutions and by Indian mathematicians (born in India) and in the last hundred years since Ramanujan left us. It would be highly unfair to compare the achievements of an individual, Ramanujan, during his short life span (32 years), with the achievements of an entire nation over a century. We should also consider the context in which Ramanujan lived, and the most unfavourable and discouraging situation in which he grew up. We will still attempt a stock-taking, to record how far we have moved after Ramanujan left us. Note : The table below should not be used to compare the relative impor- tance or significance of the contributions listed there. It is impossible to list out the entire galaxy of mathematicians for a whole century. The table below may seem incomplete and may contain some inad- vertant errors. If you notice any major lacunae or omissions, or if you have any suggestions, please let me know at [email protected]. 1 April 1920 – April 2020 Year Name/instit. Topic Recognition 1 1949 Dattatreya Kaprekar constant, Ramchandra Kaprekar number Kaprekar [1] [2] 2 1968 P.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Awards and Honours: April 2019
    AWARDS AND HONOURS: APRIL 2019 Name Category Organized/ Presented by PM Narendra Modi Russian Award “Order of Saint Russia Andrew The Apostle” Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Nobel International Human Rights Sunny Shah(Founder of International Council Award Human Rights Council) K Siva Reddy Prestigious Saraswati Samman KK Birla Foundation 2018 Dr. A K Singh Lifetime Achievement Award University to mark World Creativity and Innovation Day Bhayanakam (Malayalam film) Best Cinematography Award Beijing International Film Festival Benny Antony National Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Office India and Award for 2019. the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) Author Rana Dasgupta Rabindranath Tagore Literary -- Prize 2019 All India Radio and Children's Film Swacchta Pakhwada Award Secretary in the Information and Society of India. Broadcasting Ministry Amit Khare Dr Rajendra Joshi Pravasi Bhartiya Samman Award Indian Ambassador to Switzerland Sibi George Lewis Hamilton Bahrain Grand Prix 2019 title Bahrain Grand Prix Vikram Patel John Dirks Canada Gairdner -- Global Health Award. PM Narendra Modi Zayed Medal President of the UAE Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Shah Rukh Khan Honorary doctorate in University of Law, London Philanthropy Dr Sohini Sastri 'D. Litt in Astrology' Award National American University, USA. Tata Steel 'Global Slag Company of the Germany Year' Award Jacques Kallis Order of Ikhamanga in the Silver President of South Africa Division Deepa Malik New Zealand Prime Minister’s Sir New Zealand Edmund Hillary Fellowship for 2019 'Dost Education' $25,000 Next Billion Edtech Prize UK-based Varkey Foundation 2019 National Mission for Clean ‘Public Water Agency of the Year’ Global Water Intelligence at the Global www.BankExamsToday.com Page 1 Ganga(NMCG) or Namami Gange award Water Summit in London.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Volume 13
    NEWSLETTER Volume 13 January 2008 SKA Project Development Office Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics 3rd Floor, Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK www.skatelescope.org FROM THE SKA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT OFFICE The first day of the year saw the flying colours, the US Technology International SKA Project Office transform Development Program began work, three itself into the SKA Program Development MoAs have been signed, the Chinese Office, and its official location become the FAST project has been funded, the new University of Manchester. The SKA brochure has appeared, and Memorandum of Understanding between SKA2007, the Modern Radio Universe the ISSC and the University to facilitate Symposium and the first meeting of the this was signed on 4 October 2007 by SKA Forum have taken place. Where it Brian Boyle, Chair of the ISSC and Alan really counts, on the work-floor, good Gilbert, President of the University, at a progress has been made on the ceremony (see Figure 1) at Jodrell Bank contributing technologies. One fine during the celebration of 50 years of active example is the composite material service for the Lovell Telescope. The antennas built by the Canadians and Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics will South Africans which have both host the SPDO for the next four years in demonstrated excellent surface accuracy. the run-up to the submission of a proposal for construction funding. I would like to PrepSKA received full funding for 3 years thank ASTRON in Dwingeloo for their from the European Commission to conduct generous hosting of the ISPO Director and a work program to (i) integrate the world- support staff for the last 5 years, and wide R&D effort on the SKA into a costed CSIRO-ATNF for their likewise generous system design, (ii) carry out further site hosting of the International Project characterisation including deep RFI Engineer.
    [Show full text]
  • Program of the Sessions San Diego, California, January 9–12, 2013
    Program of the Sessions San Diego, California, January 9–12, 2013 AMS Short Course on Random Matrices, Part Monday, January 7 I MAA Short Course on Conceptual Climate Models, Part I 9:00 AM –3:45PM Room 4, Upper Level, San Diego Convention Center 8:30 AM –5:30PM Room 5B, Upper Level, San Diego Convention Center Organizer: Van Vu,YaleUniversity Organizers: Esther Widiasih,University of Arizona 8:00AM Registration outside Room 5A, SDCC Mary Lou Zeeman,Bowdoin upper level. College 9:00AM Random Matrices: The Universality James Walsh, Oberlin (5) phenomenon for Wigner ensemble. College Preliminary report. 7:30AM Registration outside Room 5A, SDCC Terence Tao, University of California Los upper level. Angles 8:30AM Zero-dimensional energy balance models. 10:45AM Universality of random matrices and (1) Hans Kaper, Georgetown University (6) Dyson Brownian Motion. Preliminary 10:30AM Hands-on Session: Dynamics of energy report. (2) balance models, I. Laszlo Erdos, LMU, Munich Anna Barry*, Institute for Math and Its Applications, and Samantha 2:30PM Free probability and Random matrices. Oestreicher*, University of Minnesota (7) Preliminary report. Alice Guionnet, Massachusetts Institute 2:00PM One-dimensional energy balance models. of Technology (3) Hans Kaper, Georgetown University 4:00PM Hands-on Session: Dynamics of energy NSF-EHR Grant Proposal Writing Workshop (4) balance models, II. Anna Barry*, Institute for Math and Its Applications, and Samantha 3:00 PM –6:00PM Marina Ballroom Oestreicher*, University of Minnesota F, 3rd Floor, Marriott The time limit for each AMS contributed paper in the sessions meeting will be found in Volume 34, Issue 1 of Abstracts is ten minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Roles for Ca Mobilization and Its Regulation in Mast Cell Functions
    REVIEW ARTICLE published: 08 May 2012 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00104 Roles for Ca2+ mobilization and its regulation in mast cell functions David Holowka*, Nathaniel Calloway , Roy Cohen, Deepti Gadi, Jinmin Lee, Norah L. Smith and Barbara Baird Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Edited by: Mobilization of Ca2+ in response to IgE receptor-mediated signaling is a key process in Toshiaki Kawakami, La Jolla Institute many aspects of mast cell function. Here we summarize our current understanding of the for Allergy and Immunology, USA molecular bases for this process and the roles that it plays in physiologically relevant mast Reviewed by: Alasdair Gilfillan, National Institutes of cell biology. Activation of IgE receptor signaling by antigen that crosslinks these complexes 2+ 2+ Health, USA initiates Ca mobilization as a fast wave that is frequently followed by a series of Ca John Ryan, Virginia Commonwealth oscillations which are dependent on Ca2+ influx-mediated by coupling of the endoplasmic University, USA reticulum luminal Ca2+ sensor STIM1 to the calcium release activated calcium channel Anant Parekh, Oxford University, UK protein Orai1. Granule exocytosis depends on this process, together with the activation *Correspondence: David Holowka, Baker Laboratory, of protein kinase C isoforms, and specific roles for these signaling steps are beginning 2+ Department of Chemistry and to be understood. Ca mobilization also plays important roles in stimulated exocytosis Chemical Biology, Cornell University, of recycling endosomes and newly synthesized cytokines, as well as in antigen-mediated Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA. chemotaxis of rat mucosal mast cells. Phosphoinositide metabolism plays key roles in all e-mail: [email protected] of these processes, and we highlight these roles in several cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Roq1 Mediates Recognition of the Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas Effector Proteins Xopq and Hopq1
    The Plant Journal (2017) 92, 787–795 doi: 10.1111/tpj.13715 Roq1 mediates recognition of the Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1 Alex Schultink, Tiancong Qi, Arielle Lee, Adam D. Steinbrenner and Brian Staskawicz* Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Received 2 July 2017; revised 30 August 2017; accepted 4 September 2017; published online 11 October 2017. *For correspondence (e-mail [email protected]). SUMMARY Xanthomonas spp. are phytopathogenic bacteria that can cause disease on a wide variety of plant species resulting in significant impacts on crop yields. Limited genetic resistance is available in most crop species and current control methods are often inadequate, particularly when environmental conditions favor dis- ease. The plant Nicotiana benthamiana has been shown to be resistant to Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas due to an immune response triggered by the bacterial effector proteins XopQ and HopQ1, respectively. We used a reverse genetic screen to identify Recognition of XopQ 1 (Roq1), a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with a Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which mediates XopQ recognition in N. benthamiana. Roq1 orthologs appear to be present only in the Nicotiana genus. Expression of Roq1 was found to be sufficient for XopQ recognition in both the closely-related Nicotiana sylvestris and the dis- tantly-related beet plant (Beta vulgaris). Roq1 was found to co-immunoprecipitate with XopQ, suggesting a physical association between the two proteins. Roq1 is able to recognize XopQ alleles from various Xan- thomonas species, as well as HopQ1 from Pseudomonas, demonstrating widespread potential application in protecting crop plants from these pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • 1520 Cell Dynamics and Immune Response to BLV Infection
    [Frontiers in Bioscience 12, 1520-1531, January 1, 2007] Cell dynamics and immune response to BLV infection: a unifying model 1 1 2 1 1 1 Arnaud Florins , Nicolas Gillet , Becca Asquith , Mathieu Boxus , Catherine Burteau , Jean-Claude Twizere , Patrice Urbain 1, Fabian Vandermeers 1, Christophe Debacq 3, Maria Teresa Sanchez-Alcaraz 4, Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil 5, Pierre Kerkhofs 6, Genèvieve Jean 7, Andre Théwis 7, Jack Hay 8, Franck Mortreux 9, Eric Wattel 9, Michal Reichert 10, 1 1 2 1,11 Arsène Burny , Richard Kettmann , Charles Bangham and Luc Willems 1 Molecular and Cellular biology, FNRS-FUSAG, Gembloux, Belgium, 2 Department of Immunology, Imperial College, London, UK, 3 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium, 4 Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,5 U892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 6 Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Uccle, Belgium, 7 Zootechny unit, FUSAG, Gembloux, Belgium, 8 Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 9 Unité d'oncogenèse virale, CNRS UMR5537 Centre Leon Bérard, Lyon, France, 10 Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. One pathogen in two different hosts developing related diseases 4. Strong but apparently inefficient humoral and cytotoxic immune response 5. Is the virus transcriptionally silent? The caveats of a dogma 6. How does the virus replicate? Viral replication cycle and cellular clonal expansion 7. Does the virus protect from apoptosis? The most straightforward and the alternative interpretations 8. Cell dynamics of pathogenesis in different models 9. Lymphocyte trafficking in lymphoid organs 10. Modulation of viral expression as therapy 11.
    [Show full text]